营养液供液高度对水培生菜生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

在密闭植物工厂条件内,设置5种营养液高度（2、3、4、5、6cm）水培种植生菜,以探究霍格兰（Hoagland）配方营养液不同供液高度对生菜十种矿质元素（K、P、Ca、Mg、Na、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、S）吸收及积累的影响。结果表明：生菜地上部生物量以及光合色素含量均在4cm供液高度处理下最大,而地下部生物量以及根长均随着营养液供液高度的增加而升高;生菜地上部十种矿质元素的含量均在供液高度6cm处理下最大,而矿质元素在生菜中的单株累积量则表现为Fe、Mn元素在6cm供液高度下最大,Ca、Mg、Na、Zn、Cu、S元素在4cm供液高度下最大,K、P元素在5cm供液高度下最大。因此,实际生产中可以通过调节水培生菜营养液的供液高度,以达到提高生菜产量或生产功能性蔬菜的目的。     

粉蕉矿质元素吸收积累与分配特征

为探明粉蕉矿质营养元素的累积分配特征,以主栽品种广粉1号为试材,采用彻底刨根、分解取样的方法,研究了干物质的构成特点、各器官矿质元素含量和累积分配特性。结果表明:粉蕉植株总干质量为17.6 kg/plant,其中叶片占16.4%,假茎占32.8%,球茎占9.6%,果实占37.3%,果轴占1.1%,根占2.8%。平均每株累积吸收N 167.0g、P 19.3g、K 521.7g、Ca 118.3g、Mg 54.7g、S 16.6g、Fe 6650.5mg、Mn 16142.9mg、Cu 152.3mg、Zn 607.7mg、B 212.2mg、Mo 4.2mg,养分比例N:P:K:Ca:Mg:S为1:0.12:3.12:0.71:0.33:0.10。其中N、P、Ca和S主要向叶片、假茎和果实分配,K和Mg主要向假茎分配,Fe主要向叶片、根和球茎分配,Cu主要向假茎和果实分配,Zn和Mo主要向叶片、假茎和球茎分配,B和Mn主要向假茎和叶片分配。为获得60t/hm2的高产,粉蕉需要吸收N 385.6kg、P 44.6kg、K 1205.1kg、Ca 273.3kg、Mg 126.6kg、S 38.3kg、Fe 15.4kg、Mn 37.3kg、Cu 352.0g、Zn 1403.8g、B 490.1g、Mo 9.6g。     

不同早实核桃品种叶片矿质元素含量变化及其与产量的关系

试验于2010~2011年连续2年以济源市4个早实核桃品种香玲、鲁光、中林1号、薄丰为试材进行了对比试验,研究了不同采样时期叶片中N、 P、 K、 Ca、 Mg、 Fe、 Cu、 Mn、 Zn 9种矿质营养元素的含量变化及其与产量的关系。结果表明,早实核桃叶片中9种元素的含量在年周期内呈规律性变化,含量高低依次为 Ca＞N＞Mg＞P＞K,Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu。不同品种各元素的含量变幅最大为127.69~169.53 mg/kg（Mn）,最小为2.1~92.26 g/kg（K）。不同早实核桃品种叶片内矿质元素含量的年变化趋势表现为N、 P、 K总体上呈下降趋势,最高含量为展叶期（4月20日）分别为36.79、 5.54、 2.93 g/kg,最低在落叶前期（9月28日）,分别为17.45、 2.66、 1.86 g/kg;Ca、 Mg、 Fe、 Mn 4元素含量的变化总体上表现为前期低后期高;Cu、Zn含量的变化有差异但差异不明显。总的来看, 5~7月份,即新梢速长期（5月20日）至硬核期（7月20日）是核桃树养分稳定的时期, 叶片中N、 P、 K含量之间呈极显著的正相关, N、 P与Ca、 Mg、 Mn、 Cu间呈极显著的负相关,可以认为N、 P、 K之间存在增效作用,Ca、 Mg、 Mn、 Cu 对N、 P 和 K 均存在一定的拮抗作用。元素含量与产量的相关分析表明,N、 P、 K在新梢速长期均与产量达（极）显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.819、 0.843和0.895。因此, 利用叶片进行营养诊断最佳,采样时间以新梢速长期（5月20日前后）为宜。     

