矿区排土场土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐接种效应

土壤中丛枝菌根真菌促进植物对矿质营养和水分的吸收,可以增强宿主植物在逆境条件下的生存能力。利用丛枝菌根真菌与宿主植物共生关系,在以矿区排土场土壤为基质的盆栽试验条件下,向刺槐幼苗接种供试丛枝菌根真菌(摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、象牙白多孢囊霉Diversispora eburnea、隐类球囊霉Paraglomus occultum及3种真菌的混合菌剂),验证丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐生长的影响。结果表明,接种供试丛枝菌根真菌能显著提高刺槐幼苗生物量和叶绿素含量,其中以接种摩西球囊霉组植株菌根侵染率、株高、地径、生物量和SPAD值最高,说明供试菌剂中摩西球囊霉与刺槐幼苗根系的亲和力最高,接种效应最显著。研究结果为菌根技术在矿区土地复垦中的应用提供参考。     

丛枝菌菌根对1年生高山红景天植株生长的影响

盆栽条件下,4种丛枝菌菌根真菌对1年生高山红景天实生苗生长影响的研究结果表明,接种4种不同丛枝菌菌根真菌的1年生高山红景天实生苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、株高、分株数、根长、根茎重及成活率等生长指标明显高于对照,其中Glomusmosscac和Glomusintraradices对1年生高山红景天苗木生长的促进作用最大。     

3种丛枝菌根真菌对沙冬青的接种效应

为了研究丛枝菌根真菌对沙冬青幼苗的接种效应,对盆栽沙冬青幼苗分别接种摩西球囊霉、幼套球囊霉、根内球囊霉3种丛枝菌根真菌,测定样苗成活率、侵染率、生长量及养分含量等指标。结果表明：3种丛枝菌根真菌均不影响样苗移栽成活率,均能与沙冬青幼苗形成菌根,侵染率40～50%;摩西球囊霉接种对样苗高、径、干物质生长和N、P、K吸收积累均有促进作用;幼套球囊霉接种样苗含水率最小,根冠比最大。总之,摩西球囊霉可以有效促进沙冬青幼苗生长,具有开发促进生长菌肥的潜力;幼套球囊霉可以提高幼苗耐旱性能,具有开发增强苗木抗逆性能的菌肥的前景。     

中国杨树菌根种类、隶属、效应及研究方向

概述了与杨树共生的菌根真菌共74种,其中内生菌根真菌(VA)18种,外生菌根真菌56种,及其在分类学上的隶属关系,其中VA菌根真菌分属1门1纲3目2亚目4科6属18种,外生菌根真菌分属2门3纲6目14科25属56种;菌根真菌在不同杨树上的分布,其中VA菌根真菌在25种杨树及杨树多种上,外生菌根真菌在11种杨树及杨树多种上。杨树是我国重要的造林树种,菌根真菌对杨树的生长能起很大效应:生长的影响、酶活性的影响、营养元素吸收的影响、抗旱性的影响、抗溃疡病的影响。最后提出了5项今后研究方向:1)筛选目的杨树品种上形成菌根的最佳种类;2)开展不同立地类型优良菌种的筛选;3)进行苗木菌根化技术措施的探究;4)加强适合杨树生长的菌根菌剂研究;5)应用分子生物学技术研究菌根真菌与植物之间的相互作用机理。     

油桐人工林AMF多样性及接种试验研究

为了研究油桐根系丛枝菌根(AM)共生状况和丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)多样性,并通过油桐苗木AMF接种试验以探索与油桐高效种植相配套的菌根接种技术。在云南丘北,对4 a生和10 a生油桐人工林的根系丛枝菌根真菌定殖及根际丛枝菌根真菌多样性进行了研究,采用油桐林的土著AMF和商品AMF菌剂"Endo"开展了接种试验研究。结果显示:10 a生的油桐具有更高的AMF定殖程度,而4 a生的油桐根际孢子密度相对比较大;油桐育苗期对土著菌种接种具有较好的响应,接种后苗木生长状况基本优于对照;在幼树初期,"Endo"菌剂对油桐植株的促进生长效应较为显著,接种处理也基本优于对照;菌剂在育苗基质中浓度越大,促进生长效果越好。     

陕西省杨树外生菌根种类的调查研究

对陕西省３５种杨树外生菌根的调查研究，鉴定出９种外生菌根真菌。研究证明，一种外生菌根真菌可侵染不同种杨树；一种杨树又可被不同的菌根真菌侵染，并观察到在同一小根上顶端形成菌套，中部和下部形成泡囊丛枝这一混合型菌根形态。     

