A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers

Two-thirds of Earth's surface is formed at mid-ocean ridges, yet sea-floor spreading events are poorly understood because they occur far beneath the ocean surface. At 9 degrees 50'N on the East Pacific Rise, ocean-bottom seismometers recently recorded the microearthquake character of a mid-ocean ridge eruption, including precursory activity. A gradual ramp-up in activity rates since seismic monitoring began at this site in October 2003 suggests that eruptions may be forecast in the fast-spreading environment. The pattern culminates in an intense but brief (approximately 6-hour) inferred diking event on 22 January 2006, followed by rapid tapering to markedly decreased levels of seismicity.     

Spasmodic tremor and possible magma injection in long valley caldera, eastern california

Intensive microearthquake swarms with the appearance of volcanic tremor have been observed in the southwest part of Long Valley caldera, southeastern California. This activity, possibly associated with magma injection, began 6 weeks after several strong (magnitude 6+) earthquakes in an area south of the caldera and has continued sporadically to the present time. The earthquake sequence and magmatic activity are part of a broad increase in tectonic activity in a 15,000-square-kilometer region surrounding the "White Mountains seismic gap," an area with high potential for the next major earthquake in the western Great Basin.     

Clustering and periodic recurrence of microearthquakes on the san andreas fault at parkfield, california

The San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, apparently late in an interval between repeating magnitude 6 earthquakes, is yielding to tectonic loading partly by seismic slip concentrated in a relatively sparse distribution of small clusters (<20-meter radius) of microearthquakes. Within these clusters, which account for 63% of the earthquakes in a 1987-92 study interval, virtually identical small earthquakes occurred with a regularity that can be described by the statistical model used previously in forecasting large characteristic earthquakes. Sympathetic occurrence of microearthquakes in nearby clusters was observed within a range of about 200 meters at communication speeds of 10 to 100 centimeters per second. The rate of earthquake occurrence, particularly at depth, increased significantly during the study period, but the fraction of earthquakes that were cluster members decreased.     

The tides of Titan

We have detected in Cassini spacecraft data the signature of the periodic tidal stresses within Titan, driven by the eccentricity (e = 0.028) of its 16-day orbit around Saturn. Precise measurements of the acceleration of Cassini during six close flybys between 2006 and 2011 have revealed that Titan responds to the variable tidal field exerted by Saturn with periodic changes of its quadrupole gravity, at about 4% of the static value. Two independent determinations of the corresponding degree-2 Love number yield k(2) = 0.589 ± 0.150 and k(2) = 0.637 ± 0.224 (2σ). Such a large response to the tidal field requires that Titan's interior be deformable over time scales of the orbital period, in a way that is consistent with a global ocean at depth.     

Lunar tidal acceleration determined from laser range measures

Lunar laser range measures covering the period 1969 to 1976 have been used to determine the anomalous secular acceleration in the mean longitude of the moon, commonly attributed to the effect of tidal friction in the earth. The acceleration determined is -24.6 +/- 1.6 arc seconds per century squared, against an atomic time scale, where the uncertainty is the formal standard deviation of the solution. The realistic uncertainty is surely larger, as evidenced by the ensemble of solutions performed with various models and observation sets. The determined value is in good agreement with the conventional value and with several recent determinations by other methods. An attempt to determine the rate of change of the mean distance, essential for separating the tidal effect from a time variation of the gravitational constant, yielded no significant result, because the observations still span too short a time.     

内燃机配气凸轮机构型线的动力学优化设计

为减少内燃机配气机构的冲击振动，提高其动力性和经济性，用优化设计方法将配气机构简化为单质量振动系统，建立其动力学优化设计的数学模型。以复合摆线Ⅱ型凸轮为例，进行动力学优化设计。结果表明：优化方案和原方案相比，丰满系数提高了1.25%，动态量大正加速度在上升段下降1％，但在下降段上升了5％，动态最大负加速度下降6.4%，系统动态速度及动态加速度振幅比未优化方案要小，变化趋势平稳。     

Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic Tides, Retreat of the Moon, and Rotation of the Earth

The tidal rhythmites in the Proterozoic Big Cottonwood Formation (Utah, United States), the Neoproterozoic Elatina Formation of the Flinders Range (southern Australia), and the Lower Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation (Alabama, United States) and Mansfield Formation (Indiana, United States) indicate that the rate of retreat of the lunar orbit is dxi/dt approximately k2 sin(2delta) (where xi is the Earth-moon radius vector, k2 is the tidal Love number, and delta is the tidal lag angle) and that this rate has been approximately constant since the late Precambrian. When the contribution to tidal friction from the sun is taken into account, these data imply that the length of the terrestrial day 900 million years ago was approximately18 hours.     