氮、磷、钾对库尔勒香梨果实中矿质元素含量的影响

在田间条件下,对20年树龄库尔勒香梨设置不同氮、磷、钾的施肥处理,用原子吸收光谱法测定香梨中7种矿质元素的含量。结果表明:库尔勒香梨果实中元素Ca、Mg、Fe、Na的含量相对较高,Zn、Cu、Mn的含量相对较低。与不施肥的处理相比,施肥能明显提高香梨Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Na的含量。香梨中Ca含量的施肥效应P>N>K,Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu含量的施肥效应N>K>P,Mn含量的施肥效应K>N>P,Na含量的施肥效应N>P>K。     

李营养累积、分布及叶片养分动态研究

基于保障生态和果品安全以及合理实施果园养分管理的前提,对大石早生李树体各部位营养元素积累、分布以及各营养元素的周年变化规律进行了分析.结果表明:①营养元素在各个器官的相对含量,除K、Zn在果实中含量最高外,N、P、Ca、Mg均以叶片中含量为最高,以叶片做营养诊断是适宜的.②大石早生李树体营养元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的元素比值为10.00:1.26:6.42:12.57:2.46:1.87:0.14.⑧100 kg鲜果的养分吸收量分别为:N 772.47g,P74.25 g,K 730.33g,Ca874.16 g,Mg 169.82 g,Fe 66.05 g,Zn 7.53 g,N:P:K的比例为1.00:0.10:0.95.④N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量随物侯期呈规律性变化.生长季初期,N、P、K、Zn、Cu的含量迅速下降,Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg呈逐渐上升的趋势;中期这9种元素总体变化幅度较小;后期Fe,Cu.N、P、K的含量呈下降趋势,Mn、Zn、Ca,Mg依然上升.本结果既丰富了国内李营养理论,同时又为制定合理的施肥措施及建立绿色优质果品科技示范基地提供了理论依据.     

鹰嘴蜜桃养分累积分布特性与流胶病的关系

在广东省鹰嘴蜜桃产区挖取成熟期中高产鹰嘴桃3株,研究鹰嘴蜜桃的养分累积及分布特性与流胶病发生的关系,并开展鹰嘴蜜桃平衡施肥示范。结果表明,在鹰嘴蜜桃各器官中营养元素含量 N、 Ca、 Mg、 S、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn、 B,以叶片含量最高;Fe、 Mo、 Si含量以根最高;K含量以果肉最高;P含量在叶片、 根和果肉中相差不大。每生产50 kg果实,鹰嘴蜜桃树体（除根系外）需要累积N 2.137 kg、 P 0.184 kg、 K 1.261 kg、 Ca 2.119 kg、 Mg 0.205 kg、 S 0.094 kg、 Si 0.053 kg、 Cu 582 mg、 Zn 10912 mg、 Fe 17847 mg、 Mn 8689 mg、 B 2152 mg、 Mo 20.9 mg。每收获50 kg果实,其带走的养分量为N 0.620 kg、 P 0.077 kg、 K 0.678 kg、 Ca 0.263 kg、 Mg 0.035 kg、 S 0.021 kg、 Si 0.003 kg、 Cu 226 mg、 Zn 1651 mg、 Fe 3601 mg、 Mn 436 mg、 B 958 mg、 Mo 8.8 mg。初步推断出鹰嘴蜜桃流胶病的发生是与其树体K/N低和N/B高有关。通过平衡施肥示范可有效减轻流胶病的发生,明显提高鹰嘴蜜桃果实品质和风味。     

