白花野牡丹的繁育系统研究

白花野牡丹兼具观赏性和药用价值,极具开发潜力。为更好地保护和利用该物种,对白花野牡丹的开花进程、花部形态特征及访花昆虫进行观察,运用花粉萌发、杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比及人工授粉试验等方法测定其繁育系统。结果显示:白花野牡丹的单花花期约为12 h;白花野牡丹为雌雄异熟,柱头先花药成熟;雄蕊异型,2类雄蕊产生的花粉粒极轴长有差别,萌发率也不同;领木蜂、东亚无垫蜂、蓝彩带蜂、彩带蜂是白花野牡丹的主要传粉者;杂交指数(OCI)为4,花粉-胚珠比(P/O)约为417.6~1035.2;在自然条件下白花野牡丹不能自花授粉,繁殖需要传粉者参与,没有无融合生殖,自交亲和与异交亲和;白花野牡丹的繁育系统为自交亲和的异花授粉植物,需要传粉者。繁育系统为兼性异交。     

紫玉兰(Magnolia liliflora)的繁育系统研究

从花部形态、花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、杂交系数(OCI)、套袋实验、传粉观察等方面,对紫玉兰的繁育系统进行了研究.结果表明:(1)紫玉兰是两性花,花期为15 d左右.(2)紫玉兰散粉后9h内花粉活力达到最高,24h后花粉活力明显下降,56 h后花粉基本丧失活力;拄头可授性在开花后3d内最强,4d～6d可授性开始降低,第7d基本失去可授性.(3)传粉方式以虫媒传粉为主,是虫媒植物.(4)繁育系统检测结果为部分自交亲和、异交,需要传粉者的活动才能完成授粉过程.     

灰木莲的开花特性及繁育系统的研究

通过野外观察和实验室检测,研究了广西南宁市的灰木莲的花部结构、开花物候、花粉活力、访花者行为,用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)及去瓣、去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法测定了其繁育系统。结果表明,灰木莲群体在3月下旬-5月下旬开花,个体开花持续时间约28天,相对开花强度主要分布范围是30%~60%,开花的同步性指数达0.735,属于集中开花模式;灰木莲两性花为雌雄蕊异熟类型,同花雌蕊先成熟,失去授粉机能后雄蕊花药才裂开散粉;灰木莲花粉粒的生活力超过60%;花粉/胚珠比为953.2,杂交指数为4,表明灰木莲繁育系统属于异交为主,部分自交,需要传粉昆虫才能完成其繁殖;自然状态下灰木莲无结实,人工授粉后结实率为20%~30%;在灰木莲中未发现有访花昆虫,只有花蓟马在花中活动,而且未能形成有效的传粉。传粉者的缺乏可能是导致灰木莲在南宁市不能自然结实的主要原因。     

小桐子繁育系统与传粉生态学研究

在野外定位观测小桐子花朵的功能形态特征、开花动态、传粉方式,用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)、去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法分别测定小桐子的繁育系统.结果显示:(1)小桐子是单性花,雌雄同株同序.雄花单花期2 d,雌花单花期5～8 d,雌花直径略大于雄花.(2)雄花开花后9 h内花粉活力较高,24 h后花粉活力明显降低,48 h后花粉基本散失活力;雌花柱头可授性在开花后4 d内最强,5～8 d可授性开始降低,第9天基本失去可授性.(3)传粉方式以虫媒传粉为主,为虫媒植物.(4)繁育系统检测结果为部分自交亲和异交,需要传粉者活动才能完成授粉过程.     

油茶的传粉生物学特性

油茶是一种秋冬季开花的重要油料植物.为了探讨油茶结实率低的主要原因,从而为改造油茶低产林以提高油茶结实率提供一些有用的数据和参考资料,从花粉限制和传粉生物学的角度进行研究,对油茶花粉的活力、花粉的可育性及花粉量、花粉量与胚珠数的比率(P/O)、柱头可授性、花蜜量及花蜜含糖量进行了测定.结果表明:在开花8 h后油茶花粉的活力达到最大,平均为(71.0%士0.056 oA);花粉的可育率为(93.97 oA士1.62%)(n=30);柱头可授性在开花第2天达到最大,每朵花的花蜜量平均为(421.2:E14.0)uL(n=30),其含糖量为(29.12%±0.94%)P/O为(17 675.08+302.II)(n=20).根据Cruden(1977)的标准,P/O之比值为(17 675.08±302.11),测定结果表明了油茶的交配系统为专性异交型.     

中国特有种枝毛野牡丹传粉生物学及繁育系统研究

对海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区枝毛野牡丹(Melastoma dendrisetosum)的开花进程,访花昆虫、访花行为、访花频率以及气候条件等进行观察记录,同时检测了花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉胚珠比、繁育系统,并分析其致濒机制。结果表明:枝毛野牡丹是典型的异型雄蕊植物,5:30—8:30逐步开放,8:30—9:00完全开放,19:00花朵闭合,单花开放时间为12—14 h,群体花期36±2 d,无花蜜。访花昆虫主要有木蜂科、条蜂科、蚁科、食蚜蝇科的昆虫,最有效传粉昆虫为木蜂科昆虫。自然与人工授粉、套袋等试验结果表明,枝毛野牡丹不存在主动自花授粉、无融合生殖的生殖保障现象,为自交亲和的异交种,需要昆虫传粉,枝毛野牡丹繁育系统是兼性自交。枝毛野牡丹相对生殖成功率低仅为0.035,主要限制因子为花粉限制和传粉者限制。     

绵枣儿花部综合特征与繁育系统

绵枣儿是一种极具应用潜力的野生植物种类,研究其花部综合特征与繁育系统有助于加快绵枣儿在园林上的应用。通过野外定点观察并记录其花部综合特征和开花动态,运用花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及套袋试验等方法对其繁育系统进行测定。结果显示:绵枣儿为顶生总状花序,开放次序为由下至上,花淡紫红色,每个花序具有小花40~300朵不等。通过扫描电镜和石蜡切片观察可以发现,绵枣儿每朵小花具有6枚花药,花药四室,花粉较大且外壁光滑,柱头相对表面积较大且具有许多球状凸起。绵枣儿单花花期为4~5 d,其单花期依据散粉特征和形态可以分为散粉期、柱头发育期、凋谢期。单株花期在9~28 d之间波动,花朵开放百分比和开花式样大小均呈现单峰变化的趋势。绵枣儿花粉/胚珠比结果为3 111,杂交指数结果为4,结合套袋试验结果可以确定绵枣儿的繁育系统为异交,部分可以自交亲和,需要传粉者的参与。     

濒危植物缙云卫矛繁育系统研究

运用花粉萌发、联苯胺一过氧化氢法、花粉一胚珠比、杂交指数和套袋实验等方法，对缙云卫矛(Euonymus chloranthides Yang)花粉活力、柱头可授性及繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明：缙云卫矛花粉一胚珠比为764～1340，杂交指数等于3，结合人工授粉和套袋实验结果可以确定该物种的繁育系统属于自交亲和，有时需要传粉者。根据套袋实验及实地观察可以推测该物种以风媒传粉为主。其花粉活力较高，持续时间较长，花粉质量可能不是导致该物种濒危的主要原因。其雌雄性功能具一定的重叠期，提高了同株异花授粉的几率，雌雄性功能表达在时间上的差异不是影响其结实率的主要原因。气候条件对传粉过程的限制可能是导致该物种濒危的原因之一。     

中国特有种枝毛野牡丹传粉生物学及繁育系统研究

对海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区枝毛野牡丹（Melastoma dendrisetosum）的开花进程,访花昆虫、访花行为、访花频率以及气候条件等进行观察记录,同时检测了花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉胚珠比、繁育系统,并分析其致濒机制。结果表明：枝毛野牡丹是典型的异型雄蕊植物,5：30—8：30逐步开放,8：30—9：00完全开放,19：00花朵闭合,单花开放时间为12—14 h,群体花期36±2 d,无花蜜。访花昆虫主要有木蜂科、条蜂科、蚁科、食蚜蝇科的昆虫,最有效传粉昆虫为木蜂科昆虫。自然与人工授粉、套袋等试验结果表明,枝毛野牡丹不存在主动自花授粉、无融合生殖的生殖保障现象,为自交亲和的异交种,需要昆虫传粉,枝毛野牡丹繁育系统是兼性自交。枝毛野牡丹相对生殖成功率低仅为0.035,主要限制因子为花粉限制和传粉者限制。     

云南易危植物红马银花的传粉生物学研究

以云南省玉溪地区野外分布红马银花为研究对象,进行了花部特征及开花期动态观察、杂交指数和花粉与胚珠比估算、花粉活力及柱头可授性测定、传粉者及其行为观察。结果表明:红马银花的花期主要从2月上旬到3月中旬,单花花期5-8天;根据杂交指数初步判断其繁育系统为自交亲和,有时需要传粉者,P/O比为89.91±11.17,判断其繁育系统为兼性自交;MTT染色法测定红马银花散粉后24h花粉活力达到90.6%,花粉离体萌发法测定红马银花散粉12-24h后花粉活力达82.9%;柱头可授性试验表明,红马银花开花2-4天柱头可授性最强;红马银花的主要传粉者为熊蜂和蓝喉太阳鸟,二者的主要访花频率时间分别为14:00-17:00和8:00-11:00。传粉者稀少及其自身的自交亲和特性可能是导致其繁殖失败的主要原因。     

