蜀宣花牛的泌乳性能研究

通过对蜀宣花牛6 767个胎次的产奶量测定和1 055头母牛乳样的乳成分分析,揭示了蜀宣花牛的泌乳性能。牛群实际胎产奶量一世代平均3109.4kg,平均泌乳期281.4d,平均乳脂含量4.6%;二世代的平均产奶量、泌乳期和乳脂含量分别为3 311.3 kg、281.2 d和4.5%;三世代分别为3889.4 kg、283.5 d和4.5%;四世代分别为4 495.4 kg、297.0 d和4.2%。从不同胎次看,蜀宣花牛母牛的产奶量和泌乳天数均随胎次的递增而增加,第3~4胎达到高峰,从第5胎开始,随着母牛产犊胎次的递增,产奶量有所下降。蜀宣花牛乳脂含量明显高于黑白花奶牛、纯种西门塔尔牛和我国育成的草原红牛及新疆褐牛。表明蜀宣花牛具有较好的泌乳性能。     

用Wood模型拟合长三角地区中国荷斯坦牛产奶量及乳成分变化曲线

本研究旨在采用Wood模型拟合长三角地区中国荷斯坦牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳中体细胞评分(SCS)的变化曲线。以长三角地区10个大中型牧场中国荷斯坦牛(1~3胎)的104 368条数据为基础,利用Wood模型对产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳中SCS数据进行曲线拟合。结果表明:1)中国荷斯坦牛产奶量为标准泌乳曲线,而乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳中SCS变化则为倒抛物线形。2)Wood模型对产奶量的拟合度最高,各胎次均在0.98以上,其次为乳中SCS,各胎次的拟合度均在0.93以上,而各胎次的乳脂率的拟合度也均在0.92以上。3)1、2胎产奶量高峰出现时间与乳中SCS最低值出现时间相近,而乳脂率最低值出现时间相对较晚。4)1胎高峰产奶量(32.426 3 kg/d)较2、3胎低,而1胎维持高产奶量(4.98)及乳蛋白率的持续力(4.19)较2、3胎强。综合各指标可以得出,Wood模型适用于长三角地区中国荷斯坦牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中SCS变化曲线的拟合。     

中国荷斯坦奶牛不同地区、泌乳天数及胎次的产奶量校正系数研究

本研究通过对规模化牧场测定日数据进行分析,旨在估计不同地区305 d校正产奶量对应泌乳天数(DIM)的校正系数与胎次校正系数。利用Wood(不完全伽玛)模型对来自不同温度带9个参考群11 749头荷斯坦奶牛2010－2020年间的683 160条测定日产奶量拟合泌乳曲线,估计泌乳曲线参数,计算头胎牛和经产牛1~305 d泌乳天数对应的校正系数,分别分析参考群和验证群305 d校正产奶量和305 d实际累积奶量的差异;利用SAS 9.2中混合线性模型对1~6胎至少有前5个胎记录的牛估计305 d奶量的胎次效应值,并计算1~6胎各胎次的乘法校正系数;比较传统系数和新系数校正结果的差异。结果表明:①参考群头胎牛和经产牛中,泌乳曲线方程的拟合度R²范围分别为0.4593~0.4913和0.5796~0.6341,泌乳高峰日分别为79~85和53 d,泌乳高峰奶量分别为33.1~34.4和46.0~48.6 kg;②对于参考群,头胎牛和经产牛校正系数分别在泌乳≥90 d和泌乳≥30 d基本趋于一致,头胎牛和经产牛泌乳≥60 d的305 d校正产奶量均趋近于305 d实际累积奶量,奶量差值分别在100和200 kg以内;③对于验证群的305 d校正产奶量,头胎牛泌乳≥150 d和经产牛泌乳≥180 d的泌乳天数校正系数适用性更佳,305 d校正产奶量与305 d实际累积奶量比值高于79%;④1~6胎的胎次校正系数分别为1.2121、1.0380、1.0063、1.0000、1.0220和1.0290;⑤与传统系数相比,新泌乳天数校正系数校正效果更好,头胎牛和经产牛新系数校正的305 d奶量较305 d实际累积奶量相差分别在900和700 kg以内;利用新胎次校正系数,2~4胎产奶量可较为准确地校正到5胎成年当量。本研究结果表明,定期更新305 d校正产奶量的泌乳天数与胎次校正系数,便于准确地将不同泌乳天数、不同胎次状态下泌乳牛的产奶量调整到同一基准上,从而更好地比较奶牛个体泌乳性能的高低,为牧场管理提供参考依据。     