红花吸收矿质元素及其在器官中分配研究

以红花株系‘2-3’为材料,通过检测红花幼苗期、花蕾期、成熟期不同器官N、P、K、Na、Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd等矿质元素含量,探计了红花生长过程对矿质元素的吸收及吸收后矿质元素在不同器官中的分配特点。结果表明:不同生育时期红花对矿质元素吸收、器官分配差异明显;不同生育时期不同器官N、P、K含量不同,幼苗期叶中N含量最高,茎中P、K含量较高,从幼苗期到成熟期N、P、K向花和蕾转移,根、茎、叶N、P、K含量呈下降趋势,而花中K含量上升最快;N、P、K需求量高于Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn等元素,氮磷钾三元素比较,花蕾期累积能力为P> K> N,成熟期累积能力为P> N> K,Na在红花的根和茎中累积能力最强,Ca在叶中累积能力最强,Fe和Cu在幼苗期累积能力最强,Fe、Cu、Zn在花蕾期和成熟期均以花蕾和种子生长中心累积能力最强。     

背角无齿蚌组织中的元素分布研究

利用Agilent7500ce型电感耦合等离子质谱仪研究了18种元素（Na、Mg、K、Ca、Zn、Mn、Fe、Al、Cu、Cr、Co、Ni、As、Se、Mo、Ag、Tl、Pb）在背角无齿蚌5种组织（外套膜、闭壳肌、足、鳃和内脏团）中的分布特征。结果表明,总体上鳃中元素的浓度最高,内脏团和外套膜次之,足和闭壳肌中较低。Ca、Mn、Mg、Zn、Al、Cu、Ni、As和Se9种元素浓度均在鳃中最高,Na在外套膜中浓度最高,K在足中浓度最高,Fe和Pb在内脏团中浓度最高。元素负荷量的绝大部分存在于重量较大的鳃和内脏团中,但近50%的Na却积累于外套膜、闭壳肌和足中。背角无齿蚌不同组织或器官对元素的积累具有明显的选择性。     

冬枣果实发育期结果枝叶与营养枝叶矿质元素动态变化的比较

对比研究冬枣果实发育期内结果枝叶和营养枝叶片矿质元素动态变化的差异性,可为制定冬枣不同类型叶片的营养诊断标准提供理论依据。以沾化冬枣为试验材料,比较研究了沾化冬枣不同果实发育阶段（始花期、盛花期、末花期、硬核期、完熟期）结果枝叶和营养枝叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Na的含量动态变化及其差异性。结果表明,冬枣果实发育过程中,自始花期至完熟期叶片N、P含量呈下降趋势,K含量呈逐渐增高趋势,而Ca及Mg含量则呈先增高后降低的变化趋势,叶片Na含量在果实发育过程中变化较小,只有在完熟期呈现突然增高现象。在上述各生长发育阶段内,结果枝叶K含量多大于营养枝叶,而N、P、Ca、Mg、Na含量则呈相反的变化规律。方差分析表明,在盛花期至末花期内,两种类型叶片Ca、Mg含量的差异均达到显著水平（P<0.05）,N含量只有在盛花期存在显著差异,而两种类型叶片K和Na含量在各果实发育阶段内均无显著差异。叶片元素含量比值分析表明,冬枣叶片N/P在盛花期至完熟期逐渐增高,其值均大于16,可知该阶段冬枣叶片生长主要受P元素限制;K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na在果实发育期内的变化规律与K、Ca、Mg元素变化规律基本类似,在完熟期这3个比值均较前期明显降低。相关分析结果表明,冬枣叶片中N/P主要由P含量决定,Ca/Na、Mg/Na分别由Ca与Na、Mg与Na共同决定,而在营养枝叶中K/Na主要由Na含量决定。综上,盛花期至末花期（6—7月）是冬枣矿质元素相对稳定时期,可作为冬枣结果枝叶和营养枝叶营养诊断的适宜时期,同时冬枣结果枝叶该时期可适当施加适量Ca、Mg肥料,从而保证冬枣的果实品质和产量。     

