Radium-226 and radon-222: concentration in atlantic and pacific oceans

Measurements of radon-222 in seawater suggest the following. The radium-226 content of surface water in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is uniformly close to about 4 x 10(-14) gram per liter. The deep Pacific has a concentration of radium-226 that is four times higher and the deep Atlantic a concentration twice as high as that of the surface. These distribution profiles can be explained by the same particle-settling rate for radium-226 from surface to depth for the two oceans and by a threefold longer residence time of water in the deep Pacific than in the deep Atlantic. The vertical distribution of the deficiency of radon-222 in the surface water of the northwest Pacific Ocean suggests a coefficient of vertical eddy diffusion as high as 120 square centimeters per second and a gas-exchange rate for carbon dioxide in surface water between 14 and 60 moles per square meter per year. Vertical profiles of the excess of radon-222 in near-bottom water of the South Atlantic give coefficients of vertical eddy diffusion ranging from 1.5 to more than 50 square centimeters per second.     

Distribution of airborne radon-222 concentrations in U.S. homes

Apparently large exposures of the general public to the radioactive decay products of radon-222 present in indoor air have led to systematical appraisal of monitoring data from U.S. single-family homes; several ways of aggregating data were used that take into account differences in sample selection and season of measurements. The resulting distribution of annual-average radon-222 concentrations can be characterized by an arithmetic mean of 1.5 picocurie per liter (55 becquerels per cubic meter) and a long tail with 1 to 3% of homes exceeding 8 picocuries per liter, or by a geometric mean of 0.9 picocurie per liter and a geometric standard deviation of about 2.8. The standard deviation in the means is 15%, estimated from the number and variability of the available data sets, but the total uncertainty is larger because these data may not be representative. Available dose-response data suggest that an average of 1.5 picocuries per liter contributes about 0.3% lifetime risk of lung cancer and that, in the million homes with the highest concentrations, where annual exposures approximate or exceed those received by underground uranium miners, long-term occupants suffer an added lifetime risk of at least 2%, reaching extraordinary values at the highest concentrations observed.     

Seasonal mixing and catastrophic degassing in tropical lakes, cameroon, west Africa

Lethal gas releases from Lakes Nyos and Monoun in Cameroon seem to be more lacustrine than volcanic in origin. Both of these events occurred in August and were only 2 years apart. Data show that the period of deepest mixing and lake turnover also occurs during late summer in this region of tropical Africa. In addition, recent trends of decreases in both air temperatures and effective insolation relative to long-term means suggest that weakening of stratification, coupled with a predictable seasonal interval of reduced stability in August, may be responsible for the timing of these events.     

江苏沿岸海域大型底栖生物群落特征

为了解江苏沿岸海域大型底栖生物现状,分别于2014年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)和秋季(11月),对该海域大型底栖生物种类组成、生物量、丰度和生物多样性进行了调查。结果表明:3个航次共采集到大型底栖生物种类6门(环节动物、棘皮动物、甲壳动物、软体动物、腔肠动物和鱼类)92种,其中,甲壳动物种类最多(31种),其次为鱼类(28种)和软体类(27种),大型底栖生物种类数呈现北部海域(54种)南部海域(32种)中部海域(30种)的特征,优势种类主要有伶鼬榧螺Oliva mustelina、海地瓜Acaudina molpadioides、马氏刺蛇尾Ophrothrix marenzelleri、沙蚕Nereis succinea、毛蚶Scapharca kagoshimensis和缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta;3个航次大型底栖生物平均丰度为6.33 ind./m2,时空分布为春季南部海域中部海域和北部海域,夏季为南部海域北部海域中部海域,秋季为北部海域南部海域中部海域;大型底栖生物平均生物量为13.22 g/m2,时空分布为春季和夏季南部海域北部海域中部海域,秋季为中部海域南部海域北部海域;以季节和海域为双因素对物种数、丰度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行方差分析,结果表明,除丰度不同海域间存在显著性差异(P0.05)外,其他各项均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,与历史资料相比,江苏沿岸海域大型底栖生物种类数减少,优势种类发生变化。     

Strontium-90: concentrations in surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean

From the large body of analyses of strontium-90 in surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean, annual average concentrations (from 10 degrees N to 70 degrees N) have been compared to those predicted. The data indicate higher fall-out over ocean than over land and confirm the rapid rates of down-mixing shown by most studies of subsurface strontium-90.     

日照市近海大型底栖动物群落结构和生物多样性

于2018年7(夏季)、10(秋季)、12月(冬季)和2019年4月(春季)在日照近海18个站位进行了大型底栖动物调查。共鉴定出大型底栖动物7门72科119种,其中:多毛类动物28科62种,为优势类群;甲壳动物26科36种、软体动物11科12种、棘皮动物3科4种和其他类群5种。主要优势种为寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Micronephthys oligobranchia)、不倒翁虫(Sternaspis scutata)、中蚓虫一种(Mediomastus sp.)、圆筒原盒螺(Cylichna biplicata)和海稚虫科未定种(Spionidae und.)等。调查海域大型底栖动物年平均丰度和生物量分别为191 ind./m;和6.71 g/m;。多样性指数(H′)、均匀度指数(J)和丰富度指数(d)的平均值分别为2.912、0.934和2.139。聚类分析结果显示,4个季度的群落相似性系数均较低,分布格局存在季节性变化。ABC曲线分析表明,4月大型底栖动物群落可能存在轻微污染或扰动。对比分析历史研究数据发现,伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响,日照近海的大型底栖动物优势种变化明显,耐污种奇异稚齿虫(Paraprionospio pinnata)逐渐成为优势种,丰度、生物量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数则呈现下降趋势。     

Matanchen complex: new radiocarbon dates on early coastal adaptation in west Mexico

Samples of marine shell from archeological context on the coast of Nayarit, Mexico, have given radiocarbon determinations of 1810 +/- 80 B.C., 2000 +/- 100 B.C., and 2100 +/- 100 B.C. Even with maximum correction for upwelling these are the earliest dates for coastal occupation in West Mexico north of Acapulco, Guerrero. Analysis of the midden contents has provided new insights regarding early coastal adaptation.     

Southwest monsoon of 1979: chemical and biological response of somali coastal waters

In 1979 two areas of upwelling were observed off Somalia, one near 10 degrees N and one near 5 degrees N. The areas of upwelling were characterized by sea surface temperatures between 17 degrees and 22 degrees C, high concentrations of surface nutrients (5 to 20 micromoles of nitrate per liter) and surface chlorophyll a (0.4 to 5.0 milligrams per cubic meter), primary productivity averaging 1.7 grams of carbon per square meter per day, and a phytoplankton assemblage dominated numerically by the diatom Nitzschia delicatissima.     

福建近岸海域鱼类群落结构及资源现状

为探明福建近岸海域鱼类群落,本研究于2022年5月（春季）、7月（夏季）、11月（秋季）和2023年2月（冬季）在福建近岸海域开展了四个季度的底拖网采样调查,分析了该海域鱼类的种类组成、区系特征、优势种、多样性以及群落受干扰程度等,并阐述了鱼类群落的群聚结构。本研究共采集鱼类200种,隶属于22目、80科、149属。适温类型以暖水性为主（占比75%）,区系类型以底层鱼类为主（占比47.50%）。鱼类平均质量密度为687.16 kg/km2,夏季最高,冬季最低;平均丰度为42909.10 ind./km2,秋季最高,冬季最低。各季度优势种共计14种,其中带鱼（Trichiurus japonicas）为全年优势种。秋季鱼类Margalef丰富度指数（D）最高,而Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H’）却最低,Pielou均匀度指数（J’）全年变化幅度不大,峰值出现在冬季。聚类分析显示,福建近岸海域鱼类群落可明显分为北部近岸和南部近岸2种类型鱼类群落,且群落种类组成在各季节不同区域间均存在显著差异。数量生物量曲线显示,鱼类群落在春季受到中等程度的干扰,在夏季、秋季和冬季均受到严重干扰。     