丛枝菌根真菌接种量对铁力木幼苗的生长效应

采用盆栽接种试验,研究丛枝菌根真菌不同接种量(5、10、15、20 g·株~(-1),以不施用菌剂为对照)对国家二级保护植物铁力木的幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:经接种处理,铁力木幼苗能够被丛枝菌根真菌侵染,形成共生关系;丛枝菌根的形成对铁力木幼苗植株高度、地径、叶片数和根长等生长指标,地上与地下部分生物量等指标均能产生显著效应;在参试的4种接种量中,以5 g·株~(-1)为铁力木幼苗最佳接种量。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫穗槐固氮能力的影响

通过对紫穗槐双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌、单接种丛枝菌根真菌、单接种根瘤菌、非接种对照处理,研究丛枝菌根真菌时紫稳槐固氮能力的影响.结果表明:选用的丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus intraradices)能够与紫穗槐很好地形成共生复合体,双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌处理的苗木根系结瘤数量显著提高,苗木根系土壤的脲酶活性、叶片硝酸还原酶活性显著提高;通过对紫稳槐植株和土壤氮素含量的测定,进一步证实丛枝菌根真菌能够增强豆科树种紫穗槐的固氮能力.     

丛枝菌根真菌对重茬银杏生长及抗病性的影响

研究了 3种丛枝菌根真菌Glomusmosseae (Nicol.&Gerd .)Gerd .&Trappe ,Glomusin traradicesSchenck&Smith和Glomusversiforme (Karsten)Berch对银杏幼苗在重茬土中生长的影响。结果表明 :不论土壤消毒与否 ,重茬土中 3种丛枝菌根真菌均可促进银杏幼苗的生长 ,显著提高银杏的苗高、叶面积、叶绿素含量和叶片、茎、根的干重 ,极显著提高了根系活力。苗高比对照提高了 17 6 %～ 38 0 % ,叶片干重增加了 2 5 %～ 37 7% ,根系TTC还原量是对照的1 30～ 1 4 1倍 ;此外 ,接种 3种丛枝菌根真菌还可降低重茬银杏叶枯病 (Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keissl;Glomerellacingulata (Stonem .)Spauld .etSchrenk ;PestalotiaginkgoHori)病情指数 ,消毒土上病情指数下降了 4 1 6 %～ 6 3 4 % ,未消毒土上下降了 6 3 9%～ 73 1%。     

接种AM真菌对文冠果幼苗促生效应的研究

在盆栽情况下,研究接种AM真菌对文冠果实生苗生长的影响。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌能显著促进文冠果幼苗的生长。感染AM真菌的文冠果幼苗,侵染率、苗高、地径、分枝数等均显著提高,尤其是接种菌根土效果显著。     

喜树育苗和接种菌根菌试验

用苏格兰球囊菌 [Glomuscaledonium (Nicol&Gerd .)Trappe&Gerd .]和地表球囊 [Glomusversiforme (Karsten)Berch]菌种接种喜树幼苗。试验结果表明 :喜树幼苗根均可与两种菌种菌形成菌根 ,接种前者的苗木菌根感染率为 5 3% ,接种后者的苗木菌根感染率为 4 0 % ,非接种苗木 (对照 )的感染率 6 .7%。接种菌根菌后的苗木总生物量、根茎比及根系长度和地径有所提高 ,反映了 2个菌种均促进了喜树幼苗的生长 ,但对幼苗高生长的促进作用不大。     

丛枝菌根对油桐幼苗生长和氮磷吸收的影响

通过非灭菌土盆栽接种试验,观察了Glomus mosseae(GM)、G.intraradices(GI)、G.aggregatum(GA)和G.atunicatum(GE)4种AM真菌对油桐幼苗生长和氮磷吸收的影响,结果表明接种GM、GI和GE后菌根侵染率显著提高,侵染率分别为77.4%、92.3%和96.7%,比对照分别提高20.4%、43.5%、50.4%。接种GA与对照无显著差异;接种GM和GI后植株的干质量增加,而接种GA和GE对全株及各器官干质量影响不明显;接种4种真菌对油桐幼苗的氮素营养影响不大;接种GM、GI和GE显著提高了根部磷含量。综合考虑,接种GM效果最好。     

