The orientation of the local interstellar magnetic field

The orientation of the local interstellar magnetic field introduces asymmetries in the heliosphere that affect the location of heliospheric radio emissions and the streaming direction of ions from the termination shock of the solar wind. We combined observations of radio emissions and energetic particle streaming with extensive three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic computer simulations of magnetic field draping over the heliopause to show that the plane of the local interstellar field is approximately 60 degrees to 90 degrees from the galactic plane. This finding suggests that the field orientation in the Local Interstellar Cloud differs from that of a larger-scale interstellar magnetic field thought to parallel the galactic plane.     

Electron plasma oscillations upstream of the solar wind termination shock

Electron plasma oscillations have been detected upstream of the solar wind termination shock by the plasma wave instrument on the Voyager 1 spacecraft. These waves were first observed on 11 February 2004, at a heliocentric radial distance of 91.0 astronomical units, and continued sporadically with a gradually increasing occurrence rate for nearly a year. The last event occurred on 15 December 2004, at 94.1 astronomical units, just before the spacecraft crossed the termination shock. Since then, no further electron plasma oscillations have been observed, consistent with the spacecraft having crossed the termination shock into the heliosheath.     

Chondrules in apollo 14 samples: implications for the origin of chondritic meteorites

Chondrules have been observed in several breccia samples returned by the Apollo 14 mission. These lunar chondrules are believed to have formed during a large impact event, perhaps the one that formed the Imbrian Basin. This suggests that some meteoritic chondrules are also formed by impact processes such as crystallization after shock melting and abrasion and diffusion in base-surge and fall-back deposits generated by impacts on planetary surfaces.     

Radio detections during two state transitions of the intermediate-mass black hole HLX-1

Relativistic jets are streams of plasma moving at appreciable fractions of the speed of light. They have been observed from stellar-mass black holes (~3 to 20 solar masses, M(⊙)) as well as supermassive black holes (~10(6) to 10(9) M(⊙)) found in the centers of most galaxies. Jets should also be produced by intermediate-mass black holes (~10(2) to 10(5) M(⊙)), although evidence for this third class of black hole has, until recently, been weak. We report the detection of transient radio emission at the location of the intermediate-mass black hole candidate ESO 243-49 HLX-1, which is consistent with a discrete jet ejection event. These observations also allow us to refine the mass estimate of the black hole to be between ~9 × 10(3) M(⊙) and ~9 × 10(4) M(⊙).     

Changes in intensity of punishment: effect on running behavior of rats

Changing the strength of punishment produced only minor changes in rats' speed of running to food and shock at the goal of an alley. The persistence of running behavior after increased or decreased shock intensity is attributed to a stereotyped withdrawal response conditioned at the goal during initial punishment training.     

热媒炉助燃风机的变频调速与节能

通过对热媒炉助燃风机调速控制方案改造的实例，证明选用变频调速方案可实现热媒炉燃烧过程的优化控制，提高效率，节约电能和燃油。变频调速可抑制启动电流、上击地进行加减速运行、频繁地进行启动与停机实现合理控制。介绍了变频调速的节能原理及系统组成。     

Structures of free and inhibited human secretory phospholipase A2 from inflammatory exudate

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) participates in a wide range of cellular processes including inflammation and transmembrane signaling. A human nonpancreatic secretory PLA2 (hnps-PLA2) has been identified that is found in high concentrations in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in the plasma of patients with septic shock. This enzyme is secreted from certain cell types in response to the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor or interleukin-1. The crystal structures of the calcium-bound form of this enzyme have been determined at physiological pH both in the presence [2.1 angstrom (A) resolution] and absence (2.2 A resolution) of a transition-state analogue. Although the critical features that suggest the chemistry of catalysis are identical to those inferred from the crystal structures of other extracellular PLA2s, the shape of the hydrophobic channel of hnps-PLA2 is uniquely modulated by substrate binding.     

Fiber-optical analog of the event horizon

The physics at the event horizon resembles the behavior of waves in moving media. Horizons are formed where the local speed of the medium exceeds the wave velocity. We used ultrashort pulses in microstructured optical fibers to demonstrate the formation of an artificial event horizon in optics. We observed a classical optical effect: the blue-shifting of light at a white-hole horizon. We also showed by theoretical calculations that such a system is capable of probing the quantum effects of horizons, in particular Hawking radiation.     

Saturn's spokes: lost and found

The spokes are intermittently appearing radial markings in Saturn's B ring that are believed to form when micrometer-sized dust particles are levitated above the ring by electrostatic forces. First observed by the Voyagers, the spokes disappeared from October 1998 until September 2005, when the Cassini spacecraft saw them reappear. The trajectories of the charged dust particles comprising the spokes depend critically on the background plasma density above the rings, which is a function of the solar elevation angle. Because the rings are more open to the Sun now than when Voyager flew by, the charging environment above the rings has prevented the formation of spokes until very recently. We show that this notable effect is capable of stopping spoke formation entirely and restricting the size of the particles in the spokes.     

