我国干旱荒漠区珍稀濒危植物资源的综合评价及合理利用

1.前言我国干旱地区面积超过100万平方公里,占国土面积的11％强。干旱区主要是荒漠景观,在如此广阔的土地面积上,全部高等植物仅约3900种,常见更不过数百种。因而,干旱荒漠区珍稀濒危植物的种类远比我国热带、亚热带、湿润温带的种类少。现已编入我国植物“红皮书”的干旱荒漠种约17种,其中属2级保护的7种,属3级保护的10种(表1),仅占保护植物总种数的4.4％。我国干旱荒漠地区位于古地中海范围,自石炭、二叠纪已经形成陆地,且从白垩纪,尤其是第三纪起,气候趋于干旱,从而干旱植物区系逐渐形成。现该地区建群植物和优势植物     

八种荒漠珍稀濒危植物的抗旱性研究

保护珍稀濒危植物,必须研究和掌握这些植物的特性。对于荒漠地区的珍稀濒危植物,则应首先研究其抗旱的性能,因为“干旱”是荒漠植物生存的限制因素。关于植物抗旱性的研究,一直是较为复杂的难题,许多学者对该问题均进行过努力随着电子计算机技术的开发和应用,解决上述问题,无论在理论上还是在实际应用中都已成为现实。本项研究就是运用现代数量分类方法中用的最多的一种方法——主分量分析(principal components analysis),对八种荒漠珍稀濒危植物的抗旱性进行排序分析,现将研究结果报告如下。     

新疆阜康盐生植物园植物简介

为了保护盐生植物种质资源,建立长期研究盐生植物耐盐机理的基地和未来的开发利用,中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所在阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外科学实验研究站内,历经6年,初步建成了以强耐盐盐生植物为主的植物园,占地约7 hm2。现已栽种102种盐生植物,隶属于20科59属,以当地藜科、柽柳科、豆科、禾本科为主。介绍了新疆阜康盐生植物园的植物种类、生活型、生境、耐盐型、功用等。新疆阜康盐生植物园位于扇缘地下水溢出带,是天然盐生植物集中分布区,该处的生态与环境自然选育了丰富的盐生植物种类,在此建园基本不会改变盐生植物的生物学和生态型特征。新疆是盐土的"博物馆",决定了盐生植物种类多样化,持续完善、维护该盐生植物园对盐生植物宝贵抗逆基因的研究和利用具有深远意义。     

东阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯狭域特有植物濒危分级标准与优先保护级的确定研究

本文以东阿拉善—西鄂尔多斯狭域特有 1 5种荒漠植物为研究对象 ,采用“3S”技术与野外调查相结合 ,同时结合前人研究经验 ,确定其现存分布范围、数量。研究制定东阿拉善—西鄂尔多斯地区特有植物濒危分级标准的定量化指标。通过对评价指标的定量化和权重分配处理 ,求得 1 5种荒漠植物的“濒危系数”和“优先保护值” ,并进行濒危等级划分。从而真实、客观、全面地反映该区域特有植物的濒危状况和急需优先保护程度。     

15种荒漠珍稀濒危植物化学成分分析初步研究

植物的化学成分与环境条件有密切的关系,研究不同生境条件下植物化学成分可了解植物生物学,生理生化特性,而在相同生境条件下的植物化学成分可了解植物种间的特性和变异,对植物的迁移,繁育提供立地依据。关于我国一些植物种群和优势植物的化学成分,候学煜先生做过系统的研究。对荒漠植物的营养成分也有报导。本文着重荒漠珍稀植物化学成分的研究,进行种间比较,为今后荒漠植物的开发和利用以及对荒漠区域植物生理,生态学。地球化学的研究提供资料。 1.材料与方法     

河北珍稀濒危药用植物资源研究

利用IUCN国际标准和二级模糊评判法确定河北省级濒危保护植物基础上,对其中的珍稀濒危药用植物资源进行了初步研究,以期为开发利用提供依据。研究表明:河北省有药用价值的珍稀濒危植物共计121种,隶属55科,90属。其中一级保护植物33种,二级保护植物46种,三级保护植物42种。系统分析了河北珍稀濒危药用植物的种类组成、药用部位及药用价值,并结合本省药用植物的实际生存状况,提出了具体的保护建议。     

