陶赛特与半细毛羊杂交一代生长发育的观察

对陶赛特与青海半细毛羊杂交一代羔羊的生长发育进行观察,结果表明：①陶半杂一代羔羊与同龄青海半细毛羊羔羊出生重差异不显著,3月龄、6月龄时陶半杂一代体重、日增重均高于青海半细毛羊（P〈0．01）;②陶半杂一代产肉性能显著高于青海半细毛羊（P〈0．01）。     

陶赛特羊与青海藏羊杂交改良试验

利用陶赛特与青海藏羊进行杂交改良，经测定：杂一代羔羊初生重、1月龄、3月龄、6月龄体重、日增重极显著高于藏系羔羊（P＜0.01)；陶藏杂一代产肉性能极显著高于藏系羊（P＜0.01)。     

陶赛特羊与青海半细毛羊杂交试验

试验在高寒牧区天然草地放牧条件下 ,测定陶×半细杂交一代羊出生到 4月龄和 6月龄的生长发育指标 ,结果表明 :在青海高原严酷的生态环境条件下 ,杂交一代羔羊生长发育快于青海半细毛羊 ,4月龄活重为 2 2 .73kg ,6月龄活重为 2 7.96kg ,分别比青海半细毛羔羊提高 3 .0 2kg、3 .64kg(P <0 .0 1)。体长、体高、胸围、胸宽、管围和尻宽显著高于青海半细毛羔羊 (P <0 .0 1)     

刚察地区陶赛特羊与藏系羊杂交一代体重体尺对比调查

在刚察高寒牧区天然草场放牧结合适当补饲的条件下 ,测定陶藏杂一代羔羊 ,藏系羔羊生长发育 ,在牧区高寒严酷的自然环境下 ,陶藏杂一代羔羊初生重、2月龄重、4月龄重及 4月龄体尺明显高于藏系羔羊 ,分别比藏系羔羊提高 0 .84kg、10 .74kg、13 .3 9kg(P <0 .0 1)。体高、胸围、体斜长分别提高 10 .5 9cm、14 .3 4cm、14 .3 9cm(P <0 .0 1)。     

无角陶赛特公羊与青海半细毛羊杂交效果研究

在相同的自然条件下.杂一代羔羊初生重平均3.44kg.比青海半细毛羊(3.22kg)提高6.39％.7月龄体重平均为25.17kg；1～7月龄的日增重103.48g.青海半细毛羊日增重为84.67g.比同龄半细毛羔羊提高18.18%；宰前重和胴体重比对照组分别提高16.57％和17.85％。初步认为陶赛特公羊是青藏高原牧区开展商品肉羊生产的理想品种。     

陶×藏一代羔羊肉用性能分析

本试验分析了陶×藏一代羊出生到 4月龄的生长发育 ,130日龄的屠宰指标。结果表明 :在青藏高原严酷的生态环境条件下 ,陶×藏一代羔羊生长发育快于藏羊 ,4月龄活重比藏羊大 3.13kg (P <0 .0 1) ,体长、胸围、胸宽、胸深、十字部宽均极显著大于藏羊 (P <0 .0 1) ;产肉性能和胴体品质明显优于藏羊 ,陶×藏一代羊比藏羊胴体重高 2 .36kg,屠宰率高 3.17个百分点 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,净肉重和净肉率分别高 1.88kg和 1.89个百分点 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,眼肌面积和GR值分别高 2 .6 0cm2 和 0 .6 0cm(P <0 .0 1)。     

高寒地区无角陶赛特与青海半细毛羊杂交一代羔羊生长发育模型

采用Gompertz模型、Logistic模型拟合了无角陶赛特与青海半细毛羊杂交一代羔羊和青海半细毛羔羊的早期生长发育过程.结果表明:2种模型的拟合度均在0.98以上,拟合效果好,其中Gompertz模型在拟合度和预测体重效果方面最好.因此,采用Gompertz模型进一步估算了杂一代羔羊的拐点体重、拐点日龄、相对生长率(RGR)、瞬时生长率(IGR),结果表明:无角陶赛特杂一代羔羊早期生长发育强于青海半细毛羔羊.     

高寒地区陶赛特羊与青海半细毛羊杂交的效果分析

引进陶赛特羊与青海半细毛羊进行杂交试验,羔羊8月龄时随机抽样屠宰.经测定,陶半F1代宰前活体重、胴体重和平均日增重分别为34.33 kg、14.50 kg和124.68 g,比青海半细毛羊分别提高16.37%、25%和13.63%,差异极显著(P＜0.01)     

陶×青半细毛杂一代羔羊肉用性能分析

本试验分析了陶×青半细毛杂一代羔羊8月龄的屠宰指标,结果表明:在青藏高原同样的生态条件下陶×青半细毛杂一代羔羊产肉性能和胴体品质明显优于青海半细毛,陶×青半细毛羔羊比青海半细毛羔羊胴体重高6.07kg,屠宰率高5.16%(P<0.05),净肉重和净肉率分别高4.82kg和4.81%(P<0.05),眼肌面积和GR值分别高7.32cm2和5.73mm(P<0.01),陶×青半细一代羔羊产肉性能和胴体品质明显优于青海半细毛羔羊。     

波尔山羊与睢宁白山羊杂交改良效果

波淮 (波尔山羊×睢宁白山羊 )杂一代羔羊平均初生重为 2 2 6kg ,其中公羔重 2 38kg,母羔重 2 1 6kg ,公羔初生重差异不显著 (P >0 0 5)。杂一代羔羊 1月龄和 2月龄体尺均大于同期睢宁白山羊羔羊。杂种母羊的早期生长发育快 ,1月龄和 2月龄内平均日增重分别为 1 81 3g和1 53 0g。公、母羔羊生长速度无显著差异 (P >0 0 5)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -