集约经营下雷竹种植对土壤基本性质的影响

于雷竹主产区浙江临安太湖源镇采集雷竹不同种植年限的土样,分析集约经营下雷竹种植对土壤基本性质的影响.结果表明:雷竹林土壤随着种植年限的增长,pH值迅速下降,有机质与全氮含量在种植5年后显著增加,全P与阳离子交换量缓慢增加,全K量有不断下降的趋势,同时土壤的速效养分却迅速增加.     

不同种植年限下雷竹林土壤中铝的形态变化

研究了不同种植年限下雷竹林土壤中铝(Al)的形态及变化。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加土壤中有机质含量及阳离子交换量显著提高,而土壤pH值线性下降;土壤交换性Al及络合态Al的含量显著增加,但土壤游离态Al、无定形Al及总Al含量变化并不显著。种植15年后的雷竹林土壤中交换性Al含量约为对照水稻田的51倍,这极可能对雷竹生长产生毒害作用,从而影响雷竹的产笋。但集约经营下雷竹生产与土壤Al毒及土壤酸化之间的关系值得进一步研究。     

集约经营下雷竹林土壤酸化的初步研究

集约经营的雷竹有很高的经济效益,然而长期种植的雷竹林土壤酸化严重,影响了雷竹的可持续经营。研究通过采集浙江临安两样地不同雷竹种植年限的土壤,分析土壤酸化指标,以了解雷竹集约种植下土壤的酸化过程。结果表明,随种植年限的增加,土壤氮磷钾养分积累明显,而pH值下降显著。土壤中交换性酸随时间显著增加,其中交换性铝的比例也在增加,而盐基阳离子及饱和度下降明显。通过简单的方程拟合可以知道不同地点土壤酸化速率有所差异,但最终pH值较为相同,说明强度人为经营措施对土壤性质影响显著。因此,要防治雷竹土壤的酸化需要进行合理有效的管理措施。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷组分影响的Meta分析

【目的】过量施用磷肥导致土壤磷素累积,全磷含量升高,但是有效磷含量往往较低。低分子量有机酸能活化土壤难溶性磷、提高土壤磷素有效性,已成为研究热点之一。为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,本文综合分析了低分子量有机酸对不同类型土壤磷组分的影响,为低分子量有机酸的合理施用和土壤有效磷的提升提供理论依据。【方法】通过收集近30年 (1990—2018年) 来国内外发表的低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的文章,建立了831组包含“有效磷 (available-P)”相关内容的数据库。基于Meta分析 (Meta-analysis),定量研究了不同土壤pH、全磷、有效磷含量、不同培养方式和培养时间及不同酸种类 (苹果酸、柠檬酸及草酸等) 和浓度等条件下,低分子量有机酸对土壤有效磷含量的影响。【结果】检索论文中的低分子量有机酸添加浓度在0～1 mol/L范围内。与不施低分子量有机酸的对照相比,低分子量有机酸可使土壤中钙磷、铝磷、铁磷、闭蓄态磷和有机磷含量分别降低27.1%、21.3%、15.5%、8.22%、5.42%,有效磷含量增加213%。石灰性土壤中,低分子量有机酸可将难溶性八钙磷 (Ca₈-P)、十钙磷 (Ca₁₀-P) 转化为可吸收态的二钙磷 (Ca₂-P),Ca₈-P、Ca₁₀-P含量分别降低8.36%、11.8%,而Ca₂-P含量增加7.90%。在全磷含量 < 1 g/kg和有效磷含量 < 20 mg/kg的低磷土壤中,低分子量有机酸分别能使有效磷含量增加331%和343%,增磷效果分别比对应的全磷含量 ≥ 1 g/kg、有效磷 ≥ 20 mg/kg的高磷土壤高107%和189%。在酸性 (pH < 6) 和中性 (pH 6～8) 土壤中,低分子量有机酸分别能提高土壤有效磷含量329%和320%,在碱性 (pH > 8) 土壤中其增磷效果仅为56.9%。低分子量有机酸活化难溶性磷具有速效性和时效性,培养第1天土壤有效磷含量可增加257%,之后持续增加,在第10～20天达到最高值372%,20天后增磷效果持续减弱。振荡培养试验条件下,低分子量有机酸能使土壤有效磷含量增加334%,高于常规培养试验294%。当低分子量有机酸的添加浓度低于90 mmol/L时,酸浓度越高,其提升土壤磷有效性的效果越好。在所用的低分子有机酸中,草酸和柠檬酸提升磷有效性的效果较好,分别能增加有效磷含量288%和185%。【结论】低分子量有机酸活化土壤难溶性磷的效果受到土壤pH、全磷和有效磷含量的影响,也与添加的有机酸类型和浓度及添加的时间有关。低分子量有机酸提升土壤磷有效性的效果,在酸性和中性且全磷含量较低的土壤中较好。在低分子量有机酸添加量 < 90 mmol/L范围内,提升效果随添加量的增加而增加。作用的最佳效果出现在添加后的10～20天。添加草酸和柠檬酸对土壤有效磷的提升效果较好。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤有效磷及重金属释放影响的研究进展