浙江沿海深水网箱养殖模式的研究

针对浙江沿海海域自然条件、深水网箱类型特点，提出深水网箱养殖模式设计的基本原则，描述模式诸模块的构成与设计，包括养殖区域、网箱类型、养殖场规模、网箱敷设密度、敷设方式的确定，养殖区布局、鱼类养成技术和环境监控等。同时，以秀山岛青山海区网箱养殖模式为实例进行试验，结果表明：该海域实施的养殖模式，网箱能适用最大潮流2．8节，且具足够的抗风浪能力；养殖的鱼类生长快，病害少，成活率达95％；养殖对海域环境的影响不明显，网箱养殖区的化学指标与未养殖的对照点比较：pH高0．04，溶解氧相差0．18mg／L，COD、BOD分别变化0．02mg／L和0．06mg／L，各种营养盐略有增减，幅度为-0．034- ＋0．017mg／L。因此，深水网箱养殖，只要采用合理的养殖模式，既可获得良好的养殖效益，又能有效地控制或避免海洋环境的污染。     

舟山近海常见鱼类分类多样性研究

为揭示舟山近海常见鱼类分类多样性, 以及更合理地保护和利用舟山近海渔业资源, 根据舟山近海鱼类资源调查与文献数据资料, 基于Nelson分类系统对鱼类物种进行了系统整理, 利用分类阶元包含指数(TINCLi)、分类多样性指数 (Δ+和Λ+)、属间-科间多样性指数 (G-F指数) 和相对丰富度指数 (Rr)等, 从不同分...     

Barium in southern california coastal waters: a potential indicator of marine drilling contamination

The present barium content of Southern California coastal waters was determined to be 11 to 22 micrograms per kilogram of seawater. These values may be used as base-line concentrations to monitor marine contamination during future off-shore oil and gas explorations.     

Temperature regulation of bacterial activity during the spring bloom in newfoundland coastal waters

While the spring phytoplankton bloom in Newfoundland coastal waters is in progress during April and May, at water temperatures between -1 degrees and +2 degrees C, bacterial growth and respiratory rates remain low. Microbial community respiration is not measurable at -0.2 degrees C. Particulate materials that would be utilized by microorganisms in 2 to 3 days at 20 degrees to 25 degrees C require 11 days at 4 degrees C and 18 days at -0.2 degrees C. Thus, photosynthesis is active but microbial utilization of the products is suppressed. High secondary production in cold water may result from the low rate of microbial decomposition, enabling herbivores to utilize much of the primary production.     

辽东湾近海鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成和保护分析

2008年5、7、9、10月采用浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物水平和垂直拖网对辽东湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成开展了调查,在相同的46个站位进行了4个航次调查,每站表层水平拖网10 min,拖网速度为2.5~3.0 kn;垂直拖网由底到表,拖网速度约0.5 m/s。结果表明:2008年辽东湾近岸海域5、7、9、10月4个航次调查共捕获鱼卵7724粒、仔稚鱼229尾,32种;能鉴定到种的有29种,隶属9目、21科、28属,有两种鉴定到科,有一种未能鉴别;短吻红舌鳎Cynoglossus joyneri、鳀Engraulis japonicus、皮氏叫姑鱼Johnius belengerii、小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis、斑鰶Konosirus punctatus、青鳞小沙丁鱼Sardinella zunasi和蓝点马鲛Scomberomorus niphonius是主要产卵群体;辽东湾北部海域、长兴岛周边海域为主要产卵区域。研究表明,与1998年5、8、9月历史调查数据相比,产卵物种数量稍有下降,但鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量下降较大;控制捕捞强度、开展人工鱼礁建设、建立种质资源保护区、规范用海生态损害赔偿标准是保护辽东湾产卵场的有效措施。     

Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene

The relation between the partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) and Paleogene climate is poorly resolved. We used stable carbon isotopic values of di-unsaturated alkenones extracted from deep sea cores to reconstruct pCO2 from the middle Eocene to the late Oligocene (approximately 45 to 25 million years ago). Our results demonstrate that pCO2 ranged between 1000 to 1500 parts per million by volume in the middle to late Eocene, then decreased in several steps during the Oligocene, and reached modern levels by the latest Oligocene. The fall in pCO2 likely allowed for a critical expansion of ice sheets on Antarctica and promoted conditions that forced the onset of terrestrial C4 photosynthesis.     