Localized compressional velocity decrease precursory to the kalapana, hawaii, earthquake

A delay in the arrival times of compressional or P waves of 0.15 to 0.2 second from deep distant earthquakes has been detected at the closest seismograph station to the 20 November 1975 earthquake at Kalapana, Hawaii (surface-wave magnitude MS = 7.2). This delay appeared approximately 3.5 years prior to the quake, and travel times returned to normal several months before it. The P-wave arrival times at other nearby stations remained constant during this period, an indication that the decreased velocity implied by the delay in travel time was associated with this normal-faulting earthquake and was confined to distances less than 20 kilometers from the epicenter.     

Contribution of Ultraviolet Irradiance Variations to Changes in the Sun's Total Irradiance

The sun's total irradiance decreased from 1980 to mid-1985, remained approximately constant until mid-1987, and has recently begun to increase. This time interval covered the decrease in solar activity from the maximum of solar cycle 21 to solar minimum and the onset of cycle 22. The sun's ultraviolet irradiance also decreased during the descending phase of cycle 21 and, like the total irradiance, is now increasing concurrently with the increase in cycle 22 activity. Although only 1 percent of the sun's energy is emitted at ultraviolet wavelengths between 200 and 300 nanometers, the decrease in this radiation from 1 July 1981 to 30 June 1985 accounted for 19 percent of the decrease in the total irradiance over the same period.     

Periodic pulsing of characteristic microearthquakes on the San Andreas fault

Deep fault slip information from characteristically repeating microearthquakes reveals previously unrecognized patterns of extensive, large-amplitude, long-duration, quasiperiodic repetition of aseismic events along much of a 175-kilometer segment of the central San Andreas fault. Pulsing occurs both in conjunction with and independent of transient slip from larger earthquakes. It extends to depths of approximately 10 to 11 kilometers but may be deeper, and it may be related to similar phenomena occurring in subduction zones. Over much of the study area, pulse onset periods also show a higher probability of larger earthquakes, which may provide useful information for earthquake forecasting.     

Feeding schedule alteration of daily rhythm in tyrosine alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase of rat liver

Liver tyrosine alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase has a daily rhythm such that in rats fed on an unrestricted basis the activity is highest at approximately 11:00 p.m. In contrast, rats fed only from 8:00 a.m. to noon show a markedly different rhythm in the enzyme, with maximum activity at 11:00 a.m. Controlling the time of food intake seems to be a useful means of studying the mechanism of the daily changes in this enzyme.     

Microearthquake imaging of the parkfield asperity

Microearthquake data from a downhole seismometer network on the San Andreas fault appear to outline two aseismic asperities that may correspond to the locations of the foreshocks and main shocks of the Parkfield characteristic earthquakes. The source parameters of the microearthquakes show that a few of the earthquakes have significantly higher stress drops than most. Furthermore, the magnitude-frequency statistics suggest that at local magnitude 0.6, the cumulative number of small events begins to fall off the usual Gutenberg-Richter (b = -1) relation, in which the number of events increases exponentially with decreasing magnitude. The downhole seismometer data establish a baseline from which the evolution of the earthquake process at Parkfield can be monitored and suggest that different mechanical conditions than those that lead to the typical Gutenberg-Richter relation may be operating for the smallest of Parkfield microearthquakes.     

山东省荣成海区潮间带鼠尾藻生长及其化学组分的季节性变化

为研究山东省荣成海区野生鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii生长及化学组分的季节性变化,于2016年3、6、10、12月大潮期间采集鼠尾藻样品,并对其长度、生物量和化学组分进行测定。结果表明:潮间带鼠尾藻在5—7月生长最快,同一时期中低潮位的鼠尾藻长度和生物量比较大;鼠尾藻蛋白质和灰分含量较高且随季节变化;鼠尾藻中褐藻胶含量变化范围为20.30%~33.02%,在生长速度较快的6月其含量较高且显著高于3月和12月(P0.05);而鼠尾藻中岩藻黄素含量变化趋势正好相反,6月其含量较低且显著低于12月(P0.05);鼠尾藻中褐藻多酚含量变化范围为0.32%~3.82%,3月褐藻多酚含量最高。研究表明,月份变化对鼠尾藻的褐藻胶、岩藻黄素、褐藻多酚含量的影响大于潮位的影响,本试验结果可为鼠尾藻活性成分制备提供参考。     

Antarctic stratospheric chemistry of chlorine nitrate, hydrogen chloride, and ice: release of active chlorine

The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO(2)) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO(2) on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from approximately 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from approximately 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl(2)) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO(3)), the other product, remains in the condensed phase. This reaction could play an important role in explaining the observed depletion of ozone over Antarctica; it releases photolytically active chlorine from its most abundant reservoir species, and it promotes the formation of HNO(3) and thus removes nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) from the gas phase. Hence it establishes the necessary conditions for the efficient catalytic destruction of ozone by halogenated free radicals. In the absence of HCl, ClONO(2) also reacts irreversibly with ice with a collision efficiency of approximately 0.02 at 200 K; the product hypochlorous acid (HOCI) is released to the gas phase on a time scale of minutes.     

