施用稻草对酸性红壤活性铝的动态影响

酸性红壤区土壤活性铝含量的变化,对作物生长有重要影响。通过室内培养试验研究了施用不等量稻草对酸性红壤水溶性有机碳、pH值和土壤交换性铝和有机络合态铝的动态变化。结果表明,土壤水溶性有机碳在第一天达到最大值,之后开始下降直至趋于平衡。土壤pH值在前10天内快速提高,添加的稻草量越大,提高的幅度也越大,之后缓慢下降至第30天渐趋平衡;土壤交换性铝则是先降低,10天后逐渐增加至稳定状态。有机络合态铝在可溶性有机碳和有机酸等小分子化合物的联合作用下,先增加而后降低。在稻草分解的前10天,土壤水溶性碳、小分子化合物和土壤pH值对铝形态的影响均较大,而到实验后期,土壤pH值发挥着主导作用。     

土地利用方式与坡位土壤活性铝形态特征分析

以红壤坡地为材料,研究了地带性恢复林地、农作区、人工林地茶园和桔园等4种土地利用方式下土壤pH、有机质和铝形态的分异特征。结果表明,土壤pH、有机质和3种活性铝形态含量差异显著。和恢复区相比,农作区由于大量秸秆和根茬还土,土壤交换性铝的含量显著降低,而土壤吸附态羟基铝和有机络合态铝的含量则不同程度地提高;人工林地茶园和桔园则呈现出土壤交换性铝提高的特征,吸附态羟基铝和有机络合态铝含量下降。下坡位土壤表现为堆积,土壤pH值和有机质含量增加,土壤交换性铝含量比上坡位减少,吸附态羟基铝和有机络合态铝含量增加,降低了铝的毒性。相关分析表明,土壤pH值与土壤交换性铝呈显著负相关,y=-97.6x＋6009.2（R^2=0.7315）,与土壤吸附态羟基铝呈显著正相关,y=2810.8x-9293（R^2=0.9003）;而土壤有机质含量与土壤交换性铝呈显著负相关,y=-2963x＋17616（R^2=0.8977）,与土壤有机络合态铝呈显著正相关,y=553.4x-4779.1（R^2=0.4364）。说明土壤铝形态在坡面上的分异特征是坡面利用类型与地形部位共同作用的结果。     

有机物料对酸性红壤铝毒的缓解效应

利用盆栽试验研究了施用不等量稻草对酸性红壤旱耕地铝毒的缓解效应。结果表明,添加不等量的秸秆碳(C)后,土壤pH值显著提高,土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝的含量则明显降低,土壤有机络合态铝的含量也呈增加趋势。添加铝盐并不影响秸秆碳对降低土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝含量的作用。在本研究中,土壤pH值与土壤交换性铝和土壤吸附态羟基铝均呈显著负相关,方程分别为y=-2193.9x+11545,R2=0.9798**,y=-655.34x+9748,R2=0.7837**。土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝与玉米主根长,地上部磷、钾含量均呈显著负相关,是抑制玉米吸收养分的主要限制因素,土壤吸附态羟基铝是次于交换性铝的又一活性较大的铝化合物。     

茶园土壤pH变化对土壤中铝特性的影响

土壤中铝的毒性强弱取决于铝的形态。为了解茶园土壤中铝的特性,以江苏省7个长期定位观测茶园为研究对象,采用化学连续提取法测定不同条件下土样中不同形态的铝含量,研究茶园土壤pH升高或降低过程中铝的形态转化及其影响因素。结果表明,茶园土壤在酸化过程中活性铝溶出明显增强,不同形态的铝含量有明显差异,依次为腐殖酸铝(Alh)铝的水合化物和氢氧化物(Aloh)交换态铝(Alex)有机态铝(Alo)水溶态铝(Alw)无机吸附态铝(Alino);土壤pH、有机质和酸容量是影响铝形态的重要因素;茶园土壤酸化过程中铝的水合化物和氢氧化物、无机吸附态铝以及水溶态铝会转化为交换态铝。土壤pH升高,交换态铝转化成羟基铝;有机结合态铝会影响其他铝形态的转化,腐殖酸铝在土壤pH升高时转化为铝的水合化物和氢氧化物。     