巨桉人工林叶片养分交互效应

在四川巨桉栽培区设立了60个标准地,采用相关分析和矢量诊断法进行分析,以了解巨桉人工林养分的相互作用关系。结果表明,巨桉人工林叶片的养分交互作用较为复杂。N可促进P、K、Ca、Mn等的吸收,但易受到Fe、Zn、高Ca、高Mg的拮抗,而且高N抑制了Mn的吸收;P可促进K、Mg、Mn等的吸收,但易受Zn、Fe、高Mn、高K、高Ca、高Mg的拮抗,而高浓度的P将抑制K、Zn、Fe等的吸收;K对其他养分元素均没有明显的促进作用,但高浓度K限制P的吸收;Ca、Mg之间可相互促进吸收。同时,低浓度的Ca和Mg有利于Fe、Zn的吸收,高浓度的Ca和Mg将对N、P、Fe、Mn、S、B等养分产生拮抗,限制吸收;S可促进Zn的吸收,但易受高Ca、高Mg拮抗;Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn之间主要以拮抗为主。B相互作用较少,对其他养分几乎没有明显的促进作用。     

中国烤烟中部叶矿质营养元素浓度状况

于20012～004年,从重点植烟县采集了410个烤烟中部叶样品,运用ICP测定方法和概率密度分布函数对其氮、钾、磷、钙、镁、硫、锰、铜、锌、硼、钠、铁、氯13个矿质元素的浓度特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)大量元素的变异系数较小,中量元素其次,微量元素较大;2)除氮、镁、硫、铜、锌、钠、铁外,其他元素的浓度在品种之间的差异显著,但不同指标在品种之间的高低秩序不同,例如,云烟87的磷浓度显著地高于云烟85、K326的磷浓度,而钾浓度按K326、云烟87、云烟85依次降低;3)所有元素在省份之间的差异极显著,但不同元素在地区之间的高低秩序不同,例如,河南烟叶的钾浓度显著地低于其他省份,贵州烟叶的氯离子浓度显著地高于其他地方;4)钾、磷、钙、硫、硼、钠在烟叶中的浓度符合正态分布,氮、镁、氯、锰、铜、锌、铁在烟叶中的浓度符合对数正态分布;5)氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、锰、铜、锌、硼、钠、铁、氯的正常浓度范围分别为1.18～2.34、0.11～0.30、0.87～2.83、0.99～3.64、0.1～0.8、0.25～0.9、25.18～601.65、2.1～37.271、3.11～105.421、2.6～55.62、163.02～503.11、97.6～384.2、0.07～0.53(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫、氯的单位为%,其余为mg/kg);6)氮、钾、氯、钾/氯比四个因素符合国际型优质烟叶质量标准的概率只有0.726、0.379、0.193、0.829,目前我国烤烟营养不够协调的主要方面是养分浓度偏低。     

Effect of treated sewage water on vegetative and reproductive growth of date palm

Abstract

The effect of treated sewage water on the vegetative and reproductive growth of date palms was assessed. Leaves and fruits samples were collected from locations irrigated with treated sewage (TSW), desalinised, and well water. Samples were analysed for their calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) content by atomic absorption spectro‐photometry and for sodium (Na) and potassium (K) by flame photometry. The Mg, Fe, and Zn content of fruits and Na in the leaves were not found to be significantly different. Treated sewage water from University campus utilities significantly increased the Na, K, and Cu and reduced Ca in leaves and Zn in fruits of date palms. But no significant effect was observed on the K, Ca, Mg, and Na contents in fruits of the same palms. The different concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn in the fruits of date palms grown along the same TSW line were attributed to variations in the soil; however, those in Pb content of leaves could be attributed to motor vehicle combustion. The general trend indicated that fruits contained higher K, Na, and Fe contents, but lower Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Pb contents than the leaves. Furthermore, leaves of date palms irrigated with desalinised and well water contained higher Ca and Zn, but lower K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, and Pb contents than those of palms irrigated with treated sewage water. Desalinised water reduced the K, Ca, Na, and Zn contents, but it increased the Mg, Fe, Cu, and Pb content of leaves compared to well water. None of the examined metals were found to reach toxic level to man or plant.     