一种新型输气管道站场降噪装置

基于输气管道站场噪声污染严重的现状,分析了国内外油气管道降噪装置概况,根据天然气站场管道噪声产生的机理,研发了7种不同型号的新型降噪装置,其设计原理：在管道调压阀后增加挡板并在挡板后加装整流罩,调节调压阀处的速度流场分布,消除气体的湍流、涡流和激波,从而降低调压阀、汇管及弯管处的噪声。该装置结构主要包括消声段、整流段和连接法兰垫片,适用于管道上的阀门、汇管和管道变径等气动噪声产生部位,可通过法兰安装于管内,具有装卸方便、成本低、不受阀门型号限制等优点。在西气东输忠武管道武汉东站进行现场应用,结果表明：该装置可以将输油气管道噪声降低20-30dB,低于国家规定的噪声排放标准,保障了站场员工的身心健康。（图2,表1,参6）     

Teleseismic detection of a slow precursor to the great 1989 macquarie ridge earthquake

Low-frequency spectra for the 1989 Macquarie Ridge earthquake (magnitude 8.2) show an amplitude increase and a phase-delay decrease below 6 millihertz that require a short-term slow precursor. This earthquake can be modeled as a compound event in which a fast-rupturing, ordinary earthquake was initiated by an episode of slow, smooth deformation that began more than 100 seconds before the main shock. The moment released in the slow precursor was large, about 3 x 10(20) newton-meters, equivalent to an event of magnitude 7.6. The data are consistent with the precursor being generated in a region of the oceanic upper mantle below the main rupture.     

Long temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia for a well-discriminated stimulus

This experiment tested the general validity of recent findings that retrograde amnesia can be produced by electroconvulsive shock only if the shock is administered within 10 to 30 seconds after the learning trial. Precautions were taken to avoid confusion of other shock effects with retrograde amnesia. A temporal gradient of elec- troconvulsive shock-produced retrograde amnesia, extending up to at least 1 hour, for a well-discriminated stimulus, was demonstrated in mice in a one-trial learning passive avoidance situation.     

西安地区一次大雾天气过程的数值模拟研究

利用非静力平衡中尺度模式WRFV3.2、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和常规观测资料,对2002年12月12～13日西安地区一次持续大雾天气进行阶段性数值模拟研究。结果表明,利用WRFV3.2模式能较好地模拟出大雾的范围、强度和生消过程,但模拟白天雾的强度较弱。这次大雾是平流辐射雾过程,在夜间的辐射降温和弱冷空气的入侵共同作用下,西安地区形成冷气垫,造成逆温产生,逆温的存在为大雾的产生和维持发展提供了有利的层结条件;地面湿度大,逆温层结稳定又有效地抑制了水汽向高空传输和能量交换,为大雾产生提供了充沛的水汽条件;在大雾产生和维持期间,微风有利于近地面的湍流交换,使辐射冷却作用扩散到适当高度,也可使水汽垂直输送到一定高度,有利于雾的产生和发展。而白天太阳短波辐射造成的逆温层抬升是引起大雾减弱和日变化明显的主要原因。     

A monoclinic post-stishovite polymorph of silica in the shergotty meteorite

A post-stishovite phase of silica was identified in the Shergotty meteorite by x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The diffraction pattern revealed a monoclinic lattice, similar to the baddeleyite-structured polymorph with the cell parameters a = 4.375(1) angstroms, b = 4.584(1) angstroms, c = 4. 708(1) angstroms, beta= 99.97(3), rho = 4.30(2) grams per cubic centimeter, where the numbers in parentheses are the maximum deviations. Transmission electron microscopy investigations indicate the presence of the alpha-lead dioxide-like polymorph, stishovite, and secondary cristobalite in the same silica grain. The mixture of high-density polymorphs suggests that several post-stishovite phases were formed during the shock event on the Shergotty parent body.     

Observation of long supershear rupture during the magnitude 8.1 Kunlunshan earthquake

The 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake was an extraordinary event that produced a 400-km-long surface rupture. Regional broadband recordings of this event provide an opportunity to accurately observe the speed at which a fault ruptures during an earthquake, which has important implications for seismic risk and for understanding earthquake physics. We determined that rupture propagated on the 400-km-long fault at an average speed of 3.7 to 3.9 km/s, which exceeds the shear velocity of the brittle part of the crust. Rupture started at sub-Rayleigh wave velocity and became supershear, probably approaching 5 km/s, after about 100 km of propagation.     

Tidally controlled stick-slip discharge of a West Antarctic ice

A major West Antarctic ice stream discharges by sudden and brief periods of very rapid motion paced by oceanic tidal oscillations of about 1 meter. Acceleration to speeds greater than 1 meter per hour and deceleration back to a stationary state occur in minutes or less. Slip propagates at approximately 88 meters per second, suggestive of a shear wave traveling within the subglacial till. A model of an episodically slipping friction-locked fault reproduces the observed quasi-periodic event timing, demonstrating an ice stream's ability to change speed rapidly and its extreme sensitivity to subglacial conditions and variations in sea level.     

