复合肥和磷肥混施对云南松幼林生长的短期效应分析

为了解复合肥(包括缓释肥)和磷肥配施对12a生云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)人工林施肥后1a时的短期生长效应,采用L₉(3⁴)正交设计开展试验实施。施肥后1a时,处理组合林木的胸径、树高和单株材积增长率分别达4.29%~12.37%,7.96%~22.58%和20.13%~38.39%,对照则是3.80%,10.21%和15.76%,处理组合间此3项指标具有极显著的差异(P<0.01)。影响胸径增长率的主导因子是肥料种类,树高和材积的是磷肥施肥量。随着磷肥施肥量的增加,树高增长率随之提高,胸径则相反。肥料种类和磷肥施肥量的交互作用对胸径和树高增长率具有极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)的差异影响。云南松幼林胸径和树高生长对养分种类及其数量的需求具有差异,施肥以促进胸径生长为主。适宜的复合肥种类和磷施肥量配施可极显著促进林木生长。每5cm胸径作为计算施肥单位可实现精准施肥。综合理论与实际的最优处理组合,考虑到复合肥种类和磷施肥量交互作用结果,以及影响林木材积的主要因子,0.75和0.50kg/5cm的9个月缓释肥和磷肥配施可于1a的短期内促进云南松人工林幼林生长,提高林分蓄积量。     

滇中地区麻栎天然次生林的林分特征研究

2007年3月对滇中禄丰村林场具有代表性的3 hm2麻栎次生林的组成及生长状况进行了调查,分析其林分类型,主要乔木树种的径阶分布及其在群落中的重要值,进而对林分的生态效能进行评价.研究结果表明,该麻栎次生林划分为麻栎—云南松和麻栎—云南松—滇油杉2种林分类型,林木株数分布分别集中于径阶8 cm和6 cm处,以麻栎为优势树种,云南松为伴生树种.麻栎林木的优势度达50.77,重要值为71.71.林分主要乔木树种麻栎、云南松及滇油杉的林木密度分别为1 825株/hm2、650株/hm2和325株/hm2,其中伴生树种云南松和滇油杉优势较为明显.林分中乔木层最大树高20.1 m,最大胸径40 cm,均为云南松植株.其群落结构简单,物种较少,生态功能差,为低质低效林分,急需改造.     

生态疏伐对华北落叶松林分结构和生物多样性的影响

森林抚育对调整林分结构、促进林木生长都具有极大作用。为了解抚育对华北落叶松林分结构和林下物种多样性的影响,以承德市第三乡林场华北落叶松—白桦混交林为研究对象,采用对比分析的方法,对生态疏伐前后的林分结构、径阶分布和生物多样性进行了探讨。结果表明:生态疏伐后林分平均胸径增加2.1cm,平均树高稍有变化,林分密度从疏伐前的1 365株/hm~2下降到900株/hm~2;生态疏伐前,直径分布曲线呈左偏,6~16径阶林木数量占总数的42.6%;疏伐后,6~16径阶林木株数占总株数的21.3%,直径分布稍向右偏,更趋于正态分布;疏伐后,林下物种的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数均有所增加,Pielou均匀度指数在1号、4号、5号样方内有所下降,2号、3号样方内呈增加趋势,且3号样方的Simpson、Shannon-Wiener和Pielou均匀度指数涨幅均最大,分别比抚育前增加了0.373、0.834和0.203。     

Spatio-temporal Variation of Distribution Patterns in Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations

To aid in management of Cunninghamia lanceolata,the main timber species in Southern China,its variation of spatial distribution pattern was analyzed.Three permanent plots of C.lanceolata plantations with approximately the same site conditions,set by China continuous forest inventory in Shunchang,Fujian,were selected. C.lanceolata growth was divided into two stages: young trees(5 cm≤diameter at breast height (DBH)<10 cm) and mature trees(DBH≥10 cm). The DBH and coordinates of every tree(DBH≥5 cm) in the permanent plots were recorded in 2003 and 2008.The function L(r),improvement of Ripley’s K(r),the paircorrelation function g(r),and the uniform angle index(W_i) were used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of spatial distribution patterns.The three permanent plots had mean uniform angle index(W) between 0.494-0.578 at low altitudes,0.465-0.477 at medium altitudes,and 0.426-0.601 at high altitudes.Results showed that altitude did not affect the spatial distribution pattern. The L(r ) and g(r) function curves of mature trees were generally lower than young trees’,i.e.tend to be more random or uniform distribution.So regardless of the initial distribution of young or mature trees,with the passage of time,there was a tendency for the aggregated distribution to change to a random distribution,and a random distribution to change to a uniform distribution.     