脐橙幼苗新老叶片养分含量对大、中量元素短期缺乏的差异性响应

  【目的】  对比大、中量养分短期缺乏下脐橙新、老叶片中11种必需元素含量及变化,并分析缺素导致的营养元素间的相互影响。  【方法】  以一年生枳砧纽荷尔脐橙幼苗为试材进行了砂培试验。以完全营养液为对照 (CK),设置缺氮 (?N)、缺磷 (?P)、缺钾 (?K)、缺钙 (?Ca)和缺镁 (?Mg)处理,测定不同处理脐橙叶片（老叶和新叶）生长指标及矿质元素含量。  【结果】  所有缺素处理均导致叶片叶绿素含量降低,生物量减少,以缺氮处理最为显著。缺氮降低了叶片N、Ca、Cu、Mo含量;缺磷降低了叶片P、K、Mo含量;缺钾降低了叶片K含量;缺钙降低了叶片N、Cu、Zn、Mo含量但增加了P含量;缺镁降低了叶片Ca、Mg、Zn、Mo含量但增加了K含量。以必需矿质元素为变量分别对各处理老叶和新叶进行主成分分析,老叶中第一主成分 (PC1)明显将缺钾处理与其他处理区分开,与对照相比,缺钾老叶离子组成变化为N (?3%)、P (+1%)、K (?71%)、Ca (+11%)、Mg (+39%)、B (+16%)、Mn (+11%)、Fe (+32%)、Cu (?7%)、Zn (+14%)、Mo (?63%);新叶中PC1明显将缺氮处理与其他处理区分开,缺氮新叶离子组成变化为N (?53%)、P (+8%)、K (+7%)、Ca (?14%)、Mg (+11%)、B (+55%)、Mn (+51%)、Fe (?14%)、Cu (?57%)、Zn (+4%)、Mo (?25%)。老叶和新叶中元素含量呈正相关的元素是N-Cu、N-Ca、Mg-Mn和Cu-Mo,呈负相关的是K-Zn。  【结论】  脐橙幼苗老叶对钾的短期缺乏反应最敏感,缺钾会显著降低老叶中K和Mo含量并增加Mg和Fe含量,而新叶对氮素的短期缺乏最敏感,缺氮显著降低新叶中N、Ca、Cu和Mo含量。短期缺少P、Ca和Mg对脐橙幼苗叶片中的养分含量影响较小。     

Concentrations of Major and Minor Mineral Elements in Different Organs of Kosteletzkya virginica and Saline Soils

Abstract

Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl. is a perennial dicot halophytic species that grows in brackish portions of coastal tidal marshes of the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States. It was introduced into Northern Jiangsu, China, by the Halophyte Biotechnology Center (University of Delaware, Newark, DE) as a species with potential to improve the soil and develop ecologically sound saline agriculture. Fifteen major and minor elements [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), and vanadium (V)] in roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of Kosteletzkya virginica and saline soils were measured in the study. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, V, and Pb were the highest in soils, whereas concentrations of Na, Li, Cu, Ca, and Mg were the highest in the roots, stems, and leaves, respectively, and concentrations of K and P were the highest in the seeds. Potassium, P, Mg, and Ca were the main constituents in the seeds, and concentrations of Fe, Li, Mn, Zn, and Cu in seeds were relatively high. However, concentrations of Na and Al were very low in the seeds. The K/Na ratio in the seeds was 34.26, and the Ca/P ratio was 0.52, which was less than the maximum tolerable value for the human diet. These proportions were considered to be an advantage from a nutritional point of view. From roots to stems to leaves, increases in K/Na, Ca/Na, and Ca/Mg ratios could mitigate salt stress of the growth habitat of Kosteletzkya virginica. These results suggest that Kosteletzkya virginica is a halophytic species with potential as a rich source of mineral-element supply, and its products could be used for development of food, fodder, health care products and industrial raw materials.     