寒冷季节奶牛多汗症的治疗

<正>龙江县景星镇畜牧站于2001~2009年共诊治奶牛多汗症34例,占奶牛发病总数的28%。1发病情况1.1胎次在景星镇畜牧站所诊治的34例奶牛多汗病奶牛中,有3胎牛6例、4胎牛18例、5胎以上的占10例。1.2产奶量据34例多汗病牛的产奶量统计,奶量均在20千克/天以上的奶牛多发,产奶量越高,多汗病出现的越早,而且汗量越多。一般多发生在泌乳盛期或干奶期之前。     

寒冷地区奶牛多汗症的治疗

龙江县景星镇畜牧站于2001~2009年共诊治奶牛多汗症34例,占奶牛发病总数的28%。1发病情况1.1胎次在景星镇畜牧站所诊治的34例多汗病奶牛中,有3胎牛6例、4胎牛18例、5胎以上的牛10例。1.2产奶量据34例多汗病牛的产奶量统计,奶量均在20千克/天以上的奶牛多发,产奶量越高,多汗病出现的越早,而且汗量也多。     

荷斯坦奶牛泌乳曲线拟合分析

研究旨在比较Wood模型和AS模型对荷斯坦奶牛不同胎次泌乳曲线的拟合效果,探究泌乳期内产奶量的变化规律。选择中原地区两个规模化牧场374头中国荷斯坦牛2006-2018年的产奶量记录,使用NLS语句拟合其泌乳曲线并利用AIC比较拟合效果。结果表明,1、3胎AS模型的AIC值较低,2胎Wood模型的AIC值较低;不同胎次的泌乳曲线二级参数不同:1胎泌乳高峰日晚、高峰产奶量较低,但泌乳持续力强,2至4胎次泌乳高峰日早、高峰产奶量较高、泌乳持续力较弱;不同牧场间泌乳曲线二级参数也有差别。结果提示,AS模型为1、3胎最佳拟合模型,Wood模型为2胎最佳拟合模型;头胎牛和经产牛的泌乳曲线差别较大,在实际生产管理中应分群饲养,根据各自不同的泌乳特点供给泌乳期营养。     

不同肋骨数金川牦牛产奶量和乳成分分析

先前研究表明金川牦牛在肋骨数上出现变异,为明确14肋与15肋金川牦牛产奶量和乳成分的差异,本试验选择初产和经产的不同肋骨数金川牦牛各6头,统计其6~9月份的月产奶量,同时进行乳成分分析。试验结果表明:15肋牦牛(初产和经产)产奶量均高于14肋牦牛;15肋牦牛经产个体在6~8月份产奶量高于初产个体;除9月份以外,15肋牦牛6~8月份乳脂率极显著高于14肋牦牛(P0.01);15肋牦牛6月份乳糖、非脂乳固体和乳蛋白含量都显著性高于14肋牦牛(P0.05)。     

不同胎次中国荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线及其拟合的初步研究

通过对扬州大学实验农牧场2000～2007年度147头中国荷斯坦牛1～5胎次(333个)完整泌乳期记录,分析了各胎次月平均产奶量和累积产奶量的变化规律,用Wood模型对月平均产奶量泌乳曲线,用线性方程、二次方程、三次方程及S型模型对累积产奶量泌乳曲线进行了拟合。结果表明:中国荷斯坦牛第1胎各泌乳月平均产奶量上升慢,泌乳高峰低,下降也慢,而第2～5胎各泌乳月平均产奶量上升快,泌乳高峰高,下降也快;各胎次累积产奶量泌乳曲线基本类似,第1、5胎产量低,2、3、4胎产量高;Wood模型对1～5胎次各泌乳月平均产奶量泌乳曲线拟合度分别为0.152、0.054、0.036、0.001、0.089;线性方程、二次方程、三次方程对不同胎次累计产奶量泌乳曲线拟合度均在0.7以上,S型模型对各胎次累计产奶量泌乳曲线拟合度均大于0.8。     