椒江口海域浮游动物群落季节变化特征

依据2010年4月、7月和11月对浙江鱼山渔场-椒江口近海海域的海洋调查资料,分析该海域浮游动物生物量、丰度、优势种和多样性指数等生态特征的季节变化及其与浮游植物丰度之间的关系。结果表明:浮游动物生物量、丰度、优势种和多样性指数均存在明显的季节变化,其中春季浮游动物生物量和丰度均是3个季节最高,丰度的高值区位于调查海域的南部,中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)占绝对优势;夏季浮游动物生物量和丰度次之,丰度的高值区在大陈岛西南海域,以中华哲水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)和海龙箭虫(Sagitta nagae)占优势;秋季浮游动物生物量和丰度最低,丰度分布较为均匀,以肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)和双生水母(Diphyes chamissonis)占优势。浮游动物丰度调查结果与同时期浮游植物丰度的调查结果相比,3个季节浮游植物与浮游动物丰度的高值区并不一致,这是因为影响浮游植物丰度的主要因素是营养盐和光照,而浮游动物的分布主要是受水团和海流的影响。上述生态特性的季节变化规律与椒江口海域的季节性水团变化密切相关,春季以低温低盐性质的沿岸流为主,夏季受高温高盐性质的台湾暖流水影响,水团的转换使调查水域的营养盐、温度、盐度和透明度等发生变化,从而进一步影响到浮游动物的生态特征。     

胶州湾近岸浅水区鱼类群落结构及多样性

根据2009年3月-2010年2月在胶州湾西北部近岸浅水区进行的鱼类逐月定置网调查数据,采用生态多样性指数和多元统计分析等方法研究了该海域的鱼类群落结构及多样性特征.结果表明:调查共鉴定出44种鱼类,其中海洋性27种,河口性鱼类17种.鱼类种类组成与底层水温和盐度有密切关系.胶州湾近岸浅水区鱼类群落Margalef种类丰富度指数(R)变化范围为0.33-3.50,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)为0.42-2.25,Pielou均匀度指数(J’)为0.23-0.93.聚类分析(CLUSTER)和多维标度排序(MDS)分析表明,不同鱼类种类组成的各月份样品可划分为3个组分:水温较低的冬季组G1(12月-翌年4月)、水温次高的春秋季组G2(5-6月、10-11月)和水温最高的夏季组G3(7-9月).其中G1的典型种主要为尖海龙(Syngnathus acus)、方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)和玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)等冷温性常栖类群种类,G2的主要典型种为鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)和尖海龙,G3的主要典型种为鲐鱼(Scomber japonicus)、细条天竺鱼(Apogonichthys lineatus)和普氏缰虾虎鱼(Amoya pflaumi)等洄游性鱼类.单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明,3个月份组间鱼类群落结构差异显著,不同月份组间两两差异均显著.生物-环境分析(BIOENV)表明,底层水温是影响胶州湾近岸浅水区鱼类群落结构时间变化的主要环境因子.在胶州湾内近岸浅水区发现40余种幼鱼,但占优势的主要为低值鱼类,表明胶州湾的产卵、肥育场功能有所下降,应加强胶州湾近岸水域生态环境和渔业资源的保护及修复.     

Metamorphic waters from the pacific tectonic belt of the west coast of the United States

Waters unusually rich in ammonia, boron, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons are found in more than 100 localities along the Pacific coast of the United States. The waters are believed to be products of low-grade metamorphism of marine sediments. The marine sedimentary rocks would have to be tectonically emplaced below crystalline rocks in many places. Mercury ore deposits are probably also products of the low-grade metamorphism.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal from wastewater: effect on phytoplankton growth in coastal marine waters

Algal bioassays were used to demonstrate the high efficiency of a comnbined tertiary wastewater treatment and marine aquaculture system in removing inorganic nitrogen, and to show that the coastal waters off Woods Hole, Massachusetts, are limited in nitrogen for marine phytoplankton growth. When nutrients were removed from secondarily treated domestic wastewater through assimilation by phytoplankton in an outdoor growth pond, the pond effluent, in varying dilutions with seawater, could not support more phytoplankton growth than the seawater alone. However, when nitrogen was added back to the mixtures of pond effluent and seawater, the phytoplankton growth response was similar to that with a mixture of wastewater and seawater. This is similar to the findings of other researchers, and suggests that nitrogen may be the key growth-limiting nutrient in many coastal marine waters. The combined tertiary treatment-marine aquaculture system appears to be an effective means of removing nitrogen from secondarily treated wastewater and controlling eutrophication of coastal marine waters.