丛枝菌根真菌对牡丹根系构型的影响

本试验以分别接种AM真菌Glomus mosseae和G.versiforme的两年生盆栽‘凤丹’幼苗为材料,以不接种为对照,研究不同AM真菌对牡丹幼苗根系构型和生长的影响。结果表明:不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,G.mosseae的侵染率高于G.versiforme;接种G.mosseae的植株干重、根冠比和根系活力显著高于对照。接种不同AM真菌的牡丹幼苗的根系参数均比对照有不同程度的增加,其中对水平延伸根系所占比例和根系总体积的影响最为显著。相关性分析表明,水分饱和亏缺与植株干重、根冠比、根系活力等呈显著负相关;根系参数与牡丹生长呈显著正相关。不同AM真菌可通过影响牡丹幼苗的根系构型而影响其生长。G.mosseae是促进牡丹生长的高效菌种。     

Effects of Cutting Density on Growth, Yield and Quality of Poplar Clone Seedlings

In order to identify the optimum cutting density for producing the highest number of plantable seedlings of poplar clones, a split-plot randomized block design was used to establish four cutting densities in plots. Based on data on the survival, leaf area, seedling height, caliper, and biomass of 1-year-old seedlings of clones Nanlin-95, Nanlin-895, Nanlin-1388 and NL-80351, the growth characteristics and seedling quality under four cutting densities were analyzed. Results indicated that the leaf area, stem and leaf biomass, and caliper of seedlings of all four poplar clones increased with the decrease in cutting density. Leaf area index reached its highest level at the spacing of 40 cm×40 cm, while the aboveground biomass of the seedling on an area basis increased as the cutting density increased. Seedling quality at low cutting density was higher than that at closer cutting density. The quantity of first-grade seedlings (grade I) for clones Nanlin-95 and Nanlin-895 was achieved at the spacing of 40 cm×50 cm; for NL-1388 and NL-80351, it was 50 cm×50 cm. According to the seedling quality and the number of plantable seedlings produced, the suggested cutting density for these four poplar clones was 50,000 stems/hm².     

丛枝菌根对喜树幼苗的生长效应

2005年2月精选喜树种子培养无菌根幼苗,生长90天以后分别接种3种丛枝菌根真菌,即蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa),探讨了菌根真菌对喜树幼苗株高、生物量以及氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根的形成显著促进了菌根幼苗的高生长和生物量的积累,对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大,但却有利于喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收。从植株高度和生物量来看,菌根幼苗优于无菌根幼苗,蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗尤为突出,分别达到无菌根幼苗(CK)的1.2和1.6倍,差异显著。丛枝菌根的形成对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大。从全株的氮含量来看,菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗相近,只有在根、茎和叶片中Am菌根幼苗的氮含量才有明显变化,而透光球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗之间则没有显著差异。丛枝菌根的形成总体上促进了喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收,并且主要体现在根的磷含量上。与无菌根幼苗比,所有菌根幼苗根的氮、磷分配比例增加,而茎和叶片的氮、磷分配比例减少。图2表2参13。     

The influence of Desert False Indigo, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amorpha fruticosa</Emphasis>, and three arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi on the growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus ussuriensis</Emphasis> seedlings

The influence of Desert False Indigo, Amorpha fruticosa, on the growth of Populus ussuriensis seedlings inoculated with three arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus sinuosa) was studied using the nylon net method. The results showed that all three AM fungi infected P. ussuriensis seedlings and G. intraradices and also G. mosseae infected A. fruticosa. The AM fungi promoted growth of P. ussuriensis and Desert False indigo seedlings. Moreover, under co-cultivation with A. fruticosa, the biomass of P. ussuriensis increased significantly. The concentration of nitrogen in P. ussuriensis grown with A. fruticosa and the concentration of soluble nitrogen in the rhizosphere were also higher than when grown alone. Hypha were found on the two plant seedlings inoculated with G. mosseae and G. intraradices, suggesting that AM fungi may transport nutrients from seedlings of A. fruticosa to the rhizosphere of P. ussuriensis seedlings, which may have promoted the growth of P. ussuriensis. The AM fungi played a critical role on the effect of A. fruticosa on growth of P. ussuriensis.     