农药化肥的过量施用、重金属矿产开发冶炼、污水灌溉等导致土壤磷素养分降低和重金属污染,对生态环境、粮食安全和人类健康带来一定的风险隐患。土壤低分子量有机酸是一类重要的土壤有机活性物质,在土壤质地、养分循环和重金属毒害等方面起重要作用,但低分子量有机酸对土壤磷素和重金属释放影响的研究尚没有系统归纳。本文结合国内外研究进展,综述了土壤低分子量有机酸的来源、浓度、功能及其影响因素,举例说明了低分子量有机酸种类、浓度等对土壤磷及重金属释放的影响。系统总结了低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化及重金属释放的机制。低分子量有机酸与其他物质协同提升土壤磷素有效性和降低重金属污染,这些结果为土壤磷素有效性的提升和重金属污染土壤修复提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

低分子量有机酸对可变电荷土壤和矿物表面化学性质的影响

低分子量有机酸是土壤中广泛存在的,它们参与土壤中许多化学过程,在营养元素活化、解铝毒和矿物风化等方面发挥重要作用。本文综述了可变电荷土壤和矿物对低分子量有机酸的吸附及这类有机酸对土壤的表面电荷、动电性质和土壤吸附无机阴、阳离子的影响,为从事相关研究工作的同志提供参考。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化影响的研究

研究两种低分子量有机酸（柠檬酸和苹果酸）对土壤磷活化影响,并用修正的Hedley法测定土壤磷活化前后磷组分的变化。结果表明,低分子量有机酸能持续活化土壤磷,活化强度随低分子量有机酸浓度的增大而增强,并且柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力强于苹果酸。低分子量有机酸能促进作物有效态无机磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）的释放;同时还促进有机磷组分（NaHCO3-Po和NaOH-Po）的矿化。在低分子量有机酸浓度达到0.5 mmol/L以上时,其对土壤磷组分的活化量的顺序为:NaOH-Pi HCl-P NaHCO3-Pi H2O-P,即铁铝结合态磷 钙结合态磷 作物有效态磷。低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的过程中伴有大量铁、铝释放,且铁或铝的释放量与磷活化量之间显著正相关（P0.05）。说明铁、铝结合态磷是低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的主要磷源,并且其活化机制可能与铁、铝结合态磷的螯合溶解有关。     

土壤有机酸与磷素相互作用的研究

土壤有机酸包括低分子量有机酸和腐殖酸,它们构成土壤有机组分中性质较活跃的部分。特别是低分子量有机酸,在土壤形成、养分和污染物的转化过程中起着十分重要的作用,受到土壤、植物营养和环境科学工作者的高度重视。本文着重从它们与磷素相互作用的角度,阐述有关研究进展。主要内容包括:(1)磷营养与植物根系分泌有机酸的特征;(2)有机酸对土壤吸附磷的影响;(3)有机酸与磷的解吸、释放与转化。旨在促进研究工作的深入,并为合理利用磷素,保护生态环境提供科学依据。     

低分子量有机酸对可变电荷土壤吸附性氟解吸的影响

低分子量有机酸可增加可变电荷土壤中吸附性F的解吸,4种有机酸对F解吸影响的大小顺序为:草酸>丙二酸>柠檬酸>苹果酸。有机酸对F解吸的增加作用随有机酸浓度的增加和pH的升高而增加。有机酸可以通过两种机制来增加F的解吸量,一是有机酸阴离子与F对土壤表面吸附位的竞争作用;另一机制是有机酸通过促进土壤氧化铝的溶解来增加F的解吸量。从短程反应看,第一种机制是主要的。     

不同种植年限下雷竹林土壤的有机质转化

大量有机物料投入下的雷竹强度经营方式下,了解其土壤有机质的转化有一定的现实意义。本研究采集分析了不同种植年限下雷竹林土壤的有机质,用13C核磁共振方法分析有机质组成,并通过分解培养试验了解土壤有机质的稳定状况。结果表明,雷竹种植初期土壤有机质较对照稻田有明显下降,但在覆盖经营后则极大地提高了土壤有机质含量,每年每亩表层有机质增加达到616 kg,占投入物料的23.8%;核磁共振分析及分解试验表明土壤增加的有机质其稳定性也有所提高,说明雷竹林经营中有机质可被有效固定,在土壤固碳方面具有一定的意义。     

Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is a poor predictor of low molecular weight organic nitrogen mineralization in soil

Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) has frequently been shown to be a good predictor of the speed of organic residue decomposition and N mineralization in soil. While this relationship appears to work well for complex organic materials (e.g. plant litter), its applicability to smaller organic substrates containing N remains unknown. Here we evaluated whether the intrinsic properties of amino acids and peptides could be used to predict their rate of microbial uptake and subsequent N mineralization. In an agricultural grassland soil we found that C:N, molecular weight, aromaticity and sulphur content provided poor indicators of amino acid bioavailabilityand subsequent NH₄⁺ release into soil. We therefore hypothesize that the position of amino acids along microbial biosynthetic pathways together with internal demand for individual amino acids rather than their C or N content is the primary determinant of N mineralization.     

几种绿肥的根系分泌物对土壤锌的活化效应

由于北方石灰性土壤锌有效性低,作物锌含量无法满足人体营养需求.前期研究发现种植绿肥可提高后茬小麦锌含量且后者与自身吸锌量正相关,但机制尚不明确.通过田间试验测定绿肥(黑麦豆、绿豆、高丹草)地上部锌含量,水培试验收集分析绿肥根系分泌物组成,土壤浸提试验测定根系分泌有机酸对土壤pH值及土壤锌的影响,从而揭示绿肥吸锌能力及其...     

低分子量有机酸对石灰性土壤有机磷组成及有效性的影响

为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,采用室内培养的方法,研究不同有机酸对土壤速效磷含量及有机磷组分的影响。结果表明,添加有机酸后土壤速效磷含量发生显著变化,其中草酸处理下土壤速效磷含量显著高于其他处理,而柠檬酸和苹果酸对土壤速效磷含量具有抑制作用,其活化量为负值;随着培养时间的延长,速效磷含量缓慢降低。速效磷含量随着草酸浓度的升高而升高,随着苹果酸、柠檬酸浓度的升高而降低;有机酸处理后,土壤活性、中活性、中稳性有机磷升高,高稳性有机磷降低,这说明有机酸能促进土壤有机磷由有效性低的形态逐步向有效性高的形态转化,其中草酸的作用效果总体上较柠檬酸和苹果酸强。     

MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AS AFFECTED BY ACID PRE-TREATMENT AND FRACTIONATION INTO HUMIC AND FULVIC ACIDS

Effects of acid pre-treatment and fractionation on the molecular weight distribution of OIM Na₄P₂O₇ organic matter extracts were investigated in a chronosequence of weakly weathered soils developed on aeolian sand in New Zealand. Acid pre-treatment of soils with OIM HCl followed by OIM HCI:03M HF was found to enhance the polydispersion in the nominal molecular weights of the extracts. The same treatment resulted in significant increases in yield and reduction in ash content. However, prolonged standing of extracts in the acids led to acid-induced polymerization, resulting in a predominance of organic matter in the higher nominal molecular weight ranges. Fractionation of organic matter extracts by acid precipitation into humic and fulvic acids did not separate them according to molecular weight as commonly believed. Instead, fulvic acids from most soils were found to have similar nominal molecular weight distributions to those of their humic acid counterparts. A large proportion of soil fulvic acid compounds was in the > 100 000 nominal molecular weight range.     

A COMPARISON OF THE POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS EXTRACTED BY WATER FROM AN AGRICULTURAL TOP SOIL WITH THOSE EXTRACTED BY ALKALI

Humic and fulvic acids were isolated from an agricultural soil by conventional means. The same soil was extracted with water and the organic matter freed of inorganic and low molecular weight substances. The usual chemical differences between humic acid and fulvic acid were confirmed and the water extract was shown to resemble fulvic acid quite closely. Further fractionation of the fulvic acid and water extract showed that the elemental composition, carboxyl and acidic hydroxyl contents, molecular weights, and infrared spectra of the purified polycarboxylic acids were virtually identical. Both promoted the same growth response in cultured isolated tomato roots. It is suggested that the qualitative similarity of fulvic acid to the polycarboxylic acid extracted by water justifies the use of the more easily isolated fulvic acid in physiological experiments on the direct effects on plants of soil organic matter.     

