猪生物医学模型研究进展

猪与人不仅在体重、生理特点、器官形成和疾病的发生方面都有高度的相似性,而且二者在基因组序列和染色体结构上有很高的同源性,所以猪已被作为人类研究中最主要的哺乳动物模型.目前,小型猪已被广泛应用于皮肤烧伤、肿瘤、免疫学、心血管病、糖尿病、畸形学和产期生物学、牙科、药理学等多方面的模式研究,以及对黑色素瘤和感染性疾病的基因组学研究中.在控制猪繁殖与呼吸系统综合征发生中的一些可行的基因组学方法,将为人类相似的病毒感染性疾病研究提供重要的参考.     

Alpharma Beef Cattle Nutrition Symposium: nutrition and the genome

It has long been appreciated that animals fed the same diet may perform differently. This is due to the ability of nutrients to interact with and affect molecular pathways that result in differences in BW gain, production performance, or disease resistance. To understand these effects, studies are being undertaken to discover how the differential expression and function of genes occur with different diets. These studies are using new technologies, genomic resources, and analysis techniques that have recently become available for domestic animals. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are new research approaches that strive to optimize health by looking beyond the diet to understand the effects of food at the genetic and epigenetic levels. Nutrigenomics is focused on the effects of diet on health through an understanding of how bioactive chemicals in foods and supplements alter gene expression or the structure of the genome of an animal. Nutrigenetics focuses on how the genetic composition (i.e., genetic variation) of an animal influences their response to a given diet. Results from these studies will aid in formulating nutritionally appropriate diets that may be optimized for animals based on their genomic underpinnings. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics unite many fields: nutrition, bioinformatics, molecular biology, genomics, functional genomics, epidemiology, and epigenomics. The use of multi-disciplinary tools promises new opportunities to investigate the complex interactions of the genome and the diet of an animal. Through these new approaches, the partnerships of the genome and nutrition will be revealed resulting in improved efficiency of diets, enhanced sustainability of animals as a protein source, and improved methods for preventing illnesses.     

细菌人工染色体荧光原位杂交技术的应用

目前,覆盖人类、植物、畜禽、微生物等100多种物种全基因组的细菌人工染色体文库在不同时间、不同群体中相继产生,为物种基因资源的保存、基因组学和后基因组学的研究提供了可靠的材料。细菌人工染色体与荧光原位杂交技术的结合能够将物种的大片段基因组DNA杂交在染色体上,确定基因或标记物在染色体上的物理位置,从而成为细胞和分子生物学领域中必不可少的工具。论文对细菌人工染色体荧光原位杂交技术在染色体结构与核型分析、疾病与肿瘤病原学研究、基因和标记物的定位与细胞遗传图谱绘制、基因组比较作图及物种进化中的应用和发展进行了综述。     

功能基因组学研究进展

2 1世纪是生物时代和信息时代 ,基因组学的研究已从结构基因组学转向功能基因组学 ,对于基因功能的研究也由单一基因转向大规模、批量分析。文章对功能基因组学及相关学科的概念作了概述 ,介绍了功能基因组学的研究内容与研究方法 ,主要包括应用差异显示反转录 PCR、基因表达序列分析 (SAGE)、微点阵、蛋白质组学和生物信息学等研究基因组表达概况、基因组多样性和模式生物学等。     

鸡的功能基因组学研究进展

随着鸡基因组草图的完成,以及各种高通量研究技术在鸡基因组研究领域的应用,鸡已经成为标准的模式动物。鸡功能基因组学研究将主要在基因组范围内,研究基因的调控作用,以及基因产物间的相互作用关系,为进一步对鸡的基因型改造创造条件,并以此进一步满足鸡的生产需要。作者将着重介绍鸡功能基因组学的研究进展,以及目前主要的研究技术。     

Expressed sequence tags from life cycle stages of Trichinella spiralis: application to biology and parasite control

While the approach taken to date to study Trichinella spp., involves mainly characterization of individual genes of interest, we initiated a genomics approach as an antecedent to more complete genome sequencing. Our approach involves use of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) obtained from three life cycle stages of Trichinella spiralis; adult worms (AD), mature muscle larvae (ML) and immature L1 larvae (immL1, also known as newborn larvae) () to improve the technical capacity for research on Trichinella spp. and to generate information that will aid prospective development of relevant hypotheses. In this review, we will summarize findings of our EST analysis and discuss how they relate to topics mentioned above. The foundation laid by this data will also contribute toward development of a more substantial genomic database and technical capacity to dissect molecular interactions between vertebrate hosts and Trichinella spp.     

