生防微生物BRF-1对大豆根腐病的拮抗作用

BRF-1是从大豆根际分离获得的生防细菌(Bacillus spp.).平板对峙培养结果表明,该菌对大豆根腐病4种主要病原菌大豆尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、腐霉菌(Pythiumspp.)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)具有很强的拮抗作用.进一步盆栽试验发现,BRF-1的不同处理不仅可以有效抑制由尖孢镰刀菌引起大豆根腐病发生,而且还具有促进幼苗生长的作用,是一株极有希望的生防微生物.     

6株生防细菌对大豆根腐病防治效果初步评价

从大豆根际分离出的1500多株细菌中筛选出6株生防细菌,其在离体的条件下对大豆根腐病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)有很好的抑制作用,其中菌株18BRR2-2、18BRR9-1和3BRR16-2在离体的条件下也对茄腐镰刀菌(F.solani)、半裸镰刀菌(F.semitectum)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)有抑制作用,并且这6株生防细菌的发酵液可以抑制尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)的生长.通过温室盆栽和大田试验表明,这些生防菌对大豆根腐病有很好的防治效果,其中菌株18BRR2-2盆栽和大田的防效均最高,分别达到了45.9%和65.00%.而且这些生防菌也表现出对大豆明显的促生作用.认为18BRR2-2号菌株有开发为防治大豆根腐病生防制剂的潜力.     

生防细菌的抑菌谱和对大豆根腐病的防治

用8株生防细菌对15种病原真菌进行室内平板对峙试验,试验结果表明8株生防细菌都具用较广的抑菌谱,其中B021a、B072b对14种病原真菌具有较宽抑菌带,B09、B131对13种病原真菌具有较宽抑菌带。抑菌率为15.6％～67.5％。对大豆根腐病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium axyspo-rum）和茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）分别进行盆栽试验。防效最高为m4b（F．axysporum）达62.7％和mg（F.solani）达60％。各生防菌株对大豆种子发芽均有一定促进作用,同时在种子发芽过程中还能抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。田间试验大豆根腐病防效34.6％～47.6％,各菌株对大豆植株有一定的促生作用。     

黑果花楸根际土壤功能微生物筛选

为筛选具有生防潜力的菌株,以通化县黑果花楸根际土壤为实验材料,采用稀释法分离土壤微生物,平板对峙法筛选生防菌株。结果表明:从供试土壤中分离出细菌24株,放线菌13株,其中,对水稻恶苗病有生防效果的细菌5株,2株拮抗效果明显;人参枯萎病5株,1号细菌最明显;人参根腐病3株,2号细菌最明显;5株细菌对玉米茎腐病病原菌效果,1号细菌对该病原菌菌丝生长抑制效果最明显。1和2号这2株细菌对供试的4种病原菌有较好的拮抗活性,且效果明显;5和6号细菌对水稻恶苗病,人参枯萎病和玉米茎腐病有抑制作用,在这4种病害防控中具有潜在的应用价值。     

复配生防菌株防治大豆根腐病的研究

大豆根腐病（Soybean root rot）是由多种病原真菌复合侵染所致的土传病害,其分布广、危害重,利用单一生防菌株防治困难。针对该问题将实验室筛选出的多个木霉菌生防菌株FMM35、FMM9、FMM5,毛壳菌CHZ1和生防细菌B7进行复配研究,通过测定生防菌的生长速度、产孢量、孢子萌发率及体外拮抗能力,探索复配可能性,并将适宜复配的生防菌组合进行盆栽防效试验。结果表明：不同生防菌之间生长速度、产孢量、孢子萌发率存在差异,综合分析其中组合C1（FMM9和FMM35）复配效果好,避免生防菌间拮抗作用,对大豆根腐病防治效果明显,并对大豆有促生作用,具有复配潜力可进一步研究。     

野生大豆根际微生物的分离及其缓解大豆连作障碍的研究

利用唯一碳源培养基筛选野生大豆根际微生物,分离获得5株分别降解邻苯二甲酸、丙二酸、乙酸、丙酸、苯等大豆化感物质的微生物,分别命名为HK14-2、HK26-2、HN31-1、HK46-2、HK53-1.通过单菌落培养、显微镜观察、革兰氏染色以及PCR-DGGE电泳试验证明,筛选的5种微生物均为细菌,HK26-2为杆菌,其余为球菌,且均为纯系.菌落平皿对峙试验证明5种细菌均可拮抗大豆立枯丝核菌;不同菌剂的大豆盆栽试验证明5种细菌均可降低大豆根腐病发生率,其中HN31-1与HK53-1复配菌剂的防效高达69.5%.统计根系的主根长以及根干重的数据表明:筛选菌剂的添加增加了大豆的主根长以及根干重,改善大豆根际微生态环境.初步认为所分离野生大豆根际细菌可以缓解大豆连作障碍.     

