Disturbance and the dispersal of fleshy fruits

Fruits of Prunus serotina, Phytolacca americana, and Vitis vulpina were placed during separate trials in forest sites that varied in the degree to which the forest canopy was disturbed. Removal rates of fruits were consistently faster in the forest edge and light gap sites than in sites under closed canopy. Rapid removal of fruits from species that ripen fruit in summer and early fall is selectively advantageous to the plants because it minimizes the probability that fruits will be destroyed by invertebrates before dispersal. Disturbances probably play an important role in interactions between temperate fruits and birds and in community organization.     

椪柑省力化疏花疏果研究

以椪柑(Citrus reticulate Blanco)为试验材料,在不同时期(盛花期、盛花后1周、盛花后2周或第2次生理落果中期)分别喷施不同浓度的石硫合剂、萘乙酸、乙烯利或3,5,6-TPA,探究不同处理的疏花疏果效果。结果表明:盛花期喷施石硫合剂1~3°Bé以及盛花后1周喷施2~3°Bé都有较明显的疏除效果,坐果率只有对照的一半左右;无论是盛花后1周还是2周喷施3种浓度的萘乙酸均可达到显著的疏花疏果效果,坐果率均在6.5%以下;同样,3个不同时期(盛花期、盛花后1周或盛花2周)分别喷施3种浓度的乙烯利,疏除效果亦显著,坐果率均低于5.5%;第2次生理落果中期喷施10mg/L的3,5,6-TPA疏除效果不明显,20、30和40 mg/L的3,5,6-TPA处理则有非常显著的疏花疏果效果,坐果率只有1%左右。以本研究数据作为参考,在生产当中,可根据实际需要选择合适的化学试剂及其喷施时期和浓度,疏除部分花果,达到代替人工疏花疏果、增大果实的目的。     

Coffee ripeness monitoring using a UAV-mounted low-cost multispectral camera

Coffee beverage quality is highly correlated with the degree of fruit ripeness. In this sense, monitoring fruit ripeness is of utmost importance for harvest planning and, especially for obtaining high-quality beverages. Currently, this process is carried out through manual counts of unripe fruits, which is laborious and limited to a few plants within the field. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of a low-cost multispectral camera for coffee ripeness monitoring in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. For that, five fields of Arabica coffee with distinct characteristics were evaluated. During the coffee ripeness period, four flights were carried using a Phantom 4 Pro quadcopter equipped with a Mapir Survey 3W camera for imagery acquisition. After that, nine vegetation indices (VIs) were obtained. For the same dates, the percentage of unripe fruits was obtained using an irregular grid in all fields. The data was split into two ripeness classes: suitable for harvest (R) with?<?30% of unripe fruits; and not suitable for harvest (U), with?>?30% of unripe fruits. Then, a principal component analysis was used to infer the importance of the VIs to discriminate plants with unripe fruits from those with ripe fruits. The first two principal components explained?>?75% of the variance in the datasets from all coffee fields. The VIs were able to discriminate the ripeness classes (U and R) in most fields; however, their performance was directly influenced by the crop yield and canopy volume.

     

套袋对梨果实品质和农药残留的影响

研究了翠冠和丰水梨套3种类型果袋对果实品质以及套袋对果实中农药残留量的影响,结果表明:与不套袋对照相比,套3种果袋处理的果实皮色淡而均匀、果锈少、果点不明显,果面光亮美观,外观品质明显改善。在套3种果袋处理间,翠冠梨以套防水双层果袋处理的果实外观品质较优,丰水梨以套防水双层果袋和套黄色单层果袋处理的果实外观品质较优。翠冠梨套防水双层果袋、黄色单层果袋处理以及丰水梨套黄色单层果袋处理的果实糖度、酸度、硬度等食用品质分别与不套袋对照无显著差异。套袋处理可显著降低果实中毒死蜱、多菌灵和氯氟氰菊酯残留量。     