新疆褐牛产奶量校正系数的制定

为了制定新疆褐牛产奶量校正系数,收集了新疆褐牛17 962条月测定记录。采用5个数学模型(Wood不完全伽玛函数模型、Nelder逆多项式模型、多项式回归模型(六次)、Ali-Schaeffer模型和Wil mink模型)通过SAS(8.1)软件的非线性过程(NLIN)对泌乳曲线进行拟合。结果表明:5个模型的拟合度R2在0.834 0～0.921 4,确定逆多项式模型为新疆褐牛泌乳曲线最佳拟合模型,绘制了不同胎次的泌乳曲线,制定了一套不同胎次的泌乳天数产奶量校正系数。结果提示,新疆褐牛泌乳高峰日出现在20～50 d,第一胎泌乳高峰值最低,第三胎泌乳高峰日来得最早;随胎次的增加,母牛产奶量不断提高,在第五胎达到最高,以后逐渐下降,平均305 d产奶量为4 445.3kg。     

天津地区不同季节对奶牛产奶性能的影响

为了解天津地区奶牛产奶量、乳成分及体细胞的季节性变化趋势,对某规模奶牛场2009~2015年的DHI数据进行整理分析,最终得出了天津地区奶牛产奶性能的季节性变化规律。产奶量每年春季缓慢上升,4~5月为每年产奶量最高的时期,差异显著(p0.05),5~8月产奶量急剧下降,8月最低;乳脂率2月开始缓慢下降,6月降至最低,之后乳脂率有上升趋势,至8月末,乳脂率迅速恢复,且较春季乳脂率含量更高;乳蛋白率降低趋势一直持续,到4月达到最低水平,一直持续到8月和9月,乳蛋白率急剧回升,直至12月持续升高,各月间乳蛋白率变化差异显著(p0.05);乳糖变化规律大致与产奶量变化趋势相似;乳中体细胞数在2月和9月出现2次高峰,5~7月持续在较低水平,各月间差异不显著。天津地区奶牛产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率的季节性变化差异显著,但乳糖、体细胞数季节性变化不明显。     

The effects of one-time hoof trimming on blood biochemical composition, milk yield, and milk composition in dairy cows

Although not scientifically proven, hoof trimming has been empirically shown to increase milk yields in healthy dairy cows. In this study, we examined the effect of one-time hoof trimming on blood biochemical composition, milk yield, and milk composition in healthy dairy cows. Eleven cows in the mid to late lactation period that were clinically fit and without hoof disease were subjected to hoof trimming, and metabolic profile tests and dairy herd improving tests were performed before and three weeks after the hoof trimming. The metabolic profiles showed changes in albumin, blood urea nitrogen, ammonia, glucose, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid as a result of the hoof trimming. This was indicated by the fact that the cows began to intake more roughage after hoof trimming than prior to hoof trimming, and rumen fermentation became stable. There was no change in milk yield after trimming. However, the milk fat and milk protein compositions were significantly increased after trimming.     

