纳米铁氧化物强化牛粪厌氧发酵产甲烷

为探究金属添加剂对牛粪厌氧发酵产甲烷过程的影响,提升牛粪厌氧发酵效率,本研究以纳米铁氧化物（Iron oxide nanoparticle,INP）为典型金属添加剂,比较了添加INP的反应器和从未添加INP的对照反应器中日产甲烷量、总挥发性酸、纤维素和半纤维素等的变化,并进一步探究INP添加对微生物群落和关键酶活性的影响。结果显示,INP添加促进纤维素水解并有利于挥发性脂肪酸的降解,从而促进产甲烷过程。连续反应器每日添加625 mg∙L^-1 INP时日甲烷产量达到173.4 mL∙g^-1∙d^-1,比对照组提高了38.3%;即使反应器停止添加INP,与对照组相比日产甲烷量依然显著提高（P＜0.05）。16S rRNA分析表明,INP添加富集了乙酸氧化菌Mesotoga和嗜氢产甲烷菌Methanoculleus这一对协同互营菌。宏基因组分析表明,INP添加显著促进嗜乙酸产甲烷途径和嗜氢产甲烷途径相关酶的活性,尤其提高了甲烷合成关键酶-甲基辅酶M还原酶（EC 2.8.4.1）的活性（P<0.05）,这是产甲烷效能提升的主要原因。综上,INP添加剂的施用有利于牛粪厌氧发酵产甲烷,从而提升畜禽粪污能源化利用效率。     

A method for immunological and chemical investigations of body fluids by means of purified gelatin

A method is presented whereby certain constituents of serum or other liquids may be concentrated by the swelling of undissolved gelatin. Applications to chemistry, to the study of antibodies, and to the serology of syphilis have been indicated. Colloids, such as proteins and cholesterol, were found to be concentrated as expected. Chlorides also complied with expectation, fully entering the swelling gelatin. An anomaly was found with calcium in blood serum; all of it behaved like nondiffusible material, in contrast with known facts pertaining to dialysis and ultrafiltration.     

Enhanced activity and altered specificity of phospholipase A2 by deletion of a surface loop

Protein engineering and x-ray crystallography have been used to study the role of a surface loop that is present in pancreatic phospholipases but is absent in snake venom phospholipases. Removal of residues 62 to 66 from porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 does not change the binding constant for micelles significantly, but it improves catalytic activity up to 16 times on micellar (zwitterionic) lecithin substrates. In contrast, the decrease in activity on negatively charged substrates is greater than fourfold. A crystallographic study of the mutant enzyme shows that the region of the deletion has a well-defined structure that differs from the structure of the wild-type enzyme. No structural changes in the active site of the enzyme were detected.     

Energy recovery from saline water by means of electrochemical cells

An electrochemical concentration cell is proposed as a means of extracting the energy released from the mixing of freshwater with seawater. In order to obtain the maximum power from such a cell, a small amount of seawater must be added to the freshwater prior to its introduction into the cell in order to lower the internal resistance of the cell. The work available from the electrochemical concentration cell is of the same order of magnitude as the work derived from the use of an osmotic pump to extract energy from seawater. Both of these saline water techniques should be considered when unconventional, long-range power sources are evaluated.     

Predicting drift from field spraying by means of a 3D computational fluid dynamics model

In order to investigate and understand drift from field sprayers, a steady state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed. The model was developed in 3D in order to increase the understanding of the causes of drift: a deviation in the wind direction cannot be captured by a 2D approach, the wake behind a wind screen is not symmetrical, the effects of a changed nozzle orientation may not be symmetrical. The model's accuracy was validated with field experiments carried out according to the international standard ISO 22866. A field sprayer with a spray boom width of 27 m and 54 nozzles (Hardi ISO F110-03 at 3 bar) was driving at 2.22 m/s over a flat pasture. During the experiments the wind direction was perpendicular to the tractor track. The model explained the variation in drift replicates during each single field experiment through varying boom height (0.3–0.7 m), wind velocity (1.3–2.5 m/s), wind deviation (−18° to +18°) from the direction perpendicular to the tractor track and injection velocity of the droplets (17–27 m/s). Boom movements had the highest impact on the variations in drift values (deviations in drift deposits of 25%), followed by variation in wind velocity (deviations in drift deposits of 3%) and injection velocity of the droplets (deviations in drift deposits of 2.5%). Wind deviation from the direction perpendicular to the tractor track had a reducing effect on the drift values (deviations in drift deposits of 2%). Small variations in driving speed had little influence on drift values. Near drift (<5 m) is predicted well by the model but the increased complexity compromised the predictions at greater distances. The model will be further developed in order to improve far drift prediction. Dynamic simulations will be performed and the model for turbulent dispersion will be optimized. The model did not require calibration.     