永仁县云南松天然次生林生长过程分析

采用德国近自然经营技术,将林木分为特优木、优势木、中庸木和被压木,应用永仁县云南松天然次生林的试验样地数据和树干解析资料,分析云南松天然次生林的生长过程。结果表明,云南松林分的生长过程中优势木株数只占林分总株数的27.34%,但材积占林分总材积的比例达66.58%;25年生优势木的单株平均材积是中庸木和被压木的2.91倍和10.46倍。11年生时云南松树高连年生长量最大,为0.83 m,高生长主要在3～11年;33年生时胸径连年生长量最大,为2.065 cm。胸径生长主要在11～33年,此期间林分应适度间伐,可促进其快速生长。46年生时材积连年生长量最大,为0.053 693 m3;53年后明显下降;材积生长主要在32～53年期间;60年时连年生长量和平均生长量相等,说明进入数量成熟阶段,可以主伐。云南松天然次生林的经营期长,建议引入德国近自然经营技术,提高林分质量和缩短大径级培育时间。     

用二类调查样地建立落叶松单木直径生长模型

根据来自吉林省汪清林业局二类调查的１４个落叶松固定样地的３４６株复测林木数据,建立了与我关的落叶松木平方直径生长最模型。它包含了单木直径生长模型所需考虑的林木大小,立地条件和林木竞争这３个因素,并具有与年龄、地位指数无关的特点,便于实践中应用,逐步回归的结果表明,落叶松单木平方直径生长最模型需要考虑的主要因子是林木直径值、林分断面积和坡度。     

天然红松阔叶林不同径阶林木的空间分布特征分析

为进一步揭示天然红松阔叶混交林的空间结构规律,为合理经营天然红松阔叶林提供借鉴,本研究在吉林省蛟河林业实验区大坡经营区设立面积为1 hm2的样地,利用全站仪对高度1.3 m以上的林木进行每木调查,然后利用角尺度、大小比数和混交度等3种结构参数,分析了样地内不同径阶林木的空间分布特征.结果表明:天然红松阔叶林中小径阶(胸径≤10 cm)林木占总株数的59.4%,其周围林木呈随机分布,与林分的总体分布格局一致.大径木的平均角尺度呈急剧下降的趋势,说明其相邻木挤在一起的现象大幅度减少,相邻树木在其四周趋于均匀分布.林木大小比数随胸径的增大呈迅速减小的趋势,小径木多明显受压,中径木处于中庸状态或亚优势地位,大径木全部处于优势地位.林木混交度随着胸径的增大呈逐渐递增的趋势,竞争压力逐步减小,林木空间分布特征渐趋优化.     

绵阳官溪河流域防护林林木分化及异常木分布格局

对绵阳官溪河流域常见的几种防护林类型林木分化及异常木分布格局进行了研究。结果表明，防护林林木分化的结果以小径木占优势，尤以直径1cm～6cm的个体最多，占林分总个体数的60％以上。桤柏混交林、柏木纯林、松栎混交林、松柏混交林和松柏栎混交林的林木株数按径阶的分布表现出左偏态分布，直径大小的变异性较低；与之相比。栎黄荆次生灌丛和马尾松林不呈偏正态分布，直径大小的变异性较高。异常木直径主要分布在1cm～10cm范围内，其中倾斜木和倒伏木超过了异常木总数的50％，枯立木和濒死木中，马尾松林和松柏栎混交林较其它防护林类型少。异常木的分布格局除松柏栎混交林呈随机分布外，其余的皆呈聚集分布，但聚集强度不大。异常木聚集强度的大小与取样面积大小的关系表现为：Kuno．E．聚集度指标值（G）随取样面积的增大，由小变大，而Lloyd．M．平均拥挤度值（m^＊）则由大变小。     

Vegetation structure, floristic composition and growth characteristics of Aucoumea klaineana Pierre stands as influenced by stand age and thinning

The coastal forest of Gabon abounds in monospecific secondary Aucoumea klaineana stands derived from natural regeneration after shifting cultivation. This paper aims to describe the changes in the structure and dynamics of these stands with age. It then assesses the impact of selective thinning in the upper storey on both structural and dynamic parameters.

The experiment consisted of 34 Permanent Plots in stands from establishment to more mature stages (ca. 50 years old). Thirteen plots (17–45 years old) were thinned. More than 80% of the removal came from supernumerary dominant A. klaineana.

A. klaineana represented 60% of the total density in stands ca. 15 years old but >90% of the dominant trees in older stands. The changes with age in the floristic composition of the unthinned stands showed three successional stages during which pioneer species associated with A. klaineana (from establishment to ca. 15 years) were progressively replaced by mature forest species.

Basal area increased and density decreased with age before reaching stable values at ca. 40–45 years. Mortality was very high in young stands but decreased in the older ones. Mortality generally affected small diameter individuals in the dominated storey. Diameter and basal area increments showed that the stand growth resulted from the growth of dominant A. klaineana. Diameter increments of A. klaineana were elevated during the first years of colonisation (1.9 cm/year) and were still ca. 0.7 cm/year for 50-year-old dominant trees.

Thinning did not increase the mortality of the dominant population. It favoured the individual growth of A. klaineana. The gain was substantial for dominated trees and small dominant trees (from 60 to 100%) but was lower for large dominant trees (ca. 25–30%). Therefore, stimulation of individual growth did not compensate for the loss of basal area at the stand level.     

A New Function for Modelling Diameter Frequency Distribution in the Tropical Rain Forest of Xishuangbanna, Southwest of China

Permanent plots in the montane tropical rain forests in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, were established, and different empirical models, based on observation data of these plots in 1992, were built to model diameter frequency distributions.The focus of this study is on predicting accuracy of stem number in the larger diameter classes, which is much more important than that of the smallcr trees, from the view of forest management, and must be adequately considered in the modelling and estimate.There exist 3 traditional ways of modelling the diameter frequency distribution: the negative exponential function model, limiting line function model, and Weibull distribution model. In this study, a new model, named as the logarithmic J-shape function, together with the others, was experimented and was found as a more suitable model for modelling works in the tropical forests.