不同整枝留瓜方式对大棚厚皮甜瓜源库关系的调节效应

为探讨不同整枝方式对厚皮甜瓜源库调节的效应,于2009年3-6月对大棚厚皮甜瓜进行双蔓双瓜(T1)、双蔓四瓜(T2)、单蔓双瓜(T3)、单蔓三瓜(T4)等不同整枝方式的试验。结果表明,不同整枝留瓜处理对不同生长发育阶段甜瓜平均单株叶面积和叶面积指数的影响差异显著,双蔓整枝处理在开花坐果期即可达到最适宜的叶面积指数,其叶面积指数分别为1.76和1.56。在果实成熟期,双蔓四瓜和单蔓三瓜的处理出现明显的早衰现象,叶面积指数迅速降低。双蔓双瓜处理的叶果比显著高于其他3个处理,其次是单蔓双瓜。双蔓四瓜的生殖器官干质量显著高于其他处理。双蔓四瓜和单蔓三瓜能有效地提高产量,但平均单瓜质量较低,品质劣于T1和T3处理。综上所述,厚皮甜瓜爬地栽培时,双蔓双瓜是调节源库关系、延缓功能叶早衰的适宜整枝方式。     

新疆特色林果产品物流业发展与技术研究重点

文章在分析当前新疆特色林果产品物流业发展现状的基础上,指出了新疆特色林果产品物流业发展过程中存在的问题,有针对性地提出了应加强新疆果蔬产品协议流通管理体系和技术标准体系的研究,应用ASP技术科学有效地链接和管理林果类农产品供应链相关环节,将管理思想和技术手段有效结合,为物流业持续健康快速发展服务。     

辣椒果实的生长发育规律及其对种子质量的影响

辣椒果实的生长发育是“S”形曲线。30天左右可达到商品成熟,45天即可红熟。40天果龄的种子才具有发芽力,在不经过后熟情况下,刚具发芽力的种子与红熟果实种子的发芽情况差异不显著。后熟对种子质量具有明显促进作用,但不同成熟度的果实,最佳后熟期不同。果实大小与种子数、种子重呈显著正相关;大果实的种子质量优于小果实的种子质量;果实在植株上的分布不同,对种子质量也产生很大影响。     

Comprehensive evaluation of 20 pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars in China

Recent investigations on pomegranate products have significantly increased and successfully drawn consumers’ attention to nutritional and medicinal values, promoting the pomegranate industry’s development worldwide. However, little information on pomegranates grown in China is available. Morphological and chemical characterizations of fruits and arils from 20 pomegranate cultivars in six regions of China were investigated. Combined with overall scores by principal component analysis, ’Yushiliu N...     

栽培措施对文旦柚果实品质的影响

[目的]研究栽培措施对文旦柚外观和内在品质的影响,为文旦柚优质果品的生产提供参考。[方法]研究树盘覆盖、疏花疏果、套袋处理对果实外观、裂果率、商品率、可溶性固形物含量、可食率、维生素C含量、含酸量等的影响。[结果]疏花疏果处理能增加果实重量和可食率;套袋处理果实表面光滑、色泽均匀,病虫果和污染果显著减少,果实商品率增加。套袋处理的文旦柚商品率最高,疏花疏果的处理次之。疏花疏果和套袋处理的果实糖酸比略高,均为10.21,果实酸甜适宜。[结论]果实套袋和疏花疏果处理对果实的商品性、产量和品质都有一定影响,生产上可结合这2种栽培措施来提高果实品质和商品性。     

苹果果实中毒死蜱残留的品种间差异及套袋对毒死蜱残留的影响

为探讨苹果果实中毒死蜱残留的品种间差异及套袋对其残留的影响作用,采用气相色谱法(GC-FPD),研究了不同品种苹果果实中毒死蜱的残留动态以及套袋对苹果果实不同部位中毒死蜱残留的影响。结果表明,毒死蜱在苹果果实中的残留量存在着明显的品种差异,其中红富士属于高农药残留的品种,而嘎拉、红将军和83-1-70-3则属于低农药残留的品种。毒死蜱在苹果果实不同部位中的残留量表现出明显差异,果皮是毒死蜱残留的主要部位,其次是全果,果肉中的残留最少。套袋明显减少了毒死蜱在苹果果实中的残留量,不论处理浓度和取样时间如何,套袋苹果果实中毒死蜱的残留量比不套袋至少减少1/3。     

