不同条件加工竹刨花板的试验

通过竹大片在不同厚度、施胶量和热压温度条件下加工竹刨花板的试验，探讨了生产竹刨花板的较佳工艺条件。     

竹大片刨花板对竹材生物学特性的适应性

以云南四种典型材用丛生竹（龙竹、甜龙竹、黄竹和油勒竹）宏观构造、组织结构、主要物理力学性质和化学组份等竹材主要生物学特性的研究分析结果为依据,提出了竹大片刨花板的结构、制板工艺和设备与原料竹材生物学特性之间应有的适应性关系。继而,通过实验室系列化试验和工厂试生产,确定了竹大片刨花板的应有性能和最佳工艺条件包括竹大片刨花的最佳质量指标及其最佳制备条件。     

增强型覆膜竹刨花板模板的研制开发

介绍了增强型覆膜竹刨花板模板的生产工艺，并对产品性能进行了分析。测试结果表明，增强型覆膜竹刨花板模板的物理性能优于普通覆膜竹刨花板，增强效果明显，完全可以满足清水混凝土的施工要求。     

基于响应面法的超薄竹刨花板制备工艺优化

毛竹加工剩余物制备的竹刨花为原料,探讨了厚度为4.5mm超薄竹刨花板的生产工艺。采用响应面Box-Behnken试验设计方法研究不同施胶量、热压温度、时间、压力对超薄竹刨花板主要物理力学性能的影响,并分析优化前后超薄竹刨花板的断面密度分布。结果表明,超薄竹刨花板的较佳制备工艺参数为脲醛树脂施胶量12.2%,热压温度18...     

基于竹材生物学特性和材性适应性的竹大片/定向刨花板生产技术的研发

根据对云南主要材用丛生竹组织结构、主要物理力学性质和化学组份的研究和对其它材用竹材性的了解、对竹大片/定向刨花板工业生产技术一系列的实验室单因素、多因素等重复、优化试验和工业性试验直至成套生产设备的研制和生产线的建设、生产和产品应用的结果,运用人造板基本工艺原理,揭示了竹大片/定向刨花板的组成结构、生产工艺和设备技术条件对竹材特殊的生物学特性、竹材材性的适应性。以此为基础所形成的竹大片/定向刨花板工业生产成套技术因此得以达到工业生产水平。     

竹大片刨片机刀盘结构的研究设计

在竹大片刨花板生产过程中,刨花生产是其中的一个重要环节,其直接影响竹大片刨花板的质量。本研究对竹大片刨花机的刀盘结构进行改进设计,达到了预期效果。     

酚醛树脂竹大片刨花板工艺成本与性能质量的关系

为了给竹大片刨花板的工业化生产提供可靠的技术、经济依据,本研究探求了压缩比、胶种、用胶量和竹种等工艺 成本因素对工程结构用酚醛树脂竹大片刨花板性能质量的影响。试验结果表明,通过调节压缩比即可调节板材的性能 和生产成本,压缩比为1.0、用胶量为4％的不含防水剂的酚醛树脂竹大片刨花板的各项性能可超过同类木质板材的性 能．单独或混合以具必要竹壁厚度的材用或笋材两用竹为原料均可获得性能良好的竹大片刨花板。     

竹屑/粉煤灰复合板制造工艺研究

以竹材加工剩余物(竹屑)和火力发电厂排出的固体废弃物(粉煤灰)为原料,研制竹屑/粉煤灰复合板。参照刨花板生产工艺,在热压温度140℃,最高压力2.5 MPa条件下,探讨灰/竹质量比,施胶量以及设定的产品密度等3个因素对竹屑/粉煤灰复合板静曲强度(MOR)的影响,得出制备竹屑/粉煤灰复合板的较佳工艺参数为灰/竹质量比4/6,施胶量21%,产品密度1.0 g·cm-3。生产的竹屑/粉煤灰复合板的力学性能(静曲强度)达到结构刨花板的要求。     

复合工艺对竹/塑复合刨花板性能的影响

利用聚乙烯(PE)粉末取代部分脲醛树脂(UF)胶黏剂,与竹刨花制备三层结构竹/塑复合刨花板。通过正交试验探讨PE添加量、UF施胶量、热压温度及热压时间对竹/塑复合刨花板主要物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:较优工艺组合为PE添加量6%、UF施胶量2%、热压温度205℃、热压时间12s/mm,竹/塑复合刨花板达到LY/T1842—2009《竹材刨花板》A类理化性能指标要求;2h吸水厚度膨胀率和甲醛释放量分别为2.6%和2.4mg/100g,与普通竹材刨花板对比,分别减少了54.4%和54.7%;静曲强度达到19.6MPa,提高了14.0%。采用PE粉末替代部分UF胶黏剂生产竹/塑复合刨花板可行,且具有广泛的应用前景。     

不同的处理方式对竹定向刨花板防霉效果影响研究

通过对酚醛树脂竹定向刨花板PF-OBSB及脲醛树脂竹定向刨花板MUF-OBSB和原竹材采用防霉剂分别作表面处理、内部处理及未处理三种处理方法,实验结果分析采用t检验法进行比较,找出不同处理方法情况下防霉剂对竹定向刨花板防治效力的差异大小,并找出试件霉变面积与时间关系的规律,最终得出最佳的处理方式,从而更有效的对竹材进行防霉。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.