锈叶杜鹃的开花特性及繁育系统研究

2012年对锈叶杜鹃自然居群进行了开花物候及访花昆虫的调查,分析了其开花特性;并运用杂交指数、花粉-胚珠比和人工控制授粉方法,对其繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明,锈叶杜鹃开花时间为2月初至7月,其单花花期、单花序花期及单株花期分别为7.06±2.74 d,12.33±2.37 d和16.17±4.24 d。锈叶杜鹃的雌、雄性器官具有同熟性,但两者的最佳活性时间不同,花粉活力在开花第1天的活力最高,而柱头可授性在开花第4～6天最好。锈叶杜鹃的繁育系统为异交型,自交亲和,需要传粉者;同株异花授粉是其主要的授粉方式。锈叶杜鹃的有效传粉昆虫主要为蜂类,而象甲类、蚁类、叶蜂类昆虫是侵害性昆虫,严重影响其传粉;传粉昆虫访花频率低,可能是导致锈叶杜鹃自然杂交结实率低的主要原因。     

Density-dependent selfing and its effects on seed performance in a tropical canopy tree species, Shorea acuminata (Dipterocarpaceae)

In the conservation and management practices of natural forests, sound reproduction and regeneration form the basis of the maintenance and viability of the tree populations. To obtain and serve biological information for sustainable forest management, we investigated reproductive biology and inbreeding depression in seeds of an important dipterocarp tree species, Shorea acuminata (Dipterocarpaceae), by both field and laboratory experiments. Results of parental analysis of immature and mature seeds showed that selfing rates varied greatly, from 7.6 to 88.4% among eight mother trees, and the mean overall selfing rate was 38.3%. Observed outcrossing events within a 40-ha study plot were predominantly (76.5%) short-distance events with a mating distance (md) ≤ 100 m. Since the selfing rate sharply decreased with increase in the number of flowering conspecifics (i.e., individuals of the same species) within a 100-m radius from the mother trees, the local density of flowering conspecifics appears to be the key factor determining the outcrossing rate in S. acuminata. However, the extremely high selfing rate (88.4%) observed for one tree could not be simply explained by the low local density of flowering conspecifics. Instead, differences in its flowering phenology (its flowering peaked ca. a week earlier than most of the other examined individuals) may have severely limited its receipt of pollen from other conspecifics, and thus promoted selfing. Since there were no significant differences in the proportion of selfed progeny between immature and mature seed stages, there was no evidence of selective abortion of selfed seeds during seed development. However, the seed mass of outcrossed progeny was heavier than that of selfed progeny, and heavier seeds showed higher success rates at germination and seedling establishment. These results suggest that inbreeding depression resulted in reductions in seed mass and may reduce the fitness of selfed seeds in S. acuminata. In addition, the outcrossing rate of S. acuminata was more sensitive to low local conspecific flowering-tree densities than that of a sympatric bee-pollinated dipterocarp species with greater pollination distances. These results suggest that the management of local adult-tree densities is important for avoiding selfing and inbreeding depression in future generations, especially in a species like S. acuminata with predominantly short-distance pollination.     

宝兴百合花柱偏转促进延迟自交试验研究

2011年7~8月对云南香格里拉高山植物园的宝兴百合(Lilium duchartrei Franch.)种群进行了传粉生物学研究实验,以期找到这种花朵开放初期雌雄异位的植物传粉生物学特点。结果表明,记录到的178次昆虫对宝兴百合的访问中能触碰到柱头的仅有蝴蝶类1次,有效传粉者传粉频率严重不足;单花期5.5~6.5 d,花开放的前3天,柱头远离花药,从花开放的第二天起花柱缓慢向上偏转,第四天将柱头从远离花药位置送到刚好可以接受自花花粉的位置,利于早期没有昆虫传粉的花朵延迟自交,自花授粉发生在花期末期,自交之前仍然保持异交传粉机制;自然状态(92.3%)及完全套袋处理(90%)的结实率接近,说明宝兴百合传粉存在花柱偏转促进的延迟自交,但2种处理的每果实种子数自然状态(121)显著高于完全套袋处理(78),又说明由昆虫传粉的异交更利于宝兴百合结实。延迟自交避免了自交与异交竞争造成的花粉或者种子的折损,为宝兴百合在有效访花昆虫不足导致异交失败时提供繁殖保障。     