阿拉善荒漠特有植物与特征植物花粉形态的研究

本文利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对分布于阿拉善荒漠区的１６种荒漠植物（分属于８个科１５个属）花粉形态进行了比较观察。结果表明,１６种荒漠植物花粉形态各异,尤以大小、形状、萌发器官类型、表面纹饰特征表现突出。科间差异显著,属间差异明是为,种间差异细微,说明花粉形态系非保守性状,在科、属、种间均具有分类学意义。基于荒漠植物的特殊性,本文还为荒漠植物的种质资源保护、生物多样性研究及荒漠植被与草地资源研究提供了孢粉学资料。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠西南部的短命植物及其新记录种

本文采用野外实地调查、标本整理及资料查阅的方法,研究塔克拉玛干沙漠西南部荒漠环境的短命植物,分析其种类组成、生活型特征(物候特性)和植物区系类型。结果:①研究区的短命植物种类有十字花科、禾本科、菊科、紫草科、茄科、车前科、罂粟科及牻牛儿苗科等8科21属的27种,其中十字花科有15种。新记录种有卷果涩荠、大蒜芥、蝎尾菊、偏穗雀麦、旱麦草、中亚天仙子、牻牛儿苗、垂果大蒜芥及砂蓝刺头等10种,占该区域短命植物的37%。②该区域短命植物生活史特征有夏性、冬性及春性。③该区域短命植物分别属于北温带分布、地中海-西亚至中亚分布、旧世界温带分布、世界分布及中亚分布,其中北温带分布及地中海-西亚至中亚分布的植物有15种,占研究区统计种类的51. 86%。该研究结果丰富了新疆南部特殊生境下的短命植物类群,为开发和保护该地区植物种质资源及揭示短命植物对不同生态环境的响应具有重要意义。     

新疆霍城县大、小西沟野果林种子植物组成及资源

新疆伊犁霍城大、小西沟野果林是以野樱桃李群落为主的野果林,共有种子植物60科233属500余种.林区野生植物资源丰富,统计表明:有野生果树38种、食用植物30种、饲用植物60种、蜜源植物111种、观赏植物128种、香料植物50种、药用植物113种.其中包括国家重点保护植物9种;新疆维吾尔自治区重点保护植物9种;中国珍稀濒危保护植物3种.通过多次实地调查分析,阐明了霍城野果林野生果树的分布、繁衍规律和植被、生境状况;综述了植物资源类型和用途及野生樱桃李群系生存的濒危程度.并提出在霍城大、小西沟野樱桃李集中分布区建立自然保护区的建议.     

内蒙古额济纳旗繁殖期鸟类群落与生态分布

2016年至2018年的5月和6月,采用样线法和样点法对额济纳旗的鸟类种类、数量和分布进行了多次调查。本项调查中共记录到繁殖期鸟类63种,隶属于18目30科,其中留鸟13种,夏候鸟42种,旅鸟8种。在繁殖鸟类中,古北界的鸟类有37种,占58.7%,鸟类区系具有典型的古北界特征。文中对该地区不同生境鸟类群结构及其之间的关系进行了分析,鸟类主要集中分布在湖泊湿地生境以及农田居民点,荒漠生境鸟类数量最少。湖泊湿地生态系统物种数、物种多样性、群落均匀度、群落丰富度均最高,荒漠生境均最低,即湿地生境是额济纳旗生物多样性存续的关键,而荒漠生境是生态恢复工程的重点区域。此外,湖泊湿地生态系统与农田生境的鸟类相似度最低,而绿洲和农田生境的相似度最高,即水资源相似的生境,鸟类群落相似性高。本项调查为阿拉善地区鸟类和生境保护提供了科学依据。     

