几种理化处理对秦岭冷杉种子萌发特性的影响

采用流动水冲洗、赤霉酸（GA3）溶液浸种、硝酸钾（KNO3）溶液浸种、氧化氢（H2O2）溶液浸种等方法处理秦岭冷杉种子，对秦岭冷杉种子的萌发特性进行研究，进一步探讨秦岭冷杉种子快速解除休眠、促进萌发的技术。结果表明，流动水冲洗对秦岭冷杉种子萌发具有明显的促进作用；50mg／L、100mg／L、200mg／L赤霉素均可显著提高种子发芽率；硝酸钾对秦岭冷杉种子萌发有促进作用，0．1mol／L硝酸钾效果最好；1％过氧化氢对秦岭冷杉种子的萌发作用效果最佳。     

壮瑶药野甘草种子萌发特性研究

研究壮瑶药植物野甘草种子萌发特性,为野甘草育种以及规范化种植提供科学依据。以野甘草种子为材料,测定不同温度和光照条件下种子发芽率,及聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)、赤霉素(GA)、硝酸钾浸种对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：（1）野甘草种子在20℃和35℃恒温条件下不萌发,25℃、30℃、15/25℃变温、20/30℃变温和25/35℃变温条件的发芽率分别为78%、43%、73%、94%和75%;（2）野甘草种子在全黑暗条件下不萌发,由黑暗转入光照后,种子正常萌发;（3）浓度为1%~5% PEG-6000、1~100 mg/L GA和1~5 mmol/L KNO₃浸种后,野甘草种子发芽率均显著高于蒸馏水对照处理,分别为86%~90%、93%~95%和87%~88%。野甘草种子为需光性种子,适宜发芽温度为20/30℃变温,PEG-6000(1%~5%)、GA(1~100 mg/L)和KNO₃(0.01~5 mg/L)浸种可促进野甘草种子萌发。     

温度和盐碱度对药用蒲公英种子萌发的影响

以三倍体药用蒲公英(T.of ficinale)种子为试材,研究不同温度条件和盐碱胁迫对蒲公英种子萌发特性的影响.结果表明:药用蒲公英种子萌发的最适宜温度为15～20℃,在低温(5℃)和高温(35℃)条件下,种子均可萌发,但发芽率、发芽势明显下降.盐碱胁迫均降低种子发芽率,30 mmol/L的盐碱浓度对药用蒲公英种子萌发抑制最小,150 mmol/L时,种子萌发率极低,200 mmol/L时,种子完全不能萌发.表明蒲公英对盐碱胁迫具有一定的耐受性,碱性盐对蒲公英种子的萌发抑制作用大于中性盐.     

铝对益母草种子萌发的影响

以益母草为研究材料，设置了6个铝处理浓度（0mg/L，1mg/L，10mg／L，100mg／L，1000mg／L，5000mg／L），研究了不同浓度的铝处理对益母草种子萌发的影响。结果表明，铝浸种降低了益母草种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和植株的鲜重等；在本实验条件下，50％益母草种子萌发的时间延长。     

药剂处理对瓜尔豆种子低温萌发和活力的影响

用不同的药剂分别在20℃、15℃条件下浸泡瓜尔豆种子24h，放入15℃的发芽箱中发芽。结果表明：400ml／kg乙烯利、10mg／kgAMP、20mg／kg6-BAl5℃浸种显著或极显著的提高种子活力，促使种子低温萌发；而20℃浸种时对种子萌发没有显著影响。0．1％水杨酸钠在15℃条件下能显著提高种子的发芽率，较长时间的维持种子活力。0．1％甲醛处理完全杀死种子。20mg／kgIAA20℃浸种、30mg／kg2，4-D15℃浸种抑制种子的萌发。200ml／kgCCC、500mg／kgGA3、0．1mol／LKNO3、25ml／kg肌醇15℃或20℃浸种效果均不明显。     