Selection of efficient VA mycorrhizal fungi for Casuarina equisetifolia—second screening

An investigation was carried out to screen and select efficient vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi for inoculating the forest tree species, Casuarina equisetifolia. The seedlings were inoculated with 10 different VAM fungi, obtained from various sources. Inoculated seedlings generally had greater plant height, stem girth, biomass and P content than uninoculated plants. They also had more mycorrhizal root colonization and spore numbers in root zone soil. C. equisetifolia seedlings responded best (in biomass) to inoculation with Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe, closely followed by Acaulospora laevis Gerdemann and Trappe and G. fasciculatum (Thaxter Sensu Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe; all the three being statistically on par with each other.     

山地木麻黄菌根菌的筛选和接种效应的研究

利用3个内生菌根菌(AMF)和6个外生菌根菌(ECMF)接种山地木麻黄苗,测定小苗的树高、根长、地径、地上干质量、地下干质量和总生物量,并在干旱胁迫下测定小苗的保存率.结果表明:接种内、外生菌根菌后都能极显著地促进山地木麻黄苗期的生长;山地木麻黄对供试的AMF和ECMF菌根都属于中等强度或较弱的依赖性;山地木麻黄接种菌根菌后对地上部分(苗高、地径和地上干质量)生长的促进作用比地下部分(根长和地下干质量)要大;在供试的9个菌根菌种和菌株中,AMF比ECMF更能提高山地木麻黄的抗旱力;筛选出菌根效应较好的菌根菌有:苏格兰球囊霉90068、苏格兰球囊霉90036、地表球囊霉9004、黄硬皮马勃0207、蜡蘑E439,可在山地木麻黄苗期接种应用.     

Growth response of Pterocarpus santalinus seedlings to native microbial symbionts(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium aegyptiacum ) under nursery conditions

The objective of this research was to improve the growth and biomass of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.(an endangered leguminous tree) using native microbial symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium associated with native populations of P.santalinus.The native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from P.santalinus soils were identified as(1) Glomus fasciculatum;(2)Glomus geosporum;and Glomus aggregatum.A nitrogenfixing microbial symbiont was isolated from the root nodules of P.santalinus and identified as Rhizobium aegyptiacum by16 s rRNA gene sequencing.These microbial symbionts were inoculated individually and in combination into P.santalinus seedling roots.After 90 days,growth and biomass had improved compared with uninoculated controls.Shoot and root lengths,number of leaves,stem circumference,number of root nodules,biomass,nutrient uptake and seedling quality index were significantly increased by a combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi+Rhizobium aegyptiacum.It was concluded that native microbial symbionts positively influenced P.santalinus seedling growth which will be helpful for successful field establishment.     

Mycorrhizal formation of nine ectomycorrhizal fungi on poplar cuttings

In order to discover which ectomycorrhizal-(ECM) fungi have better growth-promoting effects on poplars, cuttings from four poplar species were inoculated with nine species of ECM fungi by three methods. We investigated the status of mycorrhizal formation and the effects of these fungi on the growth of the poplars. The results show that Xrocomus chrysentero (Xc), Boletus edulis (Be), Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Laccaria amethystea (La) formed clear ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with the poplar seedlings. Among these four ECM fungi, Xc had the greatest ability to develop mycorrhizae with all four poplar species. Be shows a greater ability to form mycorrhizae with Populus deltoides Bartr cv. ‘Lux’ (Poplar I-69). Pt and La had relatively weaker abilities of colonization. The other five ECM fungal species, i.e., Scleroderma luteus (Sl), Leccinum scabrum (Ls), Boletus speciosus (Bs), Calvatia craniiformis (Cc) and Rhizopogen luteous (Rl) could not easily form mycorrhizae with poplar seedlings grown in sterilized substrates, but could do so in non-sterilized soil. With the method of drilling and injecting liquid inoculum, a simple operation, the mycorrhizal infection rates were higher than with the other two methods, applying solid inoculum as fertilizer at the bottom of the pots and dipping roots in the inoculum slurry. P. simonii Carr. formed mycorrhizae with most of the nine ECM fungi. P. x euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. ’san Martino’ (Poplar I-72) and P. deltoids Harvard x P. deltoids Lux (Poplar NL-351) had the highest compatibility with Pt. Poplar I-69 shows the highest compatibility with Xc. The study indicates that the optimal ECM fungi for poplars I-69, I-72 and NL-351 were Be, Xc and Pt, respectively. The optimal fungi for P. simonii Carr. were Xc and Be. These ECM fungi promoted the growth of the poplar seedlings significantly. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2007, 31(6): 29–33 [译自: 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版)]