有机质、石灰、磷酸盐和淹水对红壤中铝形态的影响

研究了有机质，施用石灰和磷酸盐，以及淹水培育对红壤铝形态的影响。结果表明，用Ｈ２Ｏ２去除有机质，施用石灰和磷酸盐，以及淹水培育，使土壤ｐＨ升高，交换态铝减少，吸附态无机羟基铝增加。而施用腐殖酸使土壤ｐＨ降低，交换态铝增加，有机配合态略有上升。     

桂西北果园土壤剖面的铝形态分级研究

对7个广西环江县果园土壤剖面的28个土样的铝形态空间变异特性进行分析;包括交换性铝、吸附态羟基铝、有机络合态铝三种形态;结果表明:该区土壤中铝形态具有显著空间结构性特点,明显受pH、成土母质、地形地势等自然因素的影响,同时受耕作管理措施等人为因素影响;建议在红壤果园上增施有机肥,控制化学肥料的施用,进行深耕土改,并且施用石灰石以升高pH。     

低分子量有机酸对可变电荷土壤铝活化动力学的影响

从动力学角度研究了几种低分子量有机酸对2种酸性土壤中铝的活化和活化铝在土壤固/液相之间分配的影响。结果表明:对于络合能力弱的醋酸和乳酸,主要通过质子作用活化铝,且活化作用明显小于盐酸。而络合能力较强的苹果酸、草酸和柠檬酸,主要通过络合作用促进铝的释放,且这种作用随有机酸根阴离子络合能力的增强而增加。在氧化铁含量较高的砖红壤中,苹果酸、草酸和柠檬酸通过专性吸附增加土壤表面负电荷,从而增加土壤交换态铝;但在氧化铁含量较低的红壤中,草酸和柠檬酸主要通过形成可溶性铝络合物降低交换态铝。活化铝在土壤固/液相间的分配主要决定于溶液中有机阴离子与土壤固相表面对铝离子的竞争。醋酸和乳酸活化的铝主要以交换态铝存在;而草酸和柠檬酸活化的铝主要以有机酸-铝络合物存在于溶液中,特别是在氧化铁低的红壤中,这将促进铝在土壤-水体中的迁移。     

几种典型酸性旱地土壤磷吸附的关键影响因素

以几种典型的酸性旱地土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤磷的等温吸附曲线,描述土壤磷的吸附特征,分析土壤最大吸磷量与土壤理化性质之间的关系,通过通径分析等方法明确了影响磷吸附的关键土壤因素。结果表明:土壤粘粒、游离态氧化铝(Al_d)、非晶质氧化铝(Al_o)及有机络合态铝(Al_p)的含量均与最大吸磷量(X_m)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),土壤pH值与X_m呈极显著负相关(P0.01);非晶质铁铝氧化物含量(Feo+Al_o)与X_m有显著的正相关关系(r=0.62,P=0.01);而土壤有机质、游离态氧化铁(Fe_d)、非晶质氧化铁(Fe_o)及有机络合态铁(Fe_p)的含量对X_m均无显著影响(P0.05)。即在本研究区域内,pH值越低,粘粒含量越高的土壤,其铝氧化物、非晶质铁铝氧化物(Fe_o+Al_o)含量越高,土壤的固磷能力越强。粘粒含量可能是影响土壤吸磷能力的一个最关键因素,其次为游离态氧化铝Al_d、非晶质氧化铝Al_o、有机络合态铝Al_p及土壤pH值等,其中各形态氧化铝对X_m的影响效应主要是通过与粘粒的间接作用来实现。     

模拟酸雨对红壤铝形态的影响

用动态淋洗试验，研究了不同ｐＨ的模拟酸雨对红壤中铝形态和性质的影响。结果表明，酸雨淋洗引起红壤中盐基离子的淋失和土壤铝的溶出。随着酸雨溶液，ＰＨ的降低，盐基淋失量和铝溶出量增加，酸雨淋洗影响土壤铝形态的转化，使红壤中交换态铝上升，吸附态羟基铝有所下降。这说明在酸雨长期作用下，羟基铝溶解，并转化为交换态铝和引起铝的溶出，使铝进入环境，危害生态系统。     