Enhanced open ocean storage of CO2 from shelf sea pumping

Seasonal field observations show that the North Sea, a Northern European shelf sea, is highly efficient in pumping carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the North Atlantic Ocean. The bottom topography-controlled stratification separates production and respiration processes in the North Sea, causing a carbon dioxide increase in the subsurface layer that is ultimately exported to the North Atlantic Ocean. Globally extrapolated, the net uptake of carbon dioxide by coastal and marginal seas is about 20% of the world ocean's uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, thus enhancing substantially the open ocean carbon dioxide storage.     

应用重组PCR构建猪源膜联蛋白A2和增强型绿色荧光蛋白融合基因

膜联蛋白A2是膜联蛋白多基因家族成员之一,在Ca2+存在时能与带负电荷的磷脂结合。最近研究显示,膜联蛋白A2在病毒感染方面发挥了重要作用。本研究应用RT-PCR和PCR方法分别获得了猪源膜联蛋白A2和增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因(EGFP)。然后用重组PCR技术成功构建了膜联蛋白A2-EGFP融合基因,为研究膜联蛋白A2在病毒感染细胞中的定位和表达,以及病毒和宿主细胞相互作用奠定了基础。     

通过正交实验设计突变体组合提高甲基对硫磷水解酶OPHC2对乙基对硫磷的降解能力

分别自假产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes C2-1)和假单胞菌（Pseudomonas sp. 1-7）中克隆得到甲基对硫磷水解酶基因ophc2和ophc3,其编码甲基对硫磷水解酶OPHC2和OPHC3的氨基酸序列相似性达98.5%,仅5个氨基酸残基不同,但酶学性质差异很大,特别是对不同底物降解特性有很大差异。OPHC2对甲基对硫磷的催化效率是OPHC3的2.75倍,对乙基对硫磷的催化效率仅为OPHC3的12.9%。为了提高OPHC2对乙基对硫磷的降解活性,以OPHC3的序列为依据,针对5个不同的氨基酸设计正交实验,对OPHC2进行组合突变,最终获得了一个突变体P165S/A169V,对乙基对硫磷的催化效率是OPHC2的1.19倍,对甲基对硫磷的催化效率是OPHC2的1.36倍。     

激素TDZ对促进白菜下胚轴不定芽再生的效应分析

以华阳三号(HY)大白菜和苏州青(SZQ)小白菜下胚轴为外植体，MS为基本培养基，将TDZ与NAA配置不同激素浓度组合，观察TDZ对下胚轴不定芽再生的影响，并对各组合的培养效果进行了比较。结果表明，TDZ能较好地促进大白菜下胚轴不定芽再生，在MS 0．5mg／LTDZ 0．5mg／L NAA的培养条件下，HY的不定芽再生频率达到45％，且再生周期短，芽点多，再生芽正常，可以满足植物遗传转化需要。TDZ很难诱导SZQ小白菜下胚轴不定芽再生，只能诱导产生大量愈伤组织。     

Suppressing wall turbulence by means of a transverse traveling wave

Direct numerical simulations of wall-bounded flow reveal that turbulence production can be suppressed by a transverse traveling wave. Flow visualizations show that the near-wall streaks are eliminated, in contrast to other turbulence-control techniques, leading to a large shear stress reduction. The traveling wave can be induced by a spanwise force that is confined within the viscous sublayer; it has its maximum at the wall and decays exponentially away from it. We demonstrate the application of this approach in salt water, using arrays of electromagnetic tiles that produce the required traveling wave excitation at a high efficiency.     

大孔树脂分离纯化草莓中花色苷工艺研究

采用6种大孔吸附树脂对草莓中花色苷进行吸附纯化,筛选出适宜的树脂.研究pH值等因素对该树脂静态吸附的影响,以及洗脱剂乙醇体积分数对静态解吸效果的影响;同时研究花色苷的动态吸附与解吸曲线.结果表明:HPD-100树脂对草莓中花色苷有良好的吸附纯化性能,当上样液pH值为2.0;吸附温度20℃;吸附液质量浓度为0.05mg/ml,上样液量为5倍树脂柱体积,吸附流速为1BV/h时吸附效果最好.洗脱工艺条件为流速为1BV/h的2倍树脂柱体积的75％乙醇溶液.     