Campylobacter in poultry: filling an ecological niche

Epidemiological studies indicate that Campylobacter species may be responsible for the majority of cases of sporadic gastroenteritis in humans. These studies also suggest that poultry may be one of the most common sources of the bacteria for humans. Campylobacter and related genera in the family Campylobacteraceae are oral and intestinal commensals of vertebrates and some nonvertebrates, a characteristic that complicates rational approaches to controlling Campylobacter contamination of poultry. This review will discuss the phylogeny, genomics, and physiology of campylobacters with the intention of revealing how these organisms have evolved to fill their intestinal ecological niche in poultry and how their physiology must be understood in order to enact effective control strategies.     

Equine clinical genomics: A clinician's primer

The objective of this review is to introduce equine clinicians to the rapidly evolving field of clinical genomics with a vision of improving the health and welfare of the domestic horse. For 15 years a consortium of veterinary geneticists and clinicians has worked together under the umbrella of The Horse Genome Project. This group, encompassing 22 laboratories in 12 countries, has made rapid progress, developing several iterations of linkage, physical and comparative gene maps of the horse with increasing levels of detail. In early 2006, the research was greatly facilitated when the US National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health added the horse to the list of mammalian species scheduled for whole genome sequencing. The genome of the domestic horse has now been sequenced and is available to researchers worldwide in publicly accessible databases. This achievement creates the potential for transformative change within the horse industry, particularly in the fields of internal medicine, sports medicine and reproduction. The genome sequence has enabled the development of new genome‐wide tools and resources for studying inherited diseases of the horse. To date, researchers have identified 11 mutations causing 10 clinical syndromes in the horse. Testing is commercially available for all but one of these diseases. Future research will probably identify the genetic bases for other equine diseases, produce new diagnostic tests and generate novel therapeutics for some of these conditions. This will enable equine clinicians to play a critical role in ensuring the thoughtful and appropriate application of this knowledge as they assist clients with breeding and clinical decision‐making.     

氟中毒及基因组学技术在其研究中的应用

氟中毒是全世界广泛存在的一种人畜共患性地方病。多年来国内外学者从不同系统、不同程度对氟中毒进行了研究,但多数主要是组织学观察及分析相关的生化成分。伴随着人类基因组计划的实施,作为世界学科发展前沿的基因组学也在高速发展,其在氟中毒中的应用也受到广泛关注。作者对氟中毒和基因组学研究的主要技术及其在氟中毒研究中的应用现状作了简要概述。     

乳酸菌代谢研究进展

乳酸菌代谢研究已进入一个新的时代，本文主要阐述目前乳酸菌在糖代谢、柠檬酸代谢及蛋白质代谢等方面的研究，以及基于下一代测序技术的基因组学、比较基因组学和宏基因组学等技术手段在乳酸菌代谢研究中的应用，旨在为现代乳酸菌代谢研究提供理论支持。     

Leading the pack: Best practices in comparative canine cancer genomics to inform human oncology

Pet dogs develop spontaneous cancers at a rate estimated to be five times higher than that of humans, providing a unique opportunity to study disease biology and evaluate novel therapeutic strategies in a model system that possesses an intact immune system and mirrors key aspects of human cancer biology. Despite decades of interest, effective utilization of pet dog cancers has been hindered by a limited repertoire of necessary cellular and molecular reagents for both in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as a dearth of information regarding the genomic landscape of these cancers. Recently, many of these critical gaps have been addressed through the generation of a highly annotated canine reference genome, the creation of several tools necessary for multi-omic analysis of canine tumours, and the development of a centralized repository for key genomic and associated clinical information from canine cancer patients, the Integrated Canine Data Commons. Together, these advances have catalysed multidisciplinary efforts designed to integrate the study of pet dog cancers more effectively into the translational continuum, with the ultimate goal of improving human outcomes. The current review summarizes this recent progress and provides a guide to resources and tools available for comparative study of pet dog cancers.     

家禽重要性状的基因组学研究与应用现状

近一个世纪的传统选育使家禽的各项生产性能接近表型选育极限,基因组学领域的发展成为突破这一瓶颈的新途径。自2004年第一个鸡的基因组草图发布以来,鸡、鸭、鹅等家禽的基因组参考序列在近年相继发布,且质量逐步提升。基于家禽高质量的基因组参考序列,研究学者进一步对家禽的重要性状展开了系列研究,这些研究加速了我们对家禽重要性状的认识和理解,并为在家禽基因组选择育种中应用筛选出有效的分子标记。本文就家禽的基因组参考序列研究、重要性状的基因组学研究及其应用进行综述。     