长叶红砂和红砂种子萌发对光照、温度和水分的响应

长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)和红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)均为荒漠地区超旱生小灌木,长叶红砂为红砂属珍稀种,而红砂为广布种。通过种子萌发对光、温和土壤水分需求的研究表明,长叶红砂对光照不敏感,而黑暗有利于红砂的萌发。种子萌发的适宜温度均为恒温20-25℃或15/25℃变温。25℃后,随着温度升高萌发率下降。土壤含水量在3%以上时,有利于两物种的萌发,萌发适宜的含水量都在12%。在各种条件下,珍稀种长叶红砂的萌发均高于广布种红砂,说明种子质量和萌发并没有造成长叶红砂的珍稀濒危。但长叶红砂高萌发率却不利于应对荒漠地区极端和不可预测的环境变化,增加了生存的风险性,可能是其濒危原因之一。     

Delayed seed dispersal species and related traits in the desert of the United Arab Emirates

The ability of plants to safely retain seeds in the mother plant is an adaptive mechanism described in many desert plants. However, research about delayed seed dispersal species in the desert of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is lacking. This study aims to identify these delayed seed dispersal species and assess the relationships of the presence of delayed seed dispersal with plant growth form, habit, spatial dispersal, antitelechoric mechanism, and seed release time. The relationships between the presence of delayed seed dispersal and the above studied traits were assessed by using the Pearson Chi-square test and Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis (NLPCA). Results showed that a total of 46 delayed seed dispersal species were recorded (15.0% of 307 studied species) and the highest incidence occurred in the Fabaceae family (17.4%). Delayed seed dispersal species were predominantly perennial plants (73.9%) with spatial restricted dispersal (67.4%), which released seed in the dry season (45.7%). The dominant groups of delayed seed dispersal species were persistent fruits species and synaptospermy (28.3%). All graminoids showed persistent lignified fruits, while prostrate annuals were basicarpic species with myxospermy. Sandy habitats had the highest number of delayed seed dispersal species (54.3%), whereas salt flats had the lowest (23.9%). In the desert of the UAE, delayed seed dispersal species spread seeds until the end of the dry and windy season, thus breaking seed dormancy at this time and ensuring seed germination in the next arrival of the rainy season. This morphological and ecological adaptation of delayed dispersal species is essential to the survival and sustainable development of vegetation in desert environments.     

内蒙古额济纳旗植物区系地理研究

本文全面论述额济纳荒漠植物区系的区系组成，区系特征，地理成分特征，与周围地区特有成分和优势建群成分的比较及其对区系划分的意义。并指出了该旗应加强对珍稀濒危植物的保护。     

新疆北塔山地区珍稀濒危植物种类及其地理成分

北塔山为中蒙边境的界山,地处新疆境内,属典型干旱山区,植物种类贫乏,区内珍稀濒危植物共计21种,隶属16科16属。其中,国家重点保护野生植物8种,中国物种红色名录收录6种,新疆重点保护野生植物15种;珍稀濒危种子植物区系分布区类型以北温带成分为主,与地中海、西亚至中亚分布及其变型联系紧密,中亚分布类型有微弱渗入;珍稀濒危种水平分布西多东少,集中分布于海拔900~2 000 m,且以旱生灌木、半灌木为主,仅有少量中生和湿生植物。     

干旱区五种野生观赏植物的引种栽培试验

本文采用不同催芽方法、育苗和栽培技术 ,对蒙古扁桃 ( Prunus mongolica Max-im.)、粗壮黄芪 ( Astragalus H oantchy Franch.)、沙冬青 ( Ammopiptanthus mongolicus ( Max-im.) Cheng f.)、山丹 ( L iliun pumilum DC.)和内蒙古野丁香 ( Leptodermis ordosica H.C.)五种分布于内蒙古西部具有观赏价值又为珍稀濒危植物的种子萌发特性、成苗特性进行了研究 ,同时进行了引种栽培技术的初步探索。结果表明 :蒙古扁桃和粗壮黄芪的种子经机械打磨处理后 ,在湿润的沙性基质中栽培效果较好 ,生长两年的植株移栽成活率较高 ;山丹在壤土中萌发率较高 ,异地移栽的山丹 ,如室内栽培 ,需进行春化作用和人工授粉才能开花、结果 ;沙冬青在沙性较强的基质及一定的湿度条件下栽培效果良好 ;内蒙古野丁香则在黏土中生长良好。     

Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with blueberry dieback and sources of primary inoculum in propagation nurseries in New Zealand