Transient Circulation Event near the Deep Ocean Floor

On 24 January 1968, a transient deep-circulation event was recorded by a triangular array of autonomous current recorders installed 3 meters above the bottom at two of the three positions and at intervals of 3 to 1000 meters above the bottom at the third position in a depth of 3950 meters above the relatively smooth floor of the eastern North Pacific. The event interrupted a 24-hour record of relatively steady but peculiar conditions, lasted for about 1(1/2) hours, and was followed by current directions and speeds that greatly differed from those of the initial period. The event occurred over a volume of the sea of at least 2 kilometers in horizontal dimensions and 1 kilometer thick. Associated with the event were many small clockwise-rotating features extending from 3 to at least 1000 meters above the bottom and a rapidly increasing current velocity at 1000 meters. The event was probably local and may have involved convective motion, internal waves, and the passage of front. Some of the changes in horizontal velocity may have resulted from the combined effects of upwelling and the earth's rotation.     

Voyager 1 in the foreshock, termination shock, and heliosheath

Voyager 1 (V1) began measuring precursor energetic ions and electrons from the heliospheric termination shock (TS) in July 2002. During the ensuing 2.5 years, average particle intensities rose as V1 penetrated deeper into the energetic particle foreshock of the TS. Throughout 2004, V1 observed even larger, fluctuating intensities of ions from 40 kiloelectron volts (keV) to >/=50 megaelectron volts per nucleon and of electrons from >26 keV to >/=350 keV. On day 350 of 2004 (2004/350), V1 observed an intensity spike of ions and electrons that was followed by a sustained factor of 10 increase at the lowest energies and lesser increases at higher energies, larger than any intensities since V1 was at 15 astronomical units in 1982. The estimated solar wind radial flow speed was positive (outward) at approximately +100 kilometers per second (km s(-1)) from 2004/352 until 2005/018, when the radial flows became predominantly negative (sunward) and fluctuated between approximately -50 and 0 km s(-1) until about 2005/110; they then became more positive, with recent values (2005/179) of approximately +50 km s(-1). The energetic proton spectrum averaged over the postshock period is apparently dominated by strongly heated interstellar pickup ions. We interpret these observations as evidence that V1 was crossed by the TS on 2004/351 (during a tracking gap) at 94.0 astronomical units, evidently as the shock was moving radially inward in response to decreasing solar wind ram pressure, and that V1 has remained in the heliosheath until at least mid-2005.     

The Influence of Shock Treatment on Survival Rate of Intestinal Probiotics during Freezing

Probiotics which can provide potential health benefits for consumers and prevent disease, is the most important research field for functional food in the future. It is the key point that how much the count of bacteria and how long it can preserve. Freeze-drying skill is one of the best preservation methods, but it's defect that damage to biological systems can be attributed to changes in the physical state of membrane lipids or/and changes in the structure of sensitive proteins and the decreased survival rate. This work used pretreatment methods-cold shock and hot shock to reduce the damage to bacteria during freeze-drying. Using unpretreated samples as control, aspects of cold shock or heat shock. The response of Enterococcous faecalis A31 was investigated during lag phase, the middle of exponential growth phase and the terminal of exponential growth phase. The results suggested that when cold shock, the shock protein concentration produced by treated sample within 2 h during the middle of exponential growth phase was higher than 4, 8, 24 h, The concentration of shock protein produced by treated sample at 10 ℃ was higher than 20℃, The concentration of sample protein at the middle of exponential growth phase was higher than that at the terminal of exponential growth phase. After one-month storage, the survival rate at 10℃ was better than 20 ℃ and 4 ℃ comparatively. The survival rate at (6 h) 4 ℃/24 h (lag period) was higher than (10 h) 4 ℃/24 h (the middle of exponential growth phase), and the effect of 10 ℃ /8 h shock treatments was best during the middle of exponential growth phase, when hot shock, The concentration of heat shock proteins produced was not obvious, and survival rate was higher at 45℃, 30 min than at 45 ℃, 60 min.     

Expression of HSP72 in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos with Heat Shock

The objective of the paper was to detect HSP72 expression and HSP72 gene sequence in heat shocked mouse preimplantation embryos and the effects of different thermo conditions on hatching rates of embryos. The mouse blastocysts cultured in vitro were heat treated at 40℃ and 38℃ for 1 h, 2 h and 3 h and then recovered at 370C for 3 h, 2 h and 1 h, respectively, to detect their HSP72 gene expression by using RT-PCR after the total R.NA extraction. The hatching rate of the blastocysts for different treated groups was recorded and the expression of liSP72 in the blastocysts was determined by Western blot. The results showed that all the groups of blastocysts, including the control, had the expression of HSP72 gene. The expression of HSP72 protein had the highest level in the embryos stressed at 38℃ for 2 h, and it was significantly higher than that in the control group. The expression of HSP72 in the groups of blastocysts treated at 40℃ was not significantly different from that in the control group. The embryos with induction of mild heat shock at 38℃ for 2 h, then subjected to heat shock at 40℃ for 2 h, had a significant higher （P〈0.05） hatching rate of 54.74% compared to 47.85% in the embryos treated directly at 40℃ for 2 h. The above results indicated that the mouse blastocysts were sensitive to heat shock and a mild heat shock induced HSP72 gene expression. Induction of HSP72 expression with mild heat shock helped embryos to tolerate more severe heat shocks.