重庆缙云山酸沉降背景下针阔混交林水化学特征初步研究

选取三峡库区缙云山小流域针阔混交林作为研究对象,对其大气降水、穿透雨、树干茎流、地表径流等水文过程中的pH值及Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等离子含量进行研究,结果表明:(1)大气降水pH值为5.31,呈酸性,已属于酸雨范围(pH<5.65)。相对于大气降水,针阔混交林穿透雨和树干茎流离子含量均大幅增加。穿透雨和树干茎流中,Mg、Cu元素的变异系数均小于大气降水,而K、Zn和Mn均大于大气降水。地表径流中Ca元素含量最高,为16.416mg/L,Mn元素含量最低,几乎检测不到。各元素含量排序为:Ca>K>Na>Mg>Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn。地下径流中,Ca元素是含量增加最多的养分元素,各元素含量排序为:Ca>K>Na>Mg>Zn>Cu>Fe=Mn。(2)Cu元素在穿透雨和树干茎流中均出现了负淋溶,其余各元素浓度均有所增加。如果林木长期处于酸雨逆境下,将会导致部分营养元素大量流失,并最终造成林木营养亏损且影响其生长。     

Distribution and redistribution of mineral nutrients and dry matter in grain sorghum as affected by soil salinity

A study was made of the effects of soil salinity on dry matter production, grain yield, and the uptake, distribution and redistribution of mineral nutrients in irrigated grain sorghum. Soil salinity (EC, 3.6 mS/cm) reduced seedling establishment by 77%, and dry matter and grain yields per plant by 32%; grain yield/ha was reduced by 84%. Salinity reduced grain number per head, but not individual grain size. The accumulation of dry matter and most nutrients was reduced by salinity, but the distribution and redistribution of nutrients within the plant were largely unaffected. Redistributed dry matter provided 52 and 31% of the grain dry matter for control and salt‐affected plants, respectively. Salt‐affected plants had a greater proportion of their sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) in stems and leaves than control plants at maturity. Grain had 50–90% of the nitrogen <N), phosphorus (P), S, and Mg, 20–50% of the potassium (K), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), but < 20% of the calcium (Ca), Na, Cl, and iron (Fe) contents of the whole plant. Over 65% of the N and P, and from 20 to 30% of the K, S, Mg, Cu, and Zn was redistributed from the stem and leaves to grain. There was no redistribution of Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, and Mn. Leaves were more important than the stem as a source of redistributed N, but the leaves and stem were equally important as sources of redistributed P, K, S, Mg, and Cu. Redistribution from the stem and leaves provided 80% of the K and 20–50% of the N, P, S, Mg, Zn, and Cu accumulated by grain. Concentrations of Na, and especially Cl, were high in vegetative organs of salt‐affected plants, but not in grain. It was concluded that although moderate salinity was detrimental to the establishment and yield of grain sorghum, it had little effect on patterns of distribution and extents of redistribution of mineral nutrients.     

Ranges of nutrient concentrations in Quercus ilex leaves at natural and urban sites

The leaf nutrient concentrations and the N‐to‐nutrient ratios were analyzed to evaluate the nutritional status of holm oaks (Quercus ilex L.) experiencing various anthropogenic pressures. Leaves (1 year old) of Q. ilex and surface soil (0–5 cm) surrounding the trees were collected at seven natural and seven urban sites in Campania Region (Southern Italy) and analyzed for the concentrations of macro (C, N, P, S) and micronutrients (Mn, K, Na, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn). The available soil fraction of micronutrients was also evaluated. The nutrients showed different concentration ranges for the natural and the urban sites in the soil (total and available) and in the leaves, that we reported separately. Organic‐matter content and macronutrient concentrations were higher in the natural soils, while the highest leaf N, S, and P concentrations were found at some urban sites. Concentrations of Cu, Na and Zn both in leaves and soil, and Mg and Fe in leaves from the urban sites appeared to be affected by air depositions. Manganese was the only micronutrient to show higher concentrations at the natural than at the urban sites, both in soil and leaves. For this nutrient, in addition, a relationship between leaf and available soil concentrations was found at the natural sites. The ratios between the concentrations of N and each studied nutrient in the leaves highlighted a different nutritional status between the plants from the natural and urban sites.