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褪黑素是一种重要的植物生长调节剂,在植物中具有多种功效。鉴于褪黑素在植物中的多种功能作用,为了给褪黑素在农业生产中的应用提供理论依据,通过查阅并梳理相关文献,阐述了植物中褪黑素的合成及代谢途径,褪黑素对植物生长发育的调控及对植物响应逆境胁迫的影响和褪黑素诱导作用的机制。褪黑素不仅参与植物种子萌发、根系发育、开花结果等生长发育过程,还能充当胁迫缓解剂,调节植物对多种生物胁迫/非生物胁迫的响应,且用外源褪黑素处理能够有效地缓解低温、干旱、盐碱以及病虫害等对植物的损伤程度,今后的研究应将盆栽试验与田间试验结合起来,以加速褪黑素在农业中的广泛应用。 相似文献
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DELLA蛋白在植物中的研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
DELLA蛋白是GRAS蛋白家族中的一个亚家族,在赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)信号转导通路中起负调控作用.DELLA不仅参与了GA信号转导,也参与其他激素如生长素、脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)、乙烯、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)等信号转导和生物合成,在植物生长发育过程中扮演了重要角色.本文综述了DELLA蛋白编码基因的克隆、表达情况,并阐述了DELLA蛋白参与的激素信号转导和与其他因子的互作,以便更好地揭示DELLA信号网络系统及其作用机制. 相似文献
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植物基因的表达调控是一个复杂且精准的网络系统,一般包括转录水平和翻译水平二个层次。转录水平的调控发生在基因表达的初期,是许多基因表达调控的主要方式。在此调控过程中,被称为转录因子的蛋白质特异结合到靶基因的顺式作用元件上,控制着一系列相关基因的表达,在植物生长发育、物种起源和逆境胁迫应答过程中起着非常重要的作用,是生物遗传多样性的重要遗传基础。由于转录因子的重要作用,人们对其作用机理的理解也日渐深入。根据近期的研究进展,本文就转录因子在植物驯化、生物和非生物逆境胁迫方面的工作进行概括梳理,希望读者对此领域有一个比较深入和系统的认识,同时也能为挖掘具有关键功能的转录因子,提高重要农作物的遗传改良效率提供借鉴。 相似文献
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一氧化氮 (NO) 作为高活性信号分子,是调控植物生长发育的关键因子。NO可提高植物对非生物胁迫及生物胁迫的抗性,增强植物的免疫能力。最新的研究表明,NO在植物根系与微生物的互作过程中发挥着重要作用,NO能够促进植物根系与根瘤菌及丛枝菌根真菌形成共生体,从而提高植物对土壤氮磷养分的获取。NO作为信号物质调控植物对生物胁迫和非生物胁迫抗性的主要机制有:1) NO与活性氧系统互作,调节活性氧的水平,缓解氧化应激反应对植物的伤害;2) NO通过蛋白质的翻译后修饰,对植物免疫及抗逆过程进行调节;3) NO与多种植物激素互作,参与激素对植物生长发育的调节过程。而且NO可促进共生体的形成及发育相关基因表达,抑制免疫基因表达,通过NO与植物球蛋白 (phytoglobin) 的循环维持共生体的氧化还原水平及能量状态,从而促进植物–微生物共生关系。以往关于NO的研究主要集中在前3个方面,有关NO在植物–微生物互作中的作用机制的研究较少,NO参与植物–微生物互作机制的研究亟待加强。揭示NO增强植物抗逆性及其调节根系发育的机制,深入探究NO调控植物–微生物互作的机理,对于提高集约化作物生产体系中养分利用效率和作物生产力具有重要的理论与实践意义。 相似文献
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植物低温胁迫响应的生化与分子生物学机制研究进展 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
综述了植物对低温胁迫响应的生化与分子生物学机制 ,即低温信号激活某些抗冻基因的表达 ,产生特异蛋白和渗透调节物质 ,使植物抗氧化胁迫能力和渗透调节能力提高 ,保护了植物细胞。而植物抗寒性的提高决定于抗冻基因的表达 ,如何通过分子生物学手段提高植物抗冻基因表达的效应是培育植物抗寒品系的关键。并展望了该领域今后研究的方向。 相似文献
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植物修复技术已成为解决土壤重金属污染的一个绿色环保方法。利用基因工程和分子生物学技术,已经鉴定出一系列与重金属转运相关的蛋白及基因,包括ZIP家族、ABC载体、有机汞裂解酶基因merB、Hg离子还原酶基因merA和金属S蛋白基因MT等。本文着重从细胞、亚细胞水平上综述了一系列重金属转运蛋白的相关分子生物学研究进展及其在植物修复上的应用。 相似文献
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蜡梅非特异性脂转移蛋白基因nsLTP家族3个成员的分子特征及非生物胁迫应答分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了探索脂转移蛋白在蜡梅(Chimonanthus praecox)应对非生物胁迫过程中的可能功能,在构建蜡梅花cDNA文库及EST分析的基础上,通过对文库cDNA克隆全长测序,得到了3个蜡梅非特异性脂转移蛋白的基因(nsLTPs),分别命名为CpLTPI.1、CpLTPI.2和CpLTPI.3,GenBank登录号为FJ889521、FJ904082和FJ904083.它们的cDNA全长分别为611,1016和656 bp,ORF分别为360,360和351 bp,5'和3'端的非翻译区的长度不等,存在的调控基序有所不同.3个基因的编码蛋白均具有植物nsLTP的典型结构,即4对二硫键,4个α-螺旋,有1个可结合和容纳脂肪酸分子的类似口袋状的疏水结构,分子量约为9kD,为nsLTPI类.定量RT-PCR分析和比较蜡梅叶片中3个基因对非生物胁迫的应答情况,结果表明,3个nsLTP基因在蜡梅幼苗中的表达受干旱、ABA、低温和NaCl处理的影响程度不同,表明这些基因可能在蜡梅幼苗的水分平衡、耐受低温、离子代谢等过程中发挥着不同的作用. 相似文献
