Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt

Increasing energy use, climate change, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels make switching to low-carbon fuels a high priority. Biofuels are a potential low-carbon energy source, but whether biofuels offer carbon savings depends on how they are produced. Converting rainforests, peatlands, savannas, or grasslands to produce food crop-based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia, and the United States creates a "biofuel carbon debt" by releasing 17 to 420 times more CO2 than the annual greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions that these biofuels would provide by displacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels made from waste biomass or from biomass grown on degraded and abandoned agricultural lands planted with perennials incur little or no carbon debt and can offer immediate and sustained GHG advantages.     

Third world debt

The international debt crisis arose from imprudent borrowing, imprudent lending, and major shocks to the world economy from 1980 to 1982. The initial impulse in 1982 was to treat the debt problem as one of illiquidity and thus provide further lending while the debtor countries tried to adjust to the shock. This strategy produced massive recessions in the major debtors (mostly in Latin America) and led in 1985 to the Baker plan, the aim of which is to find ways to permit the debtor countries to resume growth while not defaulting on the debt. The Mexican case is highlighted.     

浅谈或有负债的审计

审计人员对或有负债进行审计时 ,可以采用查阅、询问、函证等方法 ,审查被审单位或有负债是否存在、确认金额是否可靠 ,在会计报表上的披露是否恰当等     

New directions in the relation between public and private debt

Until the 1980s the outstanding indebtedness of government and private-sector borrowers in the United States exhibited sufficient negative covariation that total outstanding debt remained steady relative to nonfinancial economic activity. Three hypotheses-one based on lenders' behavior, one on borrowers' behavior, and one on credit market institutional arrangements-provide potential explanations for this phenomenon. Since 1980 the U.S. debt markets have departed from these previously prevailing patterns, however, as both government and private borrowing have risen sharply.     

"现代食品加工及粮食收储运技术与装备"重点专项实施概况研究与思考

围绕国家重点研发计划"现代食品加工及粮食收储运技术与装备"专项的组织实施情况,分析了该专项立项项目牵头单位的区域、性质及经费分布,提出关于项目参与单位数量限制、农业科学院系统在专项实施中的作用,以及对于国家重点研发计划一体化设计的思考,为该专项项目实施及目标管理提供依据。     

Extinction debt and windows of conservation opportunity in the Brazilian Amazon

Predicting when future species extinctions will occur is necessary for directing conservation investments but has proved difficult. We developed a new method for predicting extinctions over time, accounting for the timing and magnitude of habitat loss. We applied this to the Brazilian Amazon, predicting that local extinctions of forest-dependent vertebrate species have thus far been minimal (1% of species by 2008), with more than 80% of extinctions expected to be incurred from historical habitat loss still to come. Realistic deforestation scenarios suggest that local regions will lose an average of nine vertebrate species and have a further 16 committed to extinction by 2050. There is a window of opportunity to dilute the legacy of historical deforestation by concentrating conservation efforts in areas with greatest debt.     

我国公立高校债务问题研究

我国公立高校的债务问题已成为当前社会各界关注的热点问题.通过对公立高校债务问题现状和形成原因的分析,着重探讨解决当前公立高校债务问题的三种途径,即政府加大投入、高校自救和高校改制.     

Universities and the new national effort

In reassessing the role of government, many Americans have agreed that public expenditures should be curtailed. Although our universities must bear their full share of the sacrifices, some of the Administration's recent proposals would be to the detriment of the country. Drastic cuts in student aid, for example, will not encourage young people to seek the best possible education and training; reductions in federal funds for scientific instruments and facilities will mean that our laboratories will deteriorate, our accomplishments will be fewer. The success of American science has depended heavily on the talent that came from Europe at the time of World War II. Today that source has largely disappeared, and if we cannot replace it with exceptional young investigators of our own, the quality of our universities and the vitality of our science will diminish.