滇中城市群碳储量时空演变及其对LULC变化的响应

[目的] 通过分析滇中城市群碳储量的时空演变特征及其对土地利用/覆被(land use/land cover,LULC)变化的响应,以深化对该区域碳循环的理解,从而有效地指导碳管理和生态恢复策略的制定。[方法] 利用InVEST和PLUS模型模拟并预测1990—2030年滇中城市群碳储量的时空演变规律,结合土地覆被变化数据,定量分析碳储量与LULC变化之间的响应关系。[结果] (1)1990—2020年滇中城市群的土地类型主要以林地、耕地和草地为主,林地、耕地和建设用地呈增长趋势,其中建设用地增幅最大;(2)滇中城市群碳储量呈现出"先增后减,逐渐趋于平稳"的变化特征,2000年达到最高值,为1.46×10⁹ t,到2020年下降到1.45×10⁹ t,空间上呈"西高东低"的分布特征;(3)未来不同发展情景下的碳储量预测显示,与2020年相比,4个情景到2030年碳储量均呈下降趋势,其中生态发展情景下降最少,相比2020年下降0.43×10⁷ t,而耕地发展情景下降最为显著,相比2020年下降1.05×10⁷ t;(4)耕地和林地间的转变是影响碳储量的主要因素,其中耕地向林地的转换对滇中城市群碳储量增加尤为关键,林地增加可显著提升区域碳储量,而草地减少则对碳储量产生负面影响。[结论] 林地和耕地转换对增加或降低滇中城市群碳储量具有显著影响。     

福建省碳储量时空特征及其对土地利用变化的响应

[目的] 研究福建省生态系统碳储量及其对土地利用变化的响应,为生态系统保护提供参考。[方法] 基于土地利用数据和碳密度数据,运用InVEST模型模拟福建省1980,2000,2020年碳储量;利用冷热点分布、转移图谱和矩阵分析碳储量和土地利用的时空特征;最后分析碳储量对土地利用变化的响应。[结果] ①福建省碳储量整体均较高,82.5%以上区域的碳储量为中等以上(＞3 000 t),主要分布在山地丘陵地区,也是高碳储量的热点集中区;高(热点)低(冷点)碳储量集中区转移较少;1980—2020年总碳储量波动略升高,2000—2020年不同碳储量等级彼此之间转移相对较多。②福建省土地利用/覆被以林地为主(61.4%~62.9%),其次是耕地(16.9%~18.3%)和草地(15.2%~17.2%);土地利用/覆被变化在1980—2000年较稳定,在2000—2020年较剧烈。③林地、草地和耕地的总碳储量较高,水域、建设用地和未利用地总碳储量较少;耕地总碳储量减少,建设用地总碳储量增加,林地和草地有增加也有减少;由土地利用/覆被变化导致的总碳储量转出和转入最多均为林地,其次是草地和耕地;总碳储量净转移为负的是林地,其他为正,林地转移引起的碳亏损最多。[结论] 耕地、林地和草地是福建省的主要土地利用类型,它们贡献了较高碳储量,并相互转移引起了碳储量变化。     

基于PLUS-InVEST模型的珠三角碳储量时空演变与预测

[目的] 探究珠三角地区2005-2020年土地利用变化及其对碳储量的影响,并对2035年珠三角的土地利用格局和碳储量进行模拟预测,以期为珠三角地区"双碳"目标下的国土空间规划和生态决策提供科学依据。[方法] 基于2005-2020年4期土地利用数据,以珠三角城市群为研究区域,采用PLUS模型和InVEST模型对该区的土地利用变化和碳储量演变进行分析,并预测其2035年土地利用空间格局和碳储量变化趋势。[结果] ①2005-2020年,珠三角地区碳储量先增加后减少,林地、建设用地和未利用地增多促进碳储量增长了4.82×10⁷ t,耕地、草地和水域减少导致碳储量减少了5.10×10⁷ t。②预计2035年,随着建设用地和林地的增加,该区碳储量较2020年增长5.75×10⁷ t,生态环境向好发展。③该区碳储量表现出"四周高,中部低"的空间分布格局,与土地利用空间分布具有显著一致性,即碳储量高值区集中在林地、耕地和草地,碳储量低值区集聚在建设用地。[结论] 随着未来城市发展需要,政府部门应进行土地综合开发利用,采取生物、工程技术等生态修复措施,提升区域固碳能力,助力实现碳中和目标。     