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本文对NCBI数据库中的4种单子叶植物(玉米,高粱,水稻和二穗短柄草)和5种双子叶植物(筷子芥,大豆,蒺藜苜蓿,毛果杨和蓖麻)的气孔蛋白同源物,利用生物信息学分析工具在基因结构、碱基组成、氨基酸理化性质、信号肽结构、磷酸化位点、二级结构及三维结构上进行了比较分析,并构建系统进化树。结果表明,单、双子叶植物中的气孔蛋白同源物在基因结构上均由3个外显子和2个内含子构成;编码的蛋白均属于不稳定的疏水性蛋白,且存在信号肽结构和C端保守的6个半胱氨酸残基;在保守的成熟肽区段含有酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点(T),不含α-螺旋结构,但三维结构基本一致。它们之间的不同点如下:单子叶植物气孔蛋白同源物在基因结构上存在一致的上游同框终止密码子,且G-C含量高于双子叶植物,而AT含量低于双子叶植物;单子叶植物中气孔蛋白同源物的氨基酸残基数目较庞大(除大豆外),在前肽和信号肽区域分别含有相对保守的酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点(S)和N端豆蔻酰化位点;二级结构中的延伸折叠结构和任意卷曲结构分别多于和少于双子叶植物。系统进化树表明,气孔蛋白在单子叶作物和双子叶植物之间产生了进化上的差异。气孔蛋白同源物在单、双子叶植物中存在明显的差异,这可能与基因的表达调控以及蛋白功能的活化机制有关。但是否与单、双子叶植物表皮细胞气孔的形态差异有关仍待进一步的研究。 相似文献
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土壤水分胁迫对茶树光合作用-光响应特性的影响 总被引:16,自引:2,他引:16
采用盆栽试验研究正常供水(土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的75%)、轻度水分胁迫(55%)、中度水分胁迫(35%)和重度水分胁迫(20%)条件下,茶树"铁观音"和"福鼎大白茶"2年生幼苗光合作用-光响应特性。结果表明:"铁观音"、"福鼎大白茶"光合作用-光响应曲线符合指数模型。在正常供水条件下,"铁观音"、"福鼎大白茶"的最大光合速率(Pnmax)分别为8.169μmol(CO2)·m-2·s-1、3.946μmol(CO2)·m-2·s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)分别为0.039μmol(CO2)·μmol-1、0.024μmol(CO2)·μmol-1,光饱和点(LSP)分别为973.07μmol·m-2·s-1、775.78μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点(LCP)分别为5.15μmol·m-2·s-1、6.49μmol·m-2·s-1,暗呼吸速率(Rd)分别为1.025μmol(CO2)·m-2·s-1、1.040μmol(CO2)·m-2·s-1。土壤水分胁迫使"铁观音"、"福鼎大白茶"Pnmax、AQY、LSP显著降低,而LCP及Rd提高。无论在正常供水还是在水分胁迫下,"铁观音"均表现出更高的光合活性,其Pn、Pnmax、LSP及AQY均比"福鼎大白茶"高,而Rd、LCP比"福鼎大白茶"低。表明生长在同一生境中的"铁观音"对光照、土壤水分的生态适应能力高于"福鼎大白茶"。 相似文献
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Recently it has become clear that seed limitation is probably a much more important factor in plant recovery than has often been recognized. However, in practice, restoration measures that are focussed on decreasing site limitation may actually increase seed limitation. We tried to determine whether the effects of restoration measures affect site or seed limitation or both. An experiment was set up on ditch banks in the Netherlands which applied agri-environment schemes (AES). To investigate whether nature reserves (seed source) can improve species diversity on the surroundings and to what extent AES is improving this function, we studied the plant diversity (presence of individual species and species richness) of ditch bank vegetations in relation to increasing distance from nature reserves. The presence or absence and species richness of 25 target plants were assessed in 26 ditch banks with AES and 36 non-AES at 15 plots each differing in distance to a nature reserve. Data were analyzed using a Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model (HGLM) with species richness and presence of individual species as response variables and distance to nature reserve and application of AES as