白色花椰菜花球变紫前后花青素含量变化分析

花椰菜生产过程中,花球采收期前后极易呈现紫色,对花椰菜生产和销售造成严重影响。为了明确花球变紫前后花青素含量差异,采用植物花青素酶联免疫方法测定了花球变紫前后花青素含量。试验结果表明,白色花椰菜花球变紫前花青素含量(w,后同)为(1 599.81±138.78)ng·g-1;变紫后花球花青素含量为(2 709.54±224.78)^(2 904.95±205.41)ng·g-1;对照紫色花椰菜花青素含量为(5 069.82±292.00)ng·g-1,各处理间花青素含量差异达到显著水平。花球变紫前后花青素含量变化显著。     

Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in different coloured cultivars of ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC)

Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale.     

马铃薯花色苷研究进展

综述了马铃薯花色苷的分布、种类、结构、提取纯化方法、生理功能和应用等方面的研究进展,并介绍了块茎在发育和储藏期间花色苷的变化及光、温等外界因素对马铃薯块茎颜色的影响.     

紫菜薹、紫色芜菁和紫色白菜花青苷分析

在对紫菜薹（Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. purpurea Baile.）以及芜菁（Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera Metzg.）和白菜[Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis（L.）Makino]中的紫色品种类型叶片中花青苷分布特点研究的基础上,结合利用UFLC-UV-Q-Trip-MS和UPLC-Q-TOF-MS两种液相色谱质谱联用（LC–MS）技术,对叶片中花青苷代谢物谱进行分析鉴定。结果表明,花青苷在紫菜薹、紫色芜菁和紫色白菜叶片中积累的部位并不相同,主要分布于紫菜薹和紫色芜菁叶柄的表皮细胞,以及紫色白菜叶片的上表皮细胞中。3种蔬菜中共鉴定出23种花青苷,其中紫菜薹和紫色白菜含有的花青苷种类相同,为17种不同酰基化取代的矢车菊素–3–双/三葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷;紫色芜菁中检测出与紫菜薹和紫色白菜不同的6种花青苷,为不同酰基化的天竺葵素–3–双葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷。     

紫叶芥菜花青素分布及光合作用特性研究

紫叶芥菜是富含花青素的一种新型保健蔬菜。本试验在建立紫叶-绿叶芥菜近等基因系的基础上,研究紫叶芥菜花青素的微观分布、花青素含量以及花青素对芥菜光合作用的影响。结果表明:紫叶芥菜花青素分布于叶片上下表皮,其含量显著高于绿叶芥菜,但叶绿素含量二者之间差异不显著;在相同光照辐射强度或相同CO_2浓度条件下,紫叶单株的净光合速率明显低于绿叶单株,光补偿点、光饱和点、最大羧化速率极显著低于绿叶单株,电子传递速率、最大光合速率显著低于绿叶单株;紫叶芥菜花青素含量与其光合作用参数呈显著或极显著负相关性,随着花青素含量的增加其光合作用效率降低。     

Flower colours and pigments in hybrid tuberose (Polianthes)

The flower pigment constitutions of nine hybrids with pink, reddish purple, purple, orange and yellow flowers obtained from the crossings and back-crossings using Polianthes tuberosa ‘Single’ and ‘Double’ and Polianthes howardii were analysed. Among the parents and hybrids, two white flowered cultivars of P. tuberosa had neither carotenoids nor anthocyanins, one hybrid had only carotenoids, four hybrids had only anthocyanins and an additional other four hybrids along with P. howardii had both carotenoids and anthocyanins in their petals. The main anthocyanidin in the petals of anthocyanin containing flowers is cyanidin with which some hybrids also contained delphinidin. Inducing of the anthocyanins and carotenoids from P. howardii into P. tuberosa can contribute to the extension of the diversity of flower colours in further tuberose breeding.     