低分子有机酸/盐对森林暗棕壤铁的释放效应

模拟森林凋落物淋洗液中草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐的浓度范围,设计了不同浓度草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐溶液一次性浸提和多次连续浸提等系列实验,结果表明,草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐对暗棕壤铁具有活化作用,活化作用大小因有机酸/盐种类、浓度和土壤性质而异。随着低分子有机酸/盐浓度的增加,A1层和B层暗棕壤活化释放的铁也逐渐增多。pH 5.16的低分子有机盐溶液对A1层和B层暗棕壤铁的活化作用强于同浓度的相应低分子有机酸,即柠檬酸盐>柠檬酸,草酸盐>草酸,因此推断草酸盐和柠檬酸盐溶液促进暗棕壤铁活化释放的机理主要在于低分子有机酸阴离子的配位反应。柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐对A1层和B层暗棕壤铁的活化作用强于同浓度的草酸/草酸盐,即柠檬酸>草酸,柠檬酸盐>草酸盐,这主要与柠檬酸对铁较强的络合能力及较大的离解常数有关。A1层与B层相比,草酸/草酸盐和柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐均对B层暗棕壤释放的铁量较高。另外,低分子有机酸对暗棕壤铁的释放并不是一次就能完成的,第一次以后的连续4次浸提仍源源不断释放出数量可观的铁。     

毛竹林地土壤团聚体稳定性及其对碳贮量影响研究

通过对集约经营毛竹林地土壤团聚体的测定,结果表明毛竹林地3个土壤层次各粒径团聚体分布特征为>5 mm的含量在土壤团粒结构中占主导地位,占总团聚体的比例为26.39%~42.38%;其次为1~5 mm含量,占14%~18%;<0.25 mm的含量最小,占2.31%~6.73%。毛竹林土壤团聚体平均重量直径平均值为0.90 mm,并且随着土壤层次的增加有逐渐增加的趋势。毛竹林地土壤总有机碳的积累与0.25~3.15 mm土壤团聚体中有机碳含量呈显著相关,与>3.15 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量相关不显著。毛竹林地0~20 cm土壤层中,分布在>5 mm和3.15~5 mm粒径土壤团聚体中的有机碳比例分别为14.86%和11.26%,低于20~40 cm和40~60 cm土壤。这也说明,长期集约经营毛竹林后,林地土壤有机碳含量下降的主要原因可能是>5 mm粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量下降。     

Macromolecule‐P associations and inositol phosphates in some chilean volcanic soils of temperate regions

Abstract

Total organic P, humic and fulvic acid‐P associations and inositol phosphates in nine volcanic soils of southern Chile were determined. The concentration of organic P (Po) ranged from 654 to 1942 ppm accounting for 49% to 64% of total soil P. Phosphorus associated to humic (HA‐P) and fulvic acids (FA‐P) accounted for 51–68% and 32–49% of Po, respectively. Inositol penta‐ and hexaphosphates represented 42% to 67% of Po suggesting that significant amounts are associated with both humic and fulvic acids. Po content was significantly correlated to organic C, total soil P and HA‐P. HA‐P and FA‐P fractions obtained from the most representative soil were examined by dyalisis and gel filtration. While approximately 96% of HA‐P presented a molecular weight higher than 100,000 daltons, 53% of FA‐P had a molecular weight under 12,000 daltons. It is suggested that these more labile organic P forms would be more easily mineralized, thus increasing the available P pool.     

Effect of organic amendment on amount and chemical characteristics of humic acids in upland field soils

To assess the effect of continuous organic material (OM) application on soil humic acids, the amount and chemical characteristics of humic acids in various types of soils (n = 10) were compared between plots treated with farmyard manure (FYM) or rice straw compost (RSC) plus chemical fertilizer (CF) and plots treated with CF alone. The degree of humification (degree of darkening), molecular size distribution and ¹³C cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of humic acids from CF‐treated soils showed wide variation among the soils. Humic acid content was generally larger in OM + CF soils than in corresponding CF soils, and the stable C isotopic ratio suggested partial replacement of indigenous humic acids with OM‐derived ones even where no apparent increase in humic acid content was observed. The rate of OM application and the indigenous humic acid content were related positively and negatively, respectively, to the apparent accumulation rate of humic acids among soils. The degree of humification of humic acids was generally smaller in OM + CF soils than in CF soils. Humic acids extracted from FYM and RSC exhibited chemical characteristics typical of humic acids having a smaller degree of humification, which suggested the contribution of OM‐derived humic acids to the differences between OM + CF and CF soil humic acids, such as larger average molecular sizes and smaller and larger proportions of aromatic C and O‐alkyl C, respectively, relative to total C in the OM + CF soil humic acids. Little change was observed in the chemical characteristics of humic acids when the degree of humification of indigenous humic acids was small. The effect of OM application on the chemical characteristics of humic acids was most conspicuous in soils containing humic acids having an intermediate degree of humification, possibly resulting from the combination of accelerated degradation of indigenous humic acids and the accumulation of OM‐derived humic acids.