龙葵SorMT2a和SorMT2c基因的克隆及其转化烟草研究

以龙葵为试验材料,利用RT-PCR技术分离到2个长度不同的编码Ⅱ类MT（金属硫蛋白）的cDNA克隆SorMT2a（EU760481）和SorMT2c（EU760483）,成功构建植物表达载体pROKⅡ-SorMT2a和pROKⅡ-SorMT2c,通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草并通过PCR验证了基因的表达情况。与野生植株相比,转SorMT2a和SorMT2c基因烟草对镉的耐受性不同,有的转SorMT2a基因植株在MS培养基中的CdCl2浓度达到200μmol/L时仍然生长良好,生物量和株高均大于野生型植株;而转SorMT2c基因植株对镉的耐受性没有提高。这说明SorMT2a基因在植物对镉的耐受性中起作用,而SorMT2c基因则不起作用,从而也说明了同一类基因不同家族可能具有不同功能。     

Photoregulation of an enzymic process by means of a light-sensitive ligand

A specific inactivator of chymotrypsin, p-azophenyldiphenylcarbamyl chloride, exists as two geometric isomers, cis and trans, which are interconvertible by means of light. The cis-isomer is five times more reactive than the more stable trans-isomer, and is obtained by exposure of the latter to light of 320 nanometer wavelength. The trans-isomer can be regained by exposure of the cis-isomer to light of 420 nanometer wavelength. This interconversion can be made to occur in aqueous solution in the presence of the enzyme under conditions in which the trans-isomer reacts relatively slowly with chymotrypsin. Thus, it is possible to regulate the rate of inactivation of chymotrypsin by using light of the appropriate wavelength. This system is presented as a model for some of the light-sensitive metabolic systems present in living organisms.     

施铁对普通野生稻田甲烷排放的影响

为了探究施铁对普通野生稻田甲烷的减排效果,对1个根表铁膜形成能力较强的普通野生稻居群进行了水泥池小区对比试验,观测了施铁处理和对照的CH₄排放速率、土壤孔隙水Fe²⁺浓度和根表铁膜。结果表明：施铁导致CH₄总排放量减少了29.51%,在普通野生稻生长前期CH₄减排效应尤为明显。移栽后第19天,施铁小区的土壤孔隙水Fe²⁺浓度为0.57 mmol·L^-1,显著大于对照小区。根生物量和单株根表铁膜数量在施铁处理和对照之间的差异随植株年龄增大而增大。因此,施铁措施对具有厚铁膜潜力的普通野生稻居群的CH₄减排能起到明显的促进作用。     

Nanocatalysis by the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope operating inside a reactor cell

The platinum-rhodium tip of a scanning tunneling microscope that operates inside of an atmospheric-pressure chemical reactor cell has been used to locally rehydrogenate carbonaceous fragments deposited on the (111) surface of platinum. The carbon fragments were produced by partial dehydrogenation of propylene. The reactant gas environment inside the cell consisted of pure H(2) or a 1:9 mixture of CH(3)CHCH(2) and H(2) at 300 kelvin. The platinum-rhodium tip acted as a catalyst after activation by short voltage pulses. In this active state, the clusters in the area scanned by the tip were reacted away with very high spatial resolution.     

超声强化O3／H2O2降解咔唑的影响因素

利用超声波强化O3／H2O2（US／O3／H2O2）反应器降解含咔唑废水,考察了pH值、水温、反应时间、臭氧投加量、过氧化氢投加量和超声作用功率对咔唑降解率的影响。结果表明,单独的超声或臭氧作用对咔唑的降解率远低于两者的协同作用,pH值、温度、反应时间和臭氧投加量增加均能显著提高咔唑的降解率。通过正交试验,得出最佳工艺条件．pH值为1：2,温度为60气,超声功率为40w,反应时间为20min,臭氧投加量为2g／h,30％过氧化氢投加量为3．75ml／L。     

超临界萃取法提取大蒜油的研究

利用超临界萃取技术从大蒜中分离大蒜油,工艺参数为大蒜投料量400g、分离压10MPa、分离温度45℃、萃取时间4h、萃取温度45℃、萃取压力15MPa、CO2流量2L／min,大蒜油收率为3.64mg／g。     

橙皮挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析

采用共水蒸馏法提取橙皮中的挥发油。利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对橙皮挥发油的化学成分进行分析,共分离到31个组分,鉴定了其中的20个组分,占挥发油总量的80.881%,橙皮挥发油主要成分是D-柠檬烯(30.028%),β-人参烯(17.454%),(E,E,E)-2,6,10-三甲基-2,6,9,11-十二烷四烯-1-醛(8.484%),2,6,10-三甲基-2,6,9,11-十二烷四烯-1-醛(5.258%)等。