高花青素芥菜新品种——客家紫芥1号

为了促进高花青素含量的芥菜新品种——客家紫芥1号的广泛种植,对其进行试验和生产探索,挖掘客家紫芥1号的特征特性及保健优势,其表现为叶片颜色深紫、花青素含量高、纤维少、口感甘醇,667 m~2产量3 000~4 000 kg;并从播种育苗、整地移栽、田间管理、病虫害防治、采收等方面总结了一套高效栽培技术。客家紫芥1号具有普通(绿叶)叶用芥菜所不具备的营养保健功能及食品添加剂开发利用前景,值得广泛推广。     

芸薹属5种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析

采用高效液相色谱-质谱法对芸薹属中红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、红菜薹、紫色白菜和紫结球甘蓝新鲜叶片所含花青素苷含量和组成进行鉴定。结果表明,这些蔬菜中花青素苷主要组分为矢车菊素苷,兼有少量的飞燕草素苷和矮牵牛素苷。红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、紫色白菜和红菜薹中均含有矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的46.51%、56.04%、46.38%和68.96%。紫结球甘蓝主要花青素苷成分为矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的41.87%、20.58%和16.02%。花青素苷含量最高的是红叶芥菜,为719.04 μg · g-1 FW;其次是紫红色大白菜,为604.03 μg · g-1 FW;第三是紫结球甘蓝,为264.96 μg · g-1 FW;最低的是红菜薹和紫色白菜,分别为219.07 和130.02 μg · g-1 FW。紫红色大白菜中检测到2 种特有的矢车菊素苷和1 种矮牵牛素苷。     

Comparison of flower color with anthocyanin composition patterns in evergreen azalea

In evergreen azaleas, major anthocyanins were detected from petals of wild species and cultivars by HPLC analysis. Depending on flower color, all samples were divided into three groups: red, purple or white, using the Japan color standard for horticultural plants. The chromatic components a* and b* values of red group samples showed a convergent distribution, whereas those of purple group samples showed a wider distribution. According to the HPLC analysis, red group samples had two to four major anthocyanins, and those of the purple group had two to six major ones. In contrast, no anthocyanins were detected in the white group petals, although anthocyanidins were detected. These results suggest that the anthocyanin constitution of the purple group flowers is more varied than that of the red group flowers, and this wider variety among purple flowers contributes to extending the diversity of flower color in evergreen azalea.     

快速批量化测定紫薯块根中总花青素含量

以紫薯块根为研究对象,利用酶标仪建立了紫薯中总花青素含量的快速批量化检测方法,以期提高检测效率。结果表明:酶标仪快速批量化检测紫薯中总花青素含量的最佳试验条件为,检测波长530nm、提取溶剂为1.5%的柠檬酸和乙醇的混合溶液(体积比2∶1),料液比1∶50g·mL^-1、超声时间40min,在此条件下获得的紫薯中总花青素含量为160.84mg·(100g)-1。该方法灵敏、稳定、重现性好,可在2min内完成96个样品的测定,所得试验结果略高于分光光度计法。     

Variation Studies in Carrots as an Aid to Breeding. I. Concepts

Field experiments to measure and partition phenotypic variation in carrots are described. In this introductory paper the concepts underlying these experiments are discussed, and the design and analysis procedure are illustrated by examples taken from the first series (1968–70) of experiments laid down. The experiments described provide information on the relative magnitude of genetic, macro-environmental and genotype-environmental interaction effects for characters of economic importance in maincrop carrots. It is demonstrated how this information can be interpreted and used in the planning of a carrot breeding programme.     