基于数字图像的水果分形维数特征

为了定量描述仿球形水果表面轮廓间的差异,用周长-面积法研究水果的分形维数特征.取大小不同的温州蜜柑20个、麻阳冰糖橙17个和红富士苹果18个,设置3种水果花萼面和侧面2个方向上数字图像红色或蓝色分量阈值,将水果区域内外的红色、绿色、蓝色分量分别置为0和1,得到水果二值图像.以水果区域细化后的边界像素数和区域内像素数分别作为水果的周长和面积,以周长-面积法求得3类水果2个方向的分形维数.结果表明,3种水果花萼面的分形维数均比其侧面的分形维数小,花萼面分形维数间差异不明显,但侧面分形维数差异明显,表明仿球形水果的外形特征可用花萼面分形维数和侧面分形维数反映,但主要指标是侧面分形维数.     

核桃青皮的有效成分及综合利用

目前核桃果实应用较为广泛,但其青皮却成了废弃物,如何变废为宝成了许多科学家共同探讨的问题.主要围绕核桃青皮的有效成分提取分析,综述青皮有效成分的营养价值及综合利用,为进一步开发和利用丰富的核桃青皮资源提供参考.     

刺梨果实与种子内源激素含量变化及其与果实发育的关系

 以刺梨品种贵农5号为材料,对其果实生长发育规律及内源激素含量动态进行了观察测定,结果表明,刺梨幼果花托中GA1+3、IAA和ZRs含量高,随幼果发育,花托中GA1+3、IAA和ZRs含量下降;种子内GA1+3和IAA含量随种子发育而增加,至种子成熟后GA1+3和IAA含量下降。幼果花托和种子中的ZRs和ABA含量较高,随果实发育呈下降趋势。在正常授粉受精的幼果中,GA1+3、IAA、ZRs和ABA含量极显著高于未受精幼果;畸形果实正常发育一侧的花托中,GA1+3、IAA和ZRs含量明显高于畸形一侧的。刺梨果     

Citrus fruits maturity detection in natural environments based on convolutional neural networks and visual saliency map

Citrus fruits do not ripen at the same time in natural environments and exhibit different maturity stages on trees, hence it is necessary to realize selective harvesting of citrus picking robots. The visual attention mechanism reveals a physiological phenomenon that human eyes usually focus on a region that is salient from its surround. The degree to which a region contrasts with its surround is called visual saliency. This study proposes a novel citrus fruit maturity method combining visual saliency and convolutional neural networks to identify three maturity levels of citrus fruits. The proposed method is divided into two stages: the detection of citrus fruits on trees and the detection of fruit maturity. In stage one, the object detection network YOLOv5 was used to identify the citrus fruits in the image. In stage two, a visual saliency detection algorithm was improved and generated saliency maps of the fruits; The information of RGB images and the saliency maps were combined to determine the fruit maturity class using 4-channel ResNet34 network. The comparison experiments were conducted around the proposed method and the common RGB-based machine learning and deep learning methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method yields an accuracy of 95.07%, which is higher than the best RGB-based CNN model, VGG16, and the best machine learning model, KNN, about 3.14% and 18.24%, respectively. The results prove the validity of the proposed fruit maturity detection method and that this work can provide technical support for intelligent visual detection of selective harvesting robots.