海南岛海岸带土地利用变化及其对碳储量时空演变的影响

[目的] 预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化(land use and land cover change,LULCC)及其对生态系统碳储量的影响,为区域土地利用决策和碳管理提供科学依据。[方法] 基于30 m分辨率的海南岛1990,2000,2010,2020年土地利用遥感解译数据,运用ArcGIS与InVEST模型,探究土地利用时空演变及碳储量响应状况,并引入GeoSOS-FLUS模型预测研究区2030年土地利用多情景变化特征及其对未来不同情景下生态系统碳储量的影响机制。[结果] ①1990—2020年研究区耕地、林地、草地和未利用地面积减少,水域和建设用地面积增加。未利用地和耕地面积持续减少,建设用地面积持续增加。②30 a间LULCC导致区域碳储量持续减少,达到1.50×10⁶ t且年变化率为5.00×10⁴ t/a。建设用地的大肆扩张及林地退化是导致碳储量下降的重要原因,“未利用地→草地”为碳储量增加中最明显的图谱变化,“草地→林地(人工林地)”是碳储量减少中最显著的图谱变化。③2020—2030年的3种预测情景中,林地仅在生态优先情景下得到了有效保护,且面积增加了11.91 km²。建设用地在3种预测情景中均呈现不同程度扩张态势,且发展优先情景涨幅最大。[结论] 海南岛大面积高碳密度的天然草地转换为低碳密度的人工林地,高碳区转变为低碳区,区域固碳能力削弱。应采取提高林地、草地等地类比重等一系列的土地利用调控政策,加大区域碳源向碳汇转换的优化发展。     

基于InVEST模型的黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕还林还草工程对生态系统碳储量的影响评估

[目的] 定量评估退耕还林还草工程对黄土丘陵沟壑区生态系统碳储量的影响,为区域生态建设提供理论基础。[方法] 采用GIS空间分析法与InVEST模型相结合,研究2000—2020年黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用及碳储量变化。[结果] ①研究区2000—2020年耕地转为林、草地面积分别占耕地转出量的20.75%,86.56%,区域林、草地覆盖率增加了1.76%; ②退耕还林工程显著提升了黄土丘陵沟壑区碳汇功能,碳储量由2000年的8.22×10⁸ t增长至2020年的8.26×10⁸ t,2010年碳储量达到峰值,为8.35×10⁸ t; ③研究区净增加碳储量远远抵消了碳流失量,其中还林还草的碳储量贡献率最大,分别是38.82%,22.58%。[结论] 实施退耕还林还草工程对区域生态系统碳储量具有显著的正面作用,林、草地建设均可增强生态系统碳储存服务。未来研究应重点关注生态修复工程的碳汇贡献,科学管理林、草植被,提高区域生态系统服务功能。     

基于InVEST模型的祁连山国家公园碳储量时空分布研究

[目的] 研究祁连山国家公园碳储量及其时空分布,分析土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响,为提升国家公园生态价值、调整生态工程及土地管理政策提供科学依据。[方法] 结合土地利用变化动态指数和土地转移矩阵分析国家公园生态破坏和生态恢复前后的土地利用变化,然后基于InVEST模型Carbon模块,以土地利用遥感影像和碳密度为模型运行数据,计算土地利用变化导致的碳储量变化。[结果] ①祁连山国家公园1980,1990,2000,2010,2018年的碳储量分别为9.07×10⁸,9.07×10⁸,9.07×10⁸,9.16×10⁸,9.17×10⁸ t,呈现“先减后增”的趋势,累计增加9.86×10⁶ t。②碳储量空间分布与土地利用类型有一定联系。碳储量较高的地区主要集中在公园东段和中段东侧,以林地为主;碳储量较低的地区主要集中公园西段和中段西侧,以未利用地为主。③1980—2018年生态正向演变下的土地利用变化（耕地、草地和未利用地转为林地,耕地和未利用地转为草地,未利用地转为水域）是国家公园碳储量增加的主要原因。[结论] 巩固实施生态工程,着重保护草地资源、调整土地管理政策等方式能够有效促进生态系统正向演变,优化土地利用结构,有利于祁连山国家公园陆地生态碳储量的增加。     

滇中城市群2000-2020年土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

[目的] 以高原喀斯特地貌区滇中城市群为例,引入地形梯度,探究快速城镇化过程中滇中城市群的土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）对生态系统服务价值（ESV）的影响,为其他相似地区的生态系统服务价值提升和土地利用规划提供理论指导。[方法] 基于2000,2010和2020年3期土地利用数据,结合地形位指数、修正的ESV当量和热点分析等技术手段定量探讨滇中城市群2000—2020年的土地利用和ESV在地形梯度上的时空变化特征,并通过ESV损益流向表分析滇中城市群LUCC对ESV的影响。[结果] ①2000—2020年,滇中城市群耕地和林地分别减少了1.21×10⁵ hm²,1.19×10⁵ hm²,而建设用地面积增加了2.16×10⁵ hm²。耕地、水域和建设用地主要集中分布在低地形梯度上,林地主要集中分布在高地形梯度上。②ESV总体呈下降趋势,价值量从2000年的1 196.41亿元减少到2020年的1 137.50亿元,共减少58.91亿元。ESV在地形梯度上的空间分异特征显著,ESV高值区主要分布在海拔高且坡度大的西部和北部区域,ESV低值区则与之相反。③林地和水域的流失以及建设用地对耕地的侵占导致ESV损失惨重,损失区主要分布于昆明市中部和红河州北部的城镇区。2010—2020年,由于退耕还林、还草、还湖等政策的实施使红河州北部和曲靖市北部区域的林地和水域面积增加并出现ESV增值区。[结论] 研究期内LUCC对ESV产生了较大影响,并在地形梯度上表现出了较明显的空间差异。可以通过对现有林草地和湖滨湿地进行改善和保护,并严格控制ESV损失冷点区等措施来提升滇中城市群生态系统服务价值和促进区域土地可持续利用。     