North atlantic ocean: preliminary description of normal modes

The three lowest gravitational modes of free oscillation of the North Atlantic Ocean are estimated by numerical integration of Laplace's tidal equations. These modes have periods of approximately 21, 14, and 11 hours, and structures, respectively, of one, two, and three positive amphidromic systems. The phase distribution of the first mode resembles cotidal charts of the diurnal tide, and the period of the second mode is consistent with that inferred by Wunsch from tidal data in Bermuda and the Azores.     

Electrons and Protons Accelerated in Mercury's Magnetic Field

Fluxes of protons with energies of approximately 550 kev and electrons with energies of approximately 300 kev which exceed approximately 10(4) and 10(5) cm(-2) sec(-1), respectively, have been discovered in the magnetosphere of Mercury. Electron fluxes > 10(3) cm(-2) sec(-1) also are observed in the outbound pass of the Mariner 10 spacecraft throuigh the magnetosheath. The intensity versus time profiles of the particle fluxes in the magnetosphere appear with sudden onsets of approximately 10(4) cm(-2) sec(-1) beginning at interplanetary background levels and persisting for times equivalent to their being distriblited spatially over regions having a scale size comparable to the planetary radius. For a spectral form dJ/dE alpha E-gamma, where J is the differential particle intensity and E is the kinetic energy, the typical values of gamma are gamma(p) = 5.5 for protons above 500 kev and gamma(e) >/= 9 for electrons above 170 kev. Large coherent electron intensity oscillations (variations of factors of 10 to 100) have been discovered with characteristic periods of approximately 6 seconds and with higher frequency components. In some cases proton bursts are found in phase with these oscillations. On the basis of the experimental evidence and a knowledge of the general magnetic field intensities and directions along the trajectory of Mariner 10 provided by the magnetic field observations, it is shown that the radiation events observed in the magnetosphere and magnetosheath are transient and are not interpretable in terms of stable trapped particle populations. Furthermtiore, experimental evidence strongly supports the view that the particles are impulsively accelerated and that the acceleration source is not more distant from the point of observation along lines of force than approximately 8 x 10(3) to 16 x 10(3) kilometers (3 to 6.5 units of Mercury's radius). Candidates for the regions most likely to be sources of particle acceleration are discussed, namely, the magnetotail and the magnetosheath. It is pointed out that the phenomena discovered at Mercury will place more stringent conditions on allowed mnodels for electron and proton acceleration than have heretofore been possible in studies within the earth's magnetosphere.     

多变量时序相空间重构中嵌入维和时间延迟的选择

提出了一种用于多变量时序相空间重构的嵌入维和时间延迟联合算法,它利用不同嵌入维和时间延迟重构相空间后所得的预测误差进行比较,最小的误差所对应的嵌入维和时间延迟作为最佳的嵌入维和时间延迟。仿真结果表明,该算法有效地克服了虚假邻点法和误差最小法中必须先选取时间延迟的缺点,大大提高了预测的精度。     

基于最大类间方差法和数学形态学的遥感图像潮沟提取方法

潮沟作为潮滩的主要地貌类型之一,以长江口九段沙为研究对象,利用2015年2月15日获取的Landsat 8分辨率为15 m的全色波段遥感数据为数据源,选取了3条发育不同的潮沟。首先利用顶帽变换来消除直接利用最大类间方差法对图像亮度背景不均匀不能准确分割的问题,然后通过最大类间方差法找到一个最佳的阈值使潮沟和背景之间方差最大,得到二值化图像;接着通过形态膨胀对断裂的潮沟进行连接,并用形态去除方法剔除非目标;最后对潮沟进行骨架化提取和去除短枝处理,得到完整的潮沟信息骨架图。采用视觉分析和定量分析对提取的潮沟信息进行精度评价。结果表明,最大类间方差法和数学形态学的结合对潮沟信息提取有较好的效果,平均准确度达到93.0%,遗漏误差和冗余误差分别为7.0%和0.5%。     

长江潮位预报方法

本文根据长江感潮段的水力特点,以潮流界区分为感潮上段(潮流界至潮区界)与感潮下段(潮流界至河口),阐明了长江感潮段的潮汐是上游的径流与海外潮波的复合,指出潮位可分解为径流与天文潮两种因素。并应用微机以时间序列分析和调和分析法相结合的方法进行潮位预报。