factors, controlling for possible confounding factors. Results were interpreted as the effects of AES on seed and site limitation of the species. The results showed that plant diversity decreased significantly with distance from source populations. There were considerable differences in species diversity between AES and non-AES ditch banks, with the former showing greater plant diversity especially in the first 200 m from nature reserves. Presences of all individual species decreased with distance to nature reserve, but the strength of this relationship and the AES effects differed among species. AES ditch banks had lower site limitations for most plant species, but did not have lower seed limitation. 相似文献
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High levels of metals impede plant growth by affecting physiological processes. Siderophores are microbial Fe-chelators that, however, bind other metals. This study evaluated plant growth in a soil containing elevated levels of metals, including Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and U, using Streptomyces-derived cell-free supernatant containing siderophores and auxins. Cowpea plants in the soil were treated with the culture filtrate. Growth was measured and biochemical analyses such as chlorophyll contents, RNA and protein quantification, lipid membrane peroxidation, and anti-oxidative responses were conducted to evaluate oxidative stress in the plants. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to simulate competition for siderophore binding, and metal content of plants was determined spectroscopically. Whereas the metals inhibited plant growth, addition of siderophores improved growth. There was evidence of lipid peroxidation, an enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, and lowered chlorophyll, RNA, protein, carotenoid and residual indole acetic acid contents, especially in control plants. Siderophore competition assays between Al and Fe, and Fe and Cu suggested that trivalent metals are more competitive for siderophore binding than divalent ones. Compared to control plants, higher amounts of metals were obtained in siderophore-treated plants. Siderophores were able to supply plants with Fe in the presence of levels of metals, mainly Al, Cu, Mn, Ni and U that otherwise inhibit Fe acquisition. This led to enhanced chlorophyll content, circumventing lipid peroxidation effects on leaves. Siderophores lowered the formation of free radicals, thereby protecting microbial auxins from degradation and enabling them to enhance plant growth which in turn resulted in augmented metal uptake. 相似文献
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锗对植物影响的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