Sampling at blueberry farms found Botryosphaeriaceae fungi in five of seven farms sampled; overall incidence was 41.4%, with Neofusicoccum australe (79.0%), N. luteum (8.0%), N. ribis (8.0%) and N. parvum (5.0%). Sampling of nursery plants found infections in all four nurseries with 45% incidence in mainly asymptomatic plants, which were infected with N. australe (66.0%), N. parvum (31.5%) and N. ribis (2.5%). Asymptomatic propagation cuttings from one nursery were found to have external contamination of Botryosphaeriaceae DNA (90.0%) and internal infection (65.0%) by the four main species found in the blueberry farms and nurseries. For propagation media nested PCR showed that out of the 98 samples received, 43 samples were positive for the presence of Botryosphaeriaceae DNA (44.0%). Results from the SSCP indicated that N. australe, N. luteum, N. parvum/ N. ribis and Diplodia mutila were present in the propagation media received. Isolates of the four main species recovered from farms and nurseries were pathogenic on blueberry stems but pathogenicity differed significantly between species and isolates within a species, with N. ribis being the most pathogenic, then N. parvum, N. luteum and N. australe. Overall, the high rate of infection in nursery plants indicated that nurseries can be a major source of infection for blueberry farms. Since propagating cuttings are the likely sources of infection for nurseries, these should be targeted in the control strategies.     

Biological control of crown gall in rose nursery stock

Rooted plants and cuttings ofRosa indica were dipped or sprayed withAgrobacterium radiobacter strain 84 and planted in a commercial rose nursery. Crown gall was controlled effectively and equally well when the protectant inoculum was grown in broth or on agar and used for treating plants which were immediately planted in naturally infested soil (mean disease control was 91%). Untreated rooted-plant stock and unrooted cuttings had 20% and 0.7% galled plants, respectively, at the end of 8 months in the field; plants and cuttings dipped inA. radiobacter} inoculum had 0.6% and 0.1% galled plants, respectively. Spraying with inoculum also gave effective control of the disease. Fewer plants of the untreated nursery stock survived the 8 months between planting and harvesting than treated stock.     

半日花（Helianthemum songaricum）根系生态适应特征

珍稀濒危灌木半日花（Helianthemum songaricum）是古老的第三纪孑遗植物,其群落是荒漠植被的主要类型之一。采用全根挖掘法研究西鄂尔多斯半日花的根系形态特征,调查群落内土壤机械组成和有效降雨后土壤水分的垂直分布格局。结果表明：半日花根系分布深度在100 cm左右,根幅为冠幅的30倍以上,根冠比为2～3;...     

The ecological role of dew in assisting seed germination of the annual desert plant species in a desert environment,northwestern China

It is important to understand the effects of dew events on non-mucilaginous seed germination of annual desert plant species during dry seasons, which is critical to maintaining long-term soil seed banks in a harsh desert environment. We hypothesize that dew deposition also assists in the non-mucilaginous seed germination of annual desert species. A common field dew treatment experiment was conducted in the Linze Inland River Basin Research Station to investigate the effects of dew deposition on the seed germination of four annual species, including Agriophyllum squarrosum, Corispermum mongolicum, Bassia dasyphylla and Halogeton arachnoideus. The results showed that the presence of dew significantly increased seed germination percentages and decreased the nonviable seed percentages of B. dasyphylla and H. arachnoideus, whereas there was no such trend for the seeds of C. mongolicum and A. squarrosum. The ecological effects of dew on the seed germination and viability of the annual desert plants were species specific. Although dew wetting is insufficient to cause seed germination, it may help in priming the seeds.     

关于宁夏盐池沙漠化地域植被恢复的试验研究

<正> 土地沙漠化是当今世界公认的重大环境问题,被列为全球生态环境十大问题之一。中国宁夏回族自治区林业厅和日本海外林业咨询协会,基于保护地球自然生态、制止沙漠化发展的共同目标,共同合作在宁夏盐池县高沙窝林场合作营建治沙试验林50ha,1990年春开始试验。试验项目是在年平均降雨270mm的半干旱流动沙区、无灌溉条件下,通过迅速恢复