线性模型对影响奶牛产奶性能的主要相关因素分析

利用一般线性模型研究各种因素对奶牛产奶性能的影响。牛场、胎次和产犊季节对奶牛产奶量影响差异极显著(P0.01),随着奶牛胎次的增加,奶牛产奶量增加;夏季产犊的奶牛产奶量最低,冬季产犊的最高;体细胞计数对奶牛产奶量没有显著性影响(P0.05),但随着体细胞数的增加,产奶量下降。牛场、胎次和体细胞计数对乳脂率有极显著的影响(P0.01),第三牛场平均乳脂率为4.38%,显著高于其他三个牛场;随着胎次的增加,乳脂率有下降趋势;随体细胞数增加,乳脂率升高;产犊季节对奶牛乳脂率没有显著影响(P0.05)。牛场、产犊季节和体细胞数对乳蛋白率的影响极显著(P0.01),体细胞数增加,乳蛋白率升高;夏季和秋季产犊的奶牛乳蛋白率较高,春季和冬季较低;胎次对乳蛋白率没有显著影响(P0.05)。表型相关分析表明:SCC与产奶量呈显著负相关(r=-0.158,P0.05),SCS与产奶量相关性接近显著水平(r=-0.140,P=0.055)。SCC/SCS与乳脂率、乳蛋白率呈正相关,但未达到显著性水平(P0.05)。     

Locomotion Score and Its Impacts on Production Performance and Blood Routine Indexes in Chinese Holstein

To investigate the influencing factors of locomotion score (LS) and its impacts on production performance and blood routine index in Holstein,body condition score (BCS),LS and DHI (dairy herd improvement) of 1 486 lactating cows from two dairy farms,and the blood routine indexes of 101 lactating cows from one farm in Beijing were measured.The fixed model was used to analyze the impacts of herd,parity and lactation stage on LS,and the impacts of LS and BCS on daily milk yield,somatic cell score,milk composition and blood routine indexes in dairy cows.The results showed that both parity and lactation stage had significant impacts on LS.The LS increased with the increase of parit,the LS increased by 0.71 from first lactation to fifth and above lactation.The LS of cow in lactation stage Ⅲ(100-199 d) and Ⅵ (after 350 d) were significantly higher than cow in stage Ⅱ (45-99 d)(P<0.05),and both were higher than 2.The LS had no significant impacts on daily milk yield,milk composition and somatic cell score (P>0.05).However,the milk yield of the cow with LS≥4 was the lowest,and a decrease of 2.29 kg was found compared with the cow with LS=1.Among the various blood routine indexes,LS had significant impacts on red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count (P<0.05),and had no significant impacts on white blood cell count (P>0.05).With the increase of LS,the red blood cell count,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lymphocyte count of cows decreased with different extents.There were some problems on the body immunity and hematopoiesis of cows with poor LS.In dairy farm,regular evaluation of LS could be used to find the management problems of feet and legs,which had a great significance to reduce the loss of production performance and early culling caused by hoof disease.     

中国荷斯坦牛步态评分及其对生产性能和血常规指标的影响

为探究荷斯坦牛步态评分（locomotion score,LS）影响因素及其对生产性能和血常规指标的影响,本研究收集测定了北京地区2个规模化牧场1 486头泌乳牛的体况评分（body condition score,BCS）、LS和DHI（dairy herd improvement）数据,并测定了101头泌乳牛的血常规指标。采用固定模型分析了牧场、胎次和泌乳阶段对LS的影响,以及LS和BCS等因素对日产奶量、体细胞评分、乳成分和血常规指标的影响。结果表明,试验牛的胎次和泌乳阶段均对LS有极显著影响,LS随胎次的升高而增加,从1胎至5胎及以上,LS升高了0.71分;泌乳阶段Ⅲ（100~199 d）、Ⅵ（350 d以后）的LS均显著高于阶段Ⅱ（45~99 d）（P<0.05）,且均高于2分。LS对日产奶量、乳成分和体细胞评分均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但LS≥4分的奶牛日产奶量最低,较LS=1分的奶牛日产奶量降低了2.29 kg。各项血常规指标中,LS对奶牛红细胞数、血红蛋白含量、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度、淋巴细胞数均有显著影响（P<0.05）,而对白细胞数无显著影响（P>0.05）。随LS升高,奶牛红细胞数、淋巴细胞数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度均表现出不同程度的降低。LS较差的奶牛,其机体的免疫力和造血功能会受到不同程度的影响。在规模化牧场中,定期评估牛群的LS能及时发现牛群肢蹄管理的问题,对减少因肢蹄问题引起的生产性能损失和过早淘汰等具有重要意义。     

