三峡库区坡耕地运用生物埂治理水土流失技术的研究

阐述了三峡库区耕地构成及其水土流失成因,研究了该区坡耕地运用生物埂治理水土流失技术,并提出该区减少水土流失、防止农业面源污染的对策与措施     

南方坡耕地水土保持措施分类及效应评价最小数据集

坡耕地是我国南方重要的耕地资源类型,也是区域水土流失和面源污染的源地,坡耕地水土流失监测是措施合理布局和效益评估的基础工作。分析了南方坡耕地数量及坡度分布特征,提出了南方坡耕地水土保持农业技术措施、工程措施和林草措施分类体系;在坡耕地降雨、径流、泥沙监测指标的基础上,建立了坡耕地水土保持效应评价最小数据集,指出田块坡度、径流系数、土壤侵蚀量、土壤有机质、土壤质地是水土保持效应评价的关键指标,可为坡耕地水土流失治理标准的拟定提供量化参数。     

中国水土流失的历史演变

以黑龙江省宾县县城水源地二龙山水库为例,阐述了水源污染状况,面源污染形成的过程、机理及来源和途径.分析了流域农业生产管理中的化肥和农药施用,农业生物质类废弃物利用管理和水土流失对水源污染的影响.从污染物的源头控制,迁移途径控制和水生态修复控制体系构建出发,提出了加强坡耕地农业生产管理、新农村建设工程、水土流失综合防治工程和河流廊道生态修复工程措施控制农业面源污染,实现人水和谐.     

洱海流域坡耕地面源污染治理技术与模式研究

针对洱海流域坡耕地氮、磷流失的现状,选择代表性较强的洱源县德源山生态基地,实施坡耕地面源污染治理技术模式研究,旨在为坡耕地面源污染治理提供技术支撑。     

基于“4R”技术的紫色丘陵区农业面源污染防治体系

紫色丘陵区坡耕地是长江中上游地区水土流失最为严重的土地利用类型,它是三峡库区最主要的农业面源污染来源。基于农村面源污染治理的"4R"理论,系统总结了紫色丘陵区农业面源污染防治的技术体系。"4R"技术包括源头减量、过程阻断、养分再利用及生态修复。源头减量技术是农业面源防治最优对策,包括平衡施肥、氮肥运筹优化等减少肥料用量技术与节水灌溉、保水抗旱保护性耕作等减少排水量技术;过程阻断技术包括坡地农林复合经营系统、生物篱技术等农田内部的拦截技术和人工湿地塘、生态拦截沟渠等面源污染物离开农田后拦截技术;循环利用技术主要包括秸秆直接或间接还田技术,畜禽粪便农肥化技术,基于稻田湿地生活污水工程尾水净化技术等;生态修复技术包括水体修复的生态浮床技术及水生植物恢复技术等,河岸带修复的生态护坡技术及生物隔离技术等。该研究可为紫色丘陵区农业面源污染防治提供技术支持。     

基于水源保护的生态清洁小流域建设措施体系研究

建设生态清洁小流域是我国今后水土保持和水源保护工作的主要方向。以永康市生态清洁小流域建设为例,构建了生态修复,营造水土保持林,坡耕地治理,坡面径流调控,裸露面治理等水土流失防治措施以及农村污水处理,农业面源污染防治,农村人居环境整治,溪沟治理等措施相结合的生态清洁小流域建设措施体系。对已实施工程的实践效果进行了分析和总结。     

水土流失面源污染及其防控研究综述

水土流失是面源污染发生的重要形式和运输的主要载体,开展水土流失面源污染防控研究对于保障区域或流域生态安全具有重要的现实意义。阐述了水土流失、面源污染与水体环境的因果效应,在概括水土流失面源污染防控和模型化研究现状的基础上,提出了开展水土流失和面源污染研究的建议。     

坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究进展

论述了坡耕地土壤侵蚀的机理、研究方法及防治措施 ,分析了坡耕地泥沙、径流、养分流失的特征及影响因素 ,认为坡耕地是水土流失的主要来源 ,在整个生态环境建设中具有重要地位。目前国内外研究多偏重于坡面水土流失特征的描述和控制坡面水土流失、提高土壤肥力的效果等 ,研究方法以定性和统计分析为主 ,在坡耕地水土流失机理、养分流失所造成的面源污染、坡面流失定量预测模型以及控制措施与坡面的相互作用等方面还需作更深入的研究。     

辽东山区坡耕地地埂植物篱水土保持及面源污染物阻控效果研究

坡耕地水土流失及农田肥料投入的增多,导致农业面源污染日益加剧,通过地埂植物篱的机械阻滞,可拦蓄和分散地表径流、降低径流速度,使其携带土壤能力减弱,有效地保持了水土,减少了氮、磷的流失,实现对面源污染物的阻控。     

小流域综合治理中的生态种植模式

经济植物生态种植就是根据生态学生物共生和物质循环再生原理,运用生态工程和现代科学技术,与传统农业精华相结合而建立起来的具有生态合理性,物质良性循环的可持续发展的农业种植模式。在小流域应用中,主要有坡耕地果园生态种植,农田蔬菜高效生态种植。只有提高流域内生态种植的认识和耕作水平,才能减少因不合理耕作造成的面源污染和水土流失,形成生态改善,农民受益,社会和谐的良性循环。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

Quality of used-snow discharged in the ST-Lawrence river,in the region of the Montreal Harbor

Snow disposal creates problems each year in Montreal. Snow dumping in water courses is favored due to both esthetic and economic considerations. Used snow must be considered as a potential pollutant. Its impact on the aquatic receiving environment is not well known. With river dumping in progress, snow samples were collected at 3 sites: Concorde Bridge, and at piers 30 and 52 in Montreal Harbor. Analysis of 28 routine parameters demonstrated that the quality of snow ultimately dumped in the river varies considerably according to its sources and the time it remains in the streets. Used-snow from residential areas was shown to be less polluted than the snow from commercial areas. Furthermore, from the total number of sampled districts, used-snow dumped at pier 30 appears to be relatively more polluted as it originated from downtown areas where vehicle circulation is more dense. Heavy metals in particles sizes between 0.45 and 63 μm represented more than 70% of the measured suspended solids which reflects the risk of bioaccumulation via benthic organisms. Principal component analysis of present data suggests that with analysis of chlorides, suspended solids and Pb alone, it is possible to approximately determine the quality of used-snow.