植物地下器官花色苷合成及其调控研究进展

花色苷作为一种天然色素及高抗氧化活性物质,具有优良的保健功效。与地上器官相比,块根、块茎等地下器官中的花色苷具有高含量、高产量、易储存等优点,是一种高效、稳定、易于利用的花色苷来源。彩色马铃薯、紫甘薯、紫淮山等植物地下器官富含花色苷,本文对植物花色苷特别是地下器官花色苷的合成及其调控机制进行了综述,并展望了今后的研究重点。     

风信子花瓣花色苷组成分析

以12个风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis L.)品种为研究材料,采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡进行花色描述,利用特征颜色反应确定色素类型,利用UPLC-PAD结合UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析花色苷种类及含量。结果表明,12个品种花瓣中均不含有色的类胡萝卜素,除‘City of Haarlem’和‘Aiolos’以外,均含花色苷。10个含花色苷的品种中,‘Woodstock’花瓣中花色苷含量最高,‘Jan Bos’、‘上农早粉’、‘上农紫红’次之。在这些品种花瓣中共检测到9种花色苷成分,通过与已有文献比对,推定其成分为:天竺葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–乙酰葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素3–O–阿魏酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷和天竺葵素3–O–咖啡酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷。‘上农早粉’、‘上农中粉’、‘Gipsy Queen’、‘Marconi’等品种花瓣中仅含天竺葵素花色苷衍生物,其它6个品种则含天竺葵素和矢车菊素的花色苷衍生物,以天竺葵素为主。‘上农早粉’、‘上农中粉’、‘Gipsy Queen’、‘Jan Bos’、‘Marconi’和‘Lady Derby’花瓣花色苷以天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷为主;‘Anna Lisa’、‘Woodstock’花瓣花色苷以天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–乙酰葡萄糖苷为主;‘上农紫红’和‘Sky Line’花瓣花色苷分别以矢车菊素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–丙二酰葡萄糖苷以及天竺葵素3–O–香豆酰葡萄糖苷–5–O–葡萄糖苷为主。     

草莓和蓝莓果实花青素提取及定量方法的比较

 本研究旨在比较果实花青素提取液的提取效果以及花青素分析方法的准确性。用丙酮-水-甲酸（A）、乙腈-乙酸（B）、乙醇-水-乙酸（C）、甲醇-水-乙酸（D）以及含有盐酸的甲醇（E） 等5种提取液分别提取了草莓和蓝莓果实中的花青素,用比色法和液相色谱法分别测定了花青素的含量。试验结果表明：由于提取液中有机溶剂和酸种类的不同,提取效果差异甚大。提取草莓花青素时,以D的提取效果最好,其次是E、C、A,B的提取量最低,还不到D的1/3。提取蓝莓花青素得到的结果与草莓相似。用比色法分析,D、E、C提取液提取的草莓和蓝莓果实的花青素含量明显低于液相色谱分析的结果, 但B提取液比液相色谱结果高2倍以上,A提取液提取蓝莓时比色法与液相色谱法的结果相近,而提取草莓时比色法比液相色谱结果高出约50%。建议花青素的定量方法应尽量使用液相色谱法,对同一种果实,尤其是以低沸点醇类作提取液时可以用比色法。     

葡萄中糖基化花色苷研究进展

葡萄果实与葡萄酒的颜色由其所含花色苷的种类和含量决定,而花色苷是由花色素经过糖基化修饰转变而成,所以糖基化修饰在葡萄果实花色苷合成途径中起着重要作用。葡萄果实中的糖基化花色苷主要包括花色素的3–O–葡萄糖基和3,5–O–双葡萄糖基,即花色素单糖苷和花色素双糖苷,糖基化花色苷的组成是决定红葡萄酒品质的关键因素之一。对糖基化花色苷在葡萄果实中的组成及其对葡萄酒颜色和稳定性的影响进行了简要介绍,重点对花色素单糖苷和花色素双糖苷合成的关键酶基因以及转录因子进行了综述,以期为葡萄果实糖基化花色苷合成的调控机理的全面揭示和优质红色酿酒葡萄品种的选育提供信息。     