An epidemiological study of hyperketonaemia in Swedish dairy cows; Determinants and the relation to fertility

In a study based on 3078 Swedish dairy cows from 126 herds, milk acetone was measured at the first 3 monthly production tests after calving. The values were assessed together with data from the official milk recording system, artificial insemination records and the computerised recording system for veterinary treatments. Milk acetone concentrations above 0.40 mmol 1^?1 were considered to indicate hyperketonaemia. The prevalence of hyperketonaemia was 8.9, 4.7 and 1.1%, respectively, at the first 3 monthly production tests. A significant influence on milk acetone was found for herd mean production, breed, herd, lactation number, cow, week of lactation, season and the interaction between lactation number and week of lactation. The highest individual milk yield and highest individual acetone value were significantly positively correlated. Test-day milk yield and milk acetone on the same day were significantly negatively correlated. The recorded incidence of clinical ketosis and ovarian cysts increased with increasing highest milk acetone concentration. Significant correlations were found between the prevalence of hyperketonaemia and herd means of the intervals from calving to first and last service. No significant correlations were found between milk acetone and fertility traits when calculated on an individual cow basis.     

Variability of acetone in milk in a large low-production dairy herd: a longitudinal case study

The objective of this study was to relate acetone in milk with cow and management factors in one low producing dairy herd (5260 kg milk per 305-day lactation). Milk acetone was measured in regular monthly milk samples one to three times within 100 days of lactation in 4433 lactations (2639 cows, 7800 measurements) from one herd over a period of 32 months (1988-91). Associations between milk acetone and cow factors and surrogate measures of management were evaluated by variance components of multiple fixed effect models. Lactation stage, calendar month of study, production groups and milk yield were strong, and percentage milk fat and parity were weak predictors of milk acetone. There was a trend of increasing body weight loss from the first to the second month of lactation with increasing milk acetone level. A substantial increase in milk production in 1991 was accompanied by an almost twofold rise in milk acetone. It was concluded that environmental parameters had strong relationships with milk acetone even in this low-producing herd.     

西农萨能奶山羊泌乳期产奶量、乳成分及血液生理生化指标变化规律研究

旨在探索西农萨能奶山羊泌乳期生产性能、乳成分、血液生理生化指标和营养物质摄入量等变化规律及其相互关系.本研究选取15只体重、胎次、产奶量、分娩日期相近,体况健康的西农萨能奶山羊.单圈饲喂54周,试验期内准确测定个体生产性能、乳成分、血液生理生化指标和营养物质摄入量等,建立各项指标随泌乳期变化规律模型及泌乳期内指标间的相...     

The associations between milk production, milk composition and Salmonella in the bulk milk supplies of dairy farms in Ontario.

The purpose of this study was to assess changes in dairy herd milk production and milk composition associated with changes in Salmonella contamination of bulk milk on dairy farms in southwestern Ontario. Twenty-three dairy farms that had submitted milk filters for culture from which Salmonella were isolated (cases) and 23 farms that submitted Salmonella-negative milk filters (controls) were included in the study. The rolling herd averages for milk and fat of case and control farms for the months of December 1985, December 1986 and April 1987 were compared and no significant differences were detected. Case and control farms were divided into three groups (A,B,C) on the basis of Salmonella culture results of milk filters submitted at various time periods throughout the study. Daily and monthly changes in milk production and composition parameters that reflected the time periods of milk filter culture were compared. The following unconditional associations between a changing Salmonella infection status on dairy farms and changes in milk production or composition variables were significant (p less than or equal to 0.05): group A: case farms had higher plate loop counts than control farms; group B: case farms had younger cows than control farms; group C: case farms had cows with longer average days in lactation than control farms. After analytical control of confounding variables, the disappearance of Salmonella from bulk milk supplies of dairy farms was associated with a decrease in percent fat and in somatic cell count.