     

鲜食杏裂果与果实部分性状的相关性研究

在北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所杏育种圃内,以同一杂交组合的实生后代中连续多年有较多裂果现象的结果单株的果实为研究对象,其他未裂果单株的果实为对照,比较果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物含量和果实发育时间,并进行统计分析,结果表明,鲜食杏裂果单株平均可溶性固形物含量高于不裂果单株,果实平均单果质量和发育时间小于不裂果单株,但各指标差异均未达到显著性水平,即鲜食杏裂果与果实大小、发育时间和可溶性固形物含量等性状无明显相关性。     

越南油茶果实各器官的生长和油脂含量变化动态分析

通过对海南省澄迈县福山镇16年生油茶园内的4株丰产成年实生树展开调查,采用索氏提取法提取茶籽油,分析了越南油茶果实各器官的生长发育和油脂含量的动态变化特点。结果表明：果实体积、单果质量、果皮质量、种子干质量和鲜质量、种仁干质量和鲜质量、各器官或组织的含水率和含油率等指标均呈“S”形曲线的动态变化特征;5—9月、5—8月分别是果实和种子的迅速膨大期,8—10月是种子包括油脂在内的干物质积累期,果实在5—9月和种子在5—8月的含水量呈现上升变化趋势,在10月上旬以后种仁干质量和干种仁含油量基本上无显著变化。因此,在5—9月应保证油茶林水分能充足供应,在10月上旬开始采果不会影响茶籽油产量。     

废弃金针菇培养料在西瓜基质栽培上的应用

以早佳8424和苏蜜5号为试验材料,研究了废弃金针菇培养料与稻壳、河沙配制西瓜栽培基质时的适宜用量,结果表明:在复合基质中,适宜的菇渣含量有利于西瓜产量和品质的提升,菇渣比例过高或过低均不利于西瓜生长;菇渣、稻壳、河沙比例为4∶2∶1时最有利于西瓜生长,2个西瓜品种的叶面积、茎粗、单瓜重等指标均达到最佳;早佳8424果肉中可溶性固形物含量最高,苏蜜5号果肉中可溶性固形物含量对复合基质组分配比不敏感。     

影响果品呼吸作用因素的初步研究

[目的]探讨影响果品呼吸作用的因素。[方法]选用热带水果、亚热带柑橘类水果、温带仁果类水果和浆果类4种不同的果品做试材,研究果品种类、贮藏温度（0、10、20℃）和机械损伤对果品呼吸的影响。『结果1在20℃下4种果品的呼吸强度依次为,番荔枝135．39mgCO2／（h·kg）,芦柑8I．74mgCO2／（h·kg）,红地球葡萄30．74mgCO2／（h·kg）,黄金梨26．87mgCO2／（h·kg）。以热带水果的呼吸强度最高,亚热带水果次之,而温带水果呼吸强度较低。温度对果品的呼吸代谢产生重要影响,降低温度则呼吸强度减弱。果品遭受机械损伤后,呼吸强度明显增加,并在受伤后立即产生反应,刺伤后1h所测定的呼吸强度值高于受伤后10min测定的值。[结论]水果种类不同,其呼吸强度差异很大;贮藏温度和机械损伤对果品呼吸强度有很大影响。     

红富士苹果套袋技术研究

通过２ａ的试验，研究出红富士苹果的套袋栽培技术：增施磷钾肥、控制枝量、在５月下旬至６月上旬（花后４０～５０ｄ）套双层袋、采收前１个月去外袋、４～７ｄ后去内袋、去袋时间以袋内温度升至最高时为宜。红富士苹果套袋后，果皮细腻、光洁指数高、底色淡黄、全红果比率高、着色鲜艳、农药残留量低、外观品质好，病虫果率低。     

柑橘果实粒化过程中木质素生物合成与调控研究进展

柑橘果实粒化是成熟期以及贮藏期容易发生的一种生理性病害。木质素的积累与柑橘粒化的形成密切相关,汁胞木质化作为柑橘果实粒化过程中最明显的现象之一,备受果树研究者们的关注,并取得了一定的研究进展。本文以木质素的生物合成及其调控方式作为研究柑橘果实汁胞粒化的切入点,对木质素生物合成途径中的关键酶基因以及相关转录因子的研究进展进行综述,并对木质素合成途径调控柑橘果实粒化形成机制中存在的问题进行总结以及今后的研究方向进行展望,以期为柑橘果实粒化的后续研究提供借鉴。