济宁市区夏播大豆田杂草的发生与防除研究

研究结果表明,济宁市夏播大豆田杂草有8科20种,优势种群为马唐和醴肠。田间有二个出草高峰,一峰在大豆播种后的5~15 d,二峰在播种后的40~45 d。茎叶处理方法防除禾本科和阔叶混生的大豆田杂草,以5%盖草双单1 500 ml/hm2为最好,总株防效和鲜重防效均在86%以上。以禾本科杂草为主的大豆田,以8.8%精喹禾灵600 ml/hm2防效最好,株防效在83%以上。以阔叶杂草为主的大豆田,24%克阔乐450 ml/hm2防效最好,株防效在82%以上。     

木霉颗粒剂对大豆根腐病的防治作用

通过室内木霉菌对大豆根腐病优势病原菌--尖孢廉孢菌Fusarium oxysporum平板毒力(EC50)测定,在海伦市和哈尔滨市试验田采用随机区组法进行了木霉颗粒剂小同剂量对大豆根腐病的防治试验.结果表明:木霉菌株(Trichoderma sp.)对大豆根腐病病原菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的EC50为100.3个孢子·mL-1.木霉颗粒剂22.5kg·hm-2的田间防效好于30.0 kg·hm-2和37.5 kg·hm-2,海伦试验田的防效为14.6%～27.6%,哈尔滨试验田的防效为23.2%～43%,在两地分别增产22.3%和6.0%.可以看出该木霉菌对Fusarium oxysporum具有很强的抑制能力,不同用量对火豆根腐病的田间防治效果存在差异,并且在不同试验地点效果不同,木霉颗粒剂22.5 kg·hm-2处理具有明显的增产作用.     

生物拌种剂防治大豆根腐病效果和机制

大豆根腐病是黑龙江大豆产区的主要根部病害,其病原菌主要为Fusarium.oxysporum f.sp.redolens.枯草芽孢杆菌B29对大豆根腐病菌具有较强的抑制作用,将枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌液和一些营养因子等复配成生物拌种剂,通过审内抑菌试验、田间小区试验和PCR-DGGE技术对生物拌种剂对大豆根腐病菌F.oxysporum f.sp.vedolens的抑菌活性和生防机理进行了研究.结果表明:生物拌种剂对大豆根腐病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长具有较强的抑制作用,抑制率与拌种剂浓度呈正相关,原液和10倍稀释液抑制率均达93%以上,1000倍稀释液的抑制率为75%;拌种剂处理大豆后大豆苗期体内与抗性反应相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性明显增强;拌种剂中的生防菌能够在大豆根际土壤中定殖,对根际土壤微生物种群数量末造成影响.田间小区试验显示生物拌种剂对大豆根腐病的苗期防效达60%以上.     

生防芽孢杆菌8-32对盆栽大豆土壤酶系和微生物区系的影响

前期研究中筛选到一株对大豆根腐病病原菌-尖孢镰刀菌具有较强拮抗作用的菌株Bacillus subtilis 8-32,其生防效果达32. 08%。本试验采用盆栽法,研究接种不同浓度枯草芽孢杆菌8-32(Bacillus subtilis 8-32)后,土壤酶系和微生物区系的变化情况。结果表明:使用枯草芽孢杆菌8-32后土壤脲酶活性增加了16. 9%~66. 7%,蛋白酶活性增加了88. 8%~131. 0%,酸性磷酸酶活性增加了20. 6%~51. 8%,碱性磷酸酶活性增加了7. 5%~14. 6%,根际土壤中细菌数量增加8. 5%~72. 5%,对土壤中真菌数量抑制率最高达37. 2%,放线菌数量也有明显增加。说明菌株8-32对由尖孢镰刀菌引起的大豆根腐病有显著的防治效果,具有进一步应用的潜力。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。