Control of the first flowering in forest trees 1

Precocious flowering provides opportunities to shorten a breeding cycle. A tree may flower for the first time when sufficient crown development has occurred and there are enough meristems to support both vegetative and reproductive buds. Precocious flowering can be promoted through the use of cultural techniques, such as photoperiod, accelerated growth, gibberellins and water stress. The length of the juvenile phase is dependent on genetic and environmental variables that affect achievement of a minimum size, and is positively correlated with the height of the plants within a family. Selection pressure can be applied successfully to the precocious flowering character, and crossed or inbred lines of precocious flowering progeny can be developed. Various levels and amounts of genetic control have been implicated in the control of precocious flowering.     

Reproductive biology of Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata and effective pollination across its native range in Queensland,Australia

The spotted gum species complex represents a group of four eucalypt hardwood taxa that have a native range that spans the east coast of Australia, with a morphological cline from Victoria to northern Queensland. Of this group, Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (CCV) is widespread in south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. It is currently the most commonly harvested native hardwood in Queensland. However, little basic knowledge of the reproductive biology of the species is available to inform genetic improvement and resource management programmes. Here we take an integrative approach, using both field and molecular data, to identify ecological factors important to mating patterns in native populations of CCV. Field observation of pollinator visitation and flowering phenology of 20 trees showed that foraging behaviour of pollinator guilds varies depending on flowering phenology and canopy structure. A positive effect of tree mean flowering effort was found on insect visitation, while bat visitation was predicted by tree height and by the number of trees simultaneously bearing flowers. Moreover, introduced honeybees were observed frequently, performing 73% of detected flower visits. Conversely, nectar-feeding birds and mammals were observed sporadically with lorikeets and honeyeaters each contributing to 11% of visits. Fruit bats, represented solely by the grey-headed flying fox, performed less than 2% of visits. Genotyping at six microsatellite markers in 301 seeds from 17 families sampled from four of Queensland's native forests showed that CCV displays a mixed-mating system that is mostly outcrossing (t _m = 0.899 ± 0.021). Preferential effective pollination from near-neighbours was detected by means of maximum-likelihood paternity analysis with up to 16% of reproduction events resulting from selfing. Forty to 48% of fertilising pollen was also carried from longer distance (>60 m). Marked differences in foraging behaviour and visitation frequency between observed pollinator guilds suggests that the observed dichotomy of effective pollen movement in spotted gums may be due to frequent visit from introduced honeybees favouring geitonogamy and sporadic visits from honeyeaters and fruit bats resulting in potential long-distance pollinations.     

灰木莲花期物侯观测及生殖构件分布

[目的]为了解灰木莲引种到广西凭祥地区花期物侯及生殖构件分布状况,为其在引种地败育机制的研究奠定基础。[方法]选择中国林科院热林中心树木园、白云实验场、伏波实验场的灰木莲人工林为观测对象,参考Dafni方法,从林分到单株水平调查研究灰木莲在广西凭祥地区的花期物候、开花特征及生殖构件分布,跟踪观察单花开花动态进程,统计花部组件大小、数量及位置等特征。[结果]表明:灰木莲花为子房上位的两性花,雄蕊群着生于雌蕊群下部,雄蕊短小,其高度仅达到雌蕊群下缘;灰木莲花芽到开花过程可分为混合芽阶段、花芽阶段、花蕾露白阶段、白蕾阶段、展花阶段、花瓣脱落阶段6个阶段,花被片展开存在二次开合现象;在适生区,灰木莲开花特征稳定,开花强度中等,不同海拔高度灰木莲林分的花期物侯存在差异,林分的生殖构件在林内、林缘分布差异显著,且生殖构件的败育率极高。[结论]灰木莲引种到广西凭祥地区花期物侯稳定,开花同步性较高,但是花果转化率极低。     

松嫩平原星星草无性系种群的数量特征

通过对星星草种群的取样调查,定量地分析了松嫩平原碱化草甸开花期和籽实成熟期两样地星星草种群分蘖株的数量与生物量的数量动态。结果表明,在种群的平均水平上,开花期两样地均以营养蘖占优势地位,其中割草地营养蘖占63.48%,放牧地占54.69%,割草地略高于放牧地。籽实成熟期生殖蘖数量割草地是放牧地的2.05倍。在生物量分配上,开花期生殖蘖生物量割草地大于放牧地;籽实成熟期生殖蘖生物量割草地小于放牧地。     

林木种子园生殖系统研究进展

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