三维基因组学概述及其在农业生物育种方面的研究进展

真核细胞中染色质以不同层次的三维结构有序的折叠在细胞核中,其空间层次结构对基因的表达调控和细胞发挥正常的生理功能都起着重要的作用,在动物育种方面具有很大潜力,但尚未被完全探索。本文介绍三维基因组的结构单元(染色质疆域、A/B 区室、拓扑关联结构域和染色质环)以及研究三维基因组的主要技术,对三维基因组学在农业中的研究进展和应用前景进行了探讨,旨在深入了解三维基因组学的功能和应用前景,以期为生物育种改良提供部分帮助。     

The Flint Animal Cancer Center (FACC) Canine Tumour Cell Line Panel: a resource for veterinary drug discovery,comparative oncology and translational medicine

Mammalian cell tissue culture has been a critical tool leading to our current understanding of cancer including many aspects of cellular transformation, growth and response to therapies. The current use of large panels of cell lines with associated phenotypic and genotypic information now allows for informatics approaches and in silico screens to rapidly test hypotheses based on simple as well as complex relationships. Current cell line panels with large amounts of associated drug sensitivity and genomics data are comprised of human cancer cell lines (i.e. NCI60 and GDSC). There is increased recognition of the contribution of canine cancer to comparative cancer research as a spontaneous large animal model with application in basic and translational studies. We have assembled a panel of canine cancer cell lines to facilitate studies in canine cancer and report here phenotypic and genotypic data associated with these cells.     

两种策略分别克隆紫花苜蓿光敏色素A、B基因

短日照是苜蓿秋眠性的主要影响因子,故苜蓿秋眠被认为是一种光周期反应。光敏色素是光周期反应的主要受体,因而探究光敏色素与苜蓿秋眠性之间的关系可能是揭示苜蓿秋眠性机理的有效途径之一。紫花苜蓿光敏色素A、B基因尚未被克隆,本研究采用2种不同的试验策略,分别以mRNA和基因组DNA为起点,根据比较基因组学原理和生物信息学方法,利用RACE和染色体步移等手段,克隆得到了紫花苜蓿光敏色素A 全长和光敏色素B近全长基因序列,为进一步探讨两者在苜蓿生长发育,特别是苜蓿秋眠性的光周期调控机制中的作用奠定了基础, 并为克隆紫花苜蓿其他未知基因等研究提供思路和参考。     

Reporting 678 putative cSNPs from full-length enriched cDNA sequences of the Korean native pig

Sequences from the clones of full-length enriched cDNA libraries serve as valuable resources for functional genomic studies. We have analysed 1970 high-quality chromatograms (Phred value ≥ 30) that were obtained from sequencing the 5' ends of brainstem, liver, neocortex and spleen clones derived from full-length enriched cDNA libraries from Korean native pigs. In addition, 50 000 pig expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence trace files were obtained from Genbank and combined with our sequencing information to facilitate SNP identification in silico . The process generated 8118 contigs, of which 239 included minimum one sequence from Korean native pig and contained 678 putative coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs). Of these, 33 putative cSNPs were randomly selected for confirmatory analysis and validated using 20 pigs from four different breeds (Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire, Korean native pig). Of the 33 putative cSNPs, 20 were confirmed (61%), which was similar to the frequency reported in other studies. We also identified 15 new cSNPs from the validation process, which were not detected by our in silico analysis. Our study shows that analysing genetically diverse pig breeds including the Korean native pig could serve as a useful strategy for generating a large number of cSNPs.     

梅花鹿与欧洲马鹿染色体水平基因组的比较研究

旨在从基因组层面揭示梅花鹿与欧洲马鹿的起源进化,找到与进化过程相关的信号通路并与表型进行关联.本试验以成年雌性梅花鹿与成年雄性欧洲马鹿染色体水平基因组作为研究对象,利用比较基因组学的方法对梅花鹿和欧洲马鹿基因组进行染色体共线性分析,获得两个物种间基因组序列的同源关系和基因组发生的染色体倒位现象,并对被倒位截断和在倒位内...     

生物信息学在畜禽基因组研究中的应用

生物信息学已成为整个生命科学发展的重要组成部分，是生命科学研究的前沿领域。作者简述了畜禽基因组学和畜禽生物信息学的研究概况，着重阐述了生物信息学在畜禽基因组研究中的应用现状，并展望其发展前景。     

乳酸菌基因组学研究进展

乳酸菌基因组学的研究有助于揭示乳酸菌的遗传和代谢机制,通过分析相关功能基因与益生功能的联系,能够充分发挥乳酸菌应用潜力。作者就乳酸菌基因组基本特征、代谢特点、重要功能基因、乳酸菌的比较基因组学进行了综述。