软叶刺葵种子萌发生理和脱水耐性研究

对软叶刺葵种子进行不同的化学催芽处理，结果表明：20％过氧化氢和浓硫酸浸泡5min、0．3％亚硝酸钠和0．2％的硝酸钾溶液浸种24h后，发芽率显著升高，发芽速度显著加快，尤以亚硝酸钠和浓硫酸处理效果为好；200～1000mg／L赤霉素和20～100mg／L激动素溶液浸泡24h也能显著促进种子萌发，但催芽效果与其溶液浓度有关。成熟种子轻度脱水，发芽率有所上升，但含水量下降至17％以下，发芽率急剧下降；当含水量下降10％以下，发芽力完全丧失，表明软叶刺葵种子很可能是中间型种子。     

珍稀药用植物新疆阿魏种子萌发特性研究

研究了新疆阿魏种子吸水规律及不同光照、温度浸种、低温层积、赤霉素（GA3）处理对新疆阿魏种子萌发的影响。结果表明：新疆阿魏种子存在生理休眠;光照对该种子萌发无显著影响;4℃低温层积40d可以整体解除种子休眠;500—1500mg／LGA3浸种48h可以加快20℃下发芽速度,1000mg／LGA,处理效果最好,处理后6天种子萌发。     

环境因素对不同地区牛筋草种子萌发的影响

为了探明牛筋草种子的萌发特性及其关键环境影响因子，为在复杂的农业环境条件下，对牛筋草综合治理奠定基础，本研究通过室内生测试验，研究了温度、光照、盐碱度、干旱、pH值等环境因子对河南安阳、江苏盐城和海南三亚3个地区牛筋草种子萌发的影响。结果表明，牛筋草种子最低发芽温度为10℃，当温度上升到30~35℃时，3个地区的牛筋草种子发芽率均达到最大值；在20/10~40/30℃的变温条件下均可发芽，且当温度为35/25℃时发芽率最高。变温和恒温处理条件下，光照对种子萌发的影响基本一致，均表现为低温条件下（恒温≤25℃，变温≤25/15℃），黑暗处理有利于牛筋草种子的萌发。牛筋草种子萌发受水势影响较大，随水势的增加，发芽率逐渐降低；盐碱胁迫可降低种子的发芽率，当NaCl浓度大于100 mmol/L或NaHCO3浓度大于150 mmol/L时，3个地区的牛筋草种子不能萌发；牛筋草种子在pH 5~10范围内均能正常萌发，所以pH值不是限制萌发的主要因素。     

硝酸铈浸种对白菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本文研究了硝酸铈浸种对白菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。采用5mg／L、10mg／L、30mg／L、50mg／L的硝酸铈溶液分别对白菜种子浸种3h、6h、24h，计算白菜种子的发芽率，测量白菜幼苗根长。结果表明，50mg／L硝酸铈浸种3h、30mg／L和50mg／L硝酸铈溶液浸种24h对白菜种子萌发均有显著的抑制作用；所有浓度的硝酸铈浸种3h对白菜幼苗根长均有显著的促进作用，50mg／L硝酸铈溶液浸种6h、所有浓度的硝酸铈浸种24h对白菜幼苗根长均有显著的抑制作用。     

温度、盐分和光照对荒漠植物盐爪爪种子萌发特征的影响

为探索盐爪爪对荒漠干旱盐碱环境的适应性,研究了不同温度、不同盐分浓度及光照(光暗交替和全黑暗)处理对盐爪爪种子萌发的影响。结果表明,低温或高温能显著抑制盐爪爪种子萌发,种子萌发的适宜温度为30℃/15℃;在同一温度和光照条件下,盐爪爪种子的萌发率与萌发指数随着盐胁迫浓度增加呈现下降的趋势;温度和盐分对盐爪爪种子萌发存在交互作用,低温或高温均显著降低了盐爪爪种子萌发的耐盐性;在同一温度下,光暗交替与全黑暗条件下,种子萌发率有显著差异。在适宜温度下(30℃/15℃),光暗交替与全黑暗条件下种子耐盐临界值分别为393.6 mmol/L和259.0 mmol/L,极限值分别为664.7 mmol/L和403.3 mmol/L,光照能显著提高盐爪爪种子萌发时期的耐盐性。因此,温度和盐分可作为盐爪爪种子萌发时期主要限制生态因子,同时光照也可作为重要的调控生态因子。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.