鄱阳湖地区典型湿地碳储量时空演变与情景预测

[目的] 分析鄱阳湖湿地生态系统碳储量时空特征,为下一步鄱阳湖地区湿地保护,实现区域“碳达峰、碳中和”提供科学依据。[方法] 结合InVEST和GeoSoS-FLUS模型,计算2000—2020年鄱阳湖地区典型湿地碳储量,并预测自然发展情景与生态保护情景下2030年碳储量变化。借助地理探测器模型,探究碳储量变化的驱动因素。[结果] ①2000,2010,2020年鄱阳湖地区典型湿地碳储量分别为2.42×10⁶,2.48×10⁶,2.46×10⁶ t。②高碳储量集中于中西部林地,低碳储量集中于中东部、西部和北部的湖泊水域。③土地利用是碳储量转移的主导因素,其中沼泽草地、沼泽地、林地、耕地对碳储量转移的解释力依次降低。④相较于自然发展情景,生态保护情景2020—2030年碳储量变化速率由-17.81%变化为-1.09%。[结论] 合理的生态保护政策可以有效地保障湿地的固碳能力,应强化国土用途管制,落实生态保护措施,为提升区域碳储能力提供保障。     

基于InVEST模型的广西茅尾海土地利用变化与碳储量评估

[目的] 评估广西壮族自治区茅尾海土地利用与碳储量的时空变化特征,为促进增碳汇与可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 使用监督分类的方法对茅尾海2009,2015和2021年的3期遥感影像数据进行解译提取,基于ArcGIS软件和InVEST模型对茅尾海土地利用变化与碳储量演化进行研究。[结果] ①茅尾海土地类型主要呈现"大聚居,小杂居"的分布特点,2009-2021年耕地、浅海水域和渔业养殖区面积减少,红树林湿地、建筑用地、林草地、淤泥质滩涂面积增加; ②茅尾海碳储量呈先下降后上升趋势,2009-2015,2015-2021,2009-2021年区域碳储量变化量分别为-1.10×10⁵,3.77×10⁴,-7.29×10⁴ t;碳固定净现值分别为-1.37×10⁸,4.66×10⁷,-9.01×10⁷元; ③2009-2021年,茅尾海主要为渔业养殖区、林草地等高固碳土地利用类型向建筑用地等低固碳类型的转变,转为建筑用地造成的碳储量损失最大,达2.85×10⁵ t;转为渔业养殖区增加的碳储量达1.81×10⁵ t。[结论] 加快推动茅尾海养殖方式转型升级,加强红树林在宜林区域的增殖及加快森林城市建设,有利于研究区域固碳与可持续发展。     

基于贵州省土地变化的碳储量演变及其脆弱性特征分析

[目的]分析贵州省生态系统碳储量时空分布格局、演变特征及其对土地利用转移的响应,研究各县域生态系统碳储量服务的脆弱性,为贵州省区域土地利用管理决策及“双碳”目标的实现提供科学依据和参考。[方法]运用InVEST模型和潜在影响指数(PI)分析贵州省2000—2020年碳储量变化特征和生态系统碳储存服务的脆弱性。[结果](1)近20 a间贵州省土地利用结构发生显著变化,前10 a和后10 a分别有14.10%,17.29%的土地发生转移,耕地是建设用地扩张的主要来源。(2)贵州省20 a间生态系统碳储量减少2.40×10⁷ t,林地的缩减和建设用地的扩张是碳储量减少的主要原因。(3)贵州省碳储量Moran’s I指数均大于0,空间分布具有显著的空间正相关性和集聚性。冷热点分析显示碳储量热点分布较为分散,冷点分布集中稳定。(4)贵州省前10 a和后10 a PI指数分别为-1.27和-0.15,脆弱性有所改善。县域间脆弱性存在空间差异,边缘县域负向影响显著,20 a间81.82%的县脆弱性降低。[结论]贵州省林地的转出和建设用地的扩张对碳储量和碳储量服务脆弱性影响显著,...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.