优质块状紫山药新品种苏蓣1号的选育

苏蓣1号是从浙江紫莳药中通过系统选育方法筛选出的块状山药新品种。该品种属于粗短块状紫山药,生育期中等偏迟,155d(天)左右。单株结薯2个左右,块茎表皮紫褐色,肉紫色,长25cm左右,周长20cm左右,质量1.0kg左右,花青素和淀粉含量分别高达9.28‰和23.9%,不结零余子,每667m~2产量可达2000kg。适宜于江苏全省范围露地种植,优先推荐在沿江地区推广应用,适宜于机械化操作。     

百合花色机理研究进展

百合花色主要由花青苷和类胡萝卜素形成,一般粉色和棕色花中主要成分是花青苷;黄色和橙色花中主要成分是类胡萝卜素;红色是由花青苷和类胡萝卜素共同组成。百合花色的遗传现象比较复杂。目前初步构建了几个群体,通过遗传连锁图谱标记了花色相关位点。百合中花青苷和类胡萝卜素合成代谢途径中的大部分结构基因已经被克隆和研究。花青苷合成途径中的转录因子LhMYB12调控百合花被片中的花青苷的有无,其转录水平调控花青苷的颜色强度和着色类型。本文总结了百合花朵的着色机理研究,为进一步开展百合花色育种提供了理论参考。     

胡萝卜镰刀菌根腐病病原菌的鉴定

为明确内蒙古西部地区一种新病害——胡萝卜镰刀菌根腐病病原菌种类,采用组织分离法对病原菌进行分离,用胡萝卜片接种、有伤口和无伤口胡萝卜肉质根接种及盆栽接种进行致病性测定,并通过形态学和分子生物学方法对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,分离到的3个菌株F1、F2和F3均表现致病性。经形态学鉴定,F1菌株为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),F2和F3为茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)。进一步采用真菌通用引物ITS1/ITS4对病原菌r DNA-ITS进行PCR扩增,并将测序结果在Gen Bank中进行同源性比对分析,鉴定结果和形态学鉴定的结果一致。明确了内蒙古西部地区胡萝卜镰刀菌根腐病的病原菌种类为尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)和茄病镰刀菌(F.solani)。     

花青苷成分对瓜叶菊花色的影响

 通过测定不同花色瓜叶菊舌状花花色表型和定性定量分析其花青苷成分组成, 探讨不同瓜叶 菊花色表型与其所含花青素类色素类型之间的关系。采用分光色差计(NF333) 测量了不同花色的色相值。用高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测技术(HPLC - PAD) 和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱联用技术(HPLC - ESI - MS) 分析花瓣中花青苷和黄酮醇的组成及含量。分析表明: 花色表型中亮度和花青苷总量之间存在线性负相关。蓝色和红色瓜叶菊花色分别由飞燕草素苷元(Dp) 和矢车菊素苷元(Cy) 为核心的花青苷决定。粉色瓜叶菊含有Cy和天竺葵素苷元( Pg) 为核心的花青苷。紫色瓜叶菊主要含有Dp和Cy为核心的花青苷。瓜叶菊花色亮度与花青苷含量负相关, 瓜叶菊花红色程度和Cy为核心的花青苷含量正相关。瓜叶菊主要由花青素决定其呈色。     

蝴蝶石斛兰花色表型及类黄酮成分分析

 利用分光色差计测定了不同颜色蝴蝶石斛兰品种的花色表型,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测花朵中类黄酮色素的组成,探讨花色表型与所含类黄酮含量之间的关系。结果表明,蝴蝶石斛兰品种花色主要分布在紫红色和粉红色区域,且唇瓣颜色比花瓣和萼片暗。花色与类黄酮含量之间存在着线性关系,而花青素苷是影响蝴蝶石斛兰花色的主要因素：总花青素苷含量与花色的明度L^*值和色相b^*值以及色相角h值负相关,与色相a^*值正相关。从蝴蝶石斛兰花朵中共检测出28种花青素苷（均为酰基化的矢车菊素–3,7,3’–三葡萄糖苷）和19种黄酮醇苷（苷元有槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素3种）,由此推测了蝴蝶石斛兰品种花中的类黄酮代谢途径。