锗是良好的半导体材料,且具有清除自由基、抗衰老抗氧化等生物活性,在电子工业和医学领域应用广泛。目前在植物上的研究主要集中在提高植物品质,促进植物生长及对植物毒害等方面。本文综述了锗及其化合物的理化性质、起源与分布特征,分析了锗在影响植物生长方面的生理生化机制。锗具有清除自由基的电子结构,能改变土壤中酶活性和微生物,改变植物对营养元素的吸收和利用、影响植物光合作用、改变植物的抗氧化系统等。适宜剂量的锗能促进种子萌发,有效控制藻类生长,提高作物的品质。锗积累过多,影响生理代谢,抑制植物生长,产生毒害。锗在种子萌发、植物生长方面的研究与应用,为探索锗在调节植物生长、生理生态等方面的作用提供理论基础,为植物吸收利用锗,减少锗污染方面提供理论参考。 相似文献
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植物抗寒性基因工程研究进展 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
导入外源基因提高植物抗逆性已成为现代植物育种主要手段 ,阐述了动物抗冻蛋白及其转基因植物、植物冷诱导基因、脂肪酸去饱和酶基因、SOD基因、脯氨酸基因、植物抗冻蛋白及其转基因植物抗寒性基因工程的研究进展。 相似文献
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开花后水分亏缺对小麦生理影响与化学调控的补偿效应 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
旱棚PVC管栽培冬小麦“京冬 8号”试验研究结果表明 ,小麦开花后水分亏缺影响氚水 (3H2 O)在其根系和旗叶中动态、初生根和穗下节维管束特征、根系活力、叶片蒸腾速率、气孔阻力和14C同化物输出速率及比例。用植物生长延缓剂HK 6拌种和起身期叶面喷施处理 ,可增加初生根大导管和维管束鞘横截面积 ,提高根系活力 ,促进根系3H2 O的吸收和向地上部器官运输 ;增加穗下节大维管束横截面积 ,并可能促进水分向穗部运输 ;增加旗叶中气孔阻抗 ,维持适当水分蒸腾速率 ,缓解水分胁迫下叶片3H2 O的减少 ;提高单株水分利用效率 ,化学控制处理可缓解和补偿水分胁迫对小麦生理造成的不良影响 ,对小麦节水栽培和抗旱增产具有应用潜力 相似文献
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A. B. Wolff W. Streit J. A. Kipe-Nolt H. Vargas D. Werner 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1991,12(3):170-176
Summary Six Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strains (Ciat 151, Ciat 895, Ciat 899, CE3, H2C, Kim5s) were tested for nodule occupancy in different bean cultivars at two field sites (one fertile, one acid tropical soil) and in the greenhouse. The effects of several environmental factors such as low pH, high temperature, Al and Mn toxicity, iron deficiency, bean tannins, and bean phytoalexins were tested in vitro. Strain Kim5s was competitive under all tested conditions while strains CE3 and H2C had consistently low nodule occupancy levels. Strain Ciat 151 was superior to the other inoculant strains in the acid soil but competed poorly in the fertile soil. Strain Ciat 895 was more competitive in the fertile soil. There was a decline in nodule occupancy for all strains tested from the first trifoliate leaf stage to the pod-filling stage. No plant genotype effect on nodule occupancy was observed. There were significant (P<0.05) plant genotype and location effects, but no significant strain effect on acetylene reduction activity, plant dry weight, and nodule number. The greenhouse experiments confirmed, at least partially, the results from the field trials. In Leonard jars with an acid soil, strains Ciat 151 and Kim5s were amongst the most competitive strains. In coinoculation experiments, Kim5s was the most competitive strain, followed by Ciat 899 and Ciat 895. The competitiveness of a given strain was affected by the coinoculant strain. Tolerance in vitro to low pH, high growth temperature, Al or Mn toxicity, or Fe limitation was not related to competitiveness of the inoculum strains. The sensitivity of the strains towards bean tannins or bean phytoalexins also was not correlated with their competitiveness. 相似文献