模拟酸雨对酸性土壤铝溶出及其形态转化的影响

通过采样、酸雨模拟试验和样品分析，研究了我国南方酸沉降区主要土壤类型在模拟酸雨影响下，土壤中铝离子释放及铝形态转化的特点。结果表明，酸雨淋洗造成土壤中铝离子释放；酸雨pH值越低，则铝离子释放量越大。酸雨淋洗还造成土壤中铝形态发生变化；酸雨pH值越低，则土壤中羟基态铝和腐殖质铝含量越低，交换态铝含量越高，从而导致土壤中的铝对植物和生态系统的危害性也越大。     

Use of agricultural by-products to study the pH effects in an acid tea garden soil

The amelioration of an acid Alfisol from a tea garden was studied by incorporating various plant materials: canola straw, wheat straw, rice straw, corn straw, soybean straw, peanut straw, faba bean straw, Chinese milk vetch shoot and pea straw prior to incubation for a maximum of 65 days. Soil pH increased after incubation with all the incorporated materials with the legumes causing the largest increases. The final soil pH was correlated with ash alkalinity ( r ² = 0.73), base cations ( r ² = 0.74) and N content ( r ² = 0.93) of the applied materials. It was assumed that the incubation released the base cations in plant materials as they decomposed which ultimately increased the base cation saturation of the soil. Similarly, soil exchangeable Al was also decreased with the incorporation of the legume plant materials and corn straw and rice straw. Our investigation demonstrated that legumes are the preferred choice for controlling the soil acidity and also for reducing the toxicity of Al in acid soils.     

三种植物物料对两种茶园土壤酸度的改良效果

用室内培养实验研究了稻草、花生秸秆和紫云英在 5、10 和 20 g/kg 的加入量水平下对茶园黄棕壤和茶园红壤酸度的改良效果.结果表明:除了黄棕壤加入紫云英处理会降低土壤的 pH 外,其余所有加入植物物料的处理均使土壤 pH 有不同程度的增加,使土壤交换性酸和交换性Al的数量减小,使土壤交换性盐基阳离子和盐基饱和度增加.有机物料对土壤酸度的改良效果与有机物料灰化碱和N含量有关,灰化碱和有机N的矿化使土壤 pH 升高,NH4+-N的硝化使土壤 pH 降低.3种植物物料中花生秸秆对土壤酸度的改良效果优于紫云英和稻草.加入植物物料使红壤中有毒形态Al的浓度显著减小,说明植物物料能够缓解红壤中Al对植物的毒害.     

工业副产品改良土壤酸度和铝毒的潜力

It is imperative to choose some low cost, available and effective ameliorants to correct soil acidity in southern China for sustainable agriculture. The present investigation dealt with the possible role of industrial byproducts, i. e., coal fly ash (CFA), alkaline slag (AS), red mud (RM) and phosphogypsum (PG) in correcting acidity and aluminum (Al) toxicity of soils under tea plantation using an indoor incubation experiment. Results indicated that CFA, AS and RM increased soil pH, while PG decreased the pHs of an Ultisol and an Alfisol. The increment of soil pH followed the order of RM > AS > CFA. All the industrial byproducts invariably decreased exchangeable Al and hence increased exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na and effective cation exchange capacity. RM, AS and lime decreased total soluble Al, exchangeable Al and organically bound Al. Formation and retention of hydroxyl-Al polymers were the principal mechanism through which Al phytotoxicity was alleviated by application of these amendments. In addition, the heavy metal contents in the four industrial byproducts constituted a limited environmental hazard in a short time at the rates normally used in agriculture. Therefore, the short-term use of the byproducts, especially AS and RM, as amendments for soil acidity and Al toxicity in acid soils may be a potential alternative to the traditional use of mined gypsum and lime.     

Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers and Rice Straw on Soil Aluminum Toxicity

The red soil region in China is very important to agriculture. However, soil aluminum (Al) toxicity often occurs as a result of the high soil acidity. In a long-term experiment, we analyzed soil samples to determine the effect of fertilization on soil acidity and potential Al toxicity. The results showed that after 12 years of utilization, Al toxicity occurred in the soil of the control plot. Chemical fertilizer further decreased soil pH and intensified Al toxicity. However, rice straw effectively improved soil pH and ameliorated soil Al toxicity from 0 to 50 cm deep, which may be attributed to the accumulated soil organic matter (SOM) and the decomposition of the rice straw. Corresponding to the lower Al content in soil, peanut crops grew healthier with greater yields in the rice straw plot, indicating that returning crop stalks to the field should be a feasible fertilization strategy in the region.     

The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol

Biochar was prepared using a low temperature pyrolysis method from nine plant materials including non‐leguminous straw from canola, wheat, corn, rice and rice hull and leguminous straw from soybean, peanut, faba bean and mung bean. Soil pH increased during incubation of the soil with all nine biochar samples added at 10 g/kg. The biochar from legume materials resulted in greater increases in soil pH than from non‐legume materials. The addition of biochar also increased exchangeable base cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and base saturation, whereas soil exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity decreased as expected. The liming effects of the biochar samples on soil acidity correlated with alkalinity with a close linear correlation between soil pH and biochar alkalinity (R² = 0.95). Therefore, biochar alkalinity is a key factor in controlling the liming effect on acid soils. The incorporation of biochar from crop residues, especially from leguminous plants, can both correct soil acidity and improve soil fertility.     

Changes in aluminum pools of andisols due to soil acidification

Abstract

Aluminum concentrations in soil solutions are not only controlled by inorganic clay minerals but also by organically bound aluminum. The objective of this study was to determine which pools contribute to Al dissolution. Soil samples were taken at various distances from tree trunks and at various depths at the Rolling Land Laboratory (RLL), Hachioji, Tokyo. Selective dissolution techniques were used to analyze the changes in pools of solid-phase aluminum. Soil pH values around Hinoki cypresses were in the aluminum buffer range. Exchangeable aluminum contents in soils under Hinoki cypresses were 104 mmol_c kg-^?1 on the average. This value was similar to that of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of Andisols at RLL at a soil pH of 4. The relationship between the soil pH and exchangeable, organically bound, and amorphous aluminum pools showed that dissolved aluminum ions in the soil solution were primarily derived from the amorphous Al pool. Dissolved aluminum ions were substituted with base cations of soils, resulting in the increase of the content of exchangeable Al and/or the formation of complexes with organic matter which increased the proportion of organically bound Al pools. Increase in the proportion of organically bound Al pools indicated the importance of complexation with soil organic matter for controlling the aluminum concentration in the soil solution.     

施用有机物料对土壤镉形态的影响

采用室内培养试验,研究作物新鲜秸秆和腐熟猪粪对模拟镉（Cd）污染的土壤中Cd形态转化的动态影响。结果表明,各处理土壤交换态Cd含量随培养时间均逐渐降低。碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Cd含量先增加后降低, 而有机质结合态和残渣态Cd含量则逐渐增加。添加秸秆可增加土壤交换态Cd含量,但随时间延长,增幅逐渐降低, 猪粪则可降低土壤交换态Cd含量。添加有机物后土壤交换态Cd含量的变化主要是由有机质结合态或残渣态Cd含量的变化而引起。秸秆和猪粪对土壤Cd形态的转化与土壤胡敏酸（HA）和富里酸（FA）的变化有关。秸秆对能活化土壤Cd的FA增加幅度大于对能钝化土壤Cd的HA增加幅度,降低HA/FA比,但降幅随时间逐渐减少; 猪粪在整个培养阶段对HA增加幅度均大于FA的增加幅度,增加HA/FA比。秸秆和猪粪均可降低潮土pH而提高红壤pH,但只有猪粪可通过提高红壤pH降低Cd向交换态转化。添加秸秆和猪粪后,Cd由低活性态向交换态转化与HA/FA呈显著负相关。