The role of blood vessels and lungs in the dissemination of Naegleria fowleri following intranasal inoculation in mice

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) was induced in mice by intranasal inoculation of Naegleria fowleri (Singh et Das, 1970) to study the role of the blood vessels and lungs in the early and later stages in this disease. Upon culturing blood and lung tissue obtained at 24-, 36-, 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-hour time periods, it was found that amoebae grew only from blood and lung tissue obtained at the 96 and 120 hour time periods. Paraffin sections of the head revealed small foci of acute inflammation and amoebae within the olfactory bulb of the central nervous system (CNS) at 24 hours. Amoebae were not observed within blood vessels of the CNS until 96 and 120 hours. Also, amoebae were observed within the connective tissue surrounding blood vessels and sutures of the skull, bone marrow, and venous sinusoids between the skull bone tables at 96 and 120 hours. No amoebae or acute inflammatory reactions were observed in the lung sections from any time period and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy was negative for N. fowleri. This study provides evidence that neither blood vessels nor lungs provide routes for N. fowleri to the CNS during the early stages of PAM and that amoebae enter veins of the CNS and bone marrow during later stages of the disease.     

The effects of some factors on the growth and morphology of Naegleria sp. and three strains of the genus Acanthamoeba.

The effects of various biophysical and chemical factors on the cytology of vegetative stages of Naegleria sp., Vitek strain, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Neff strain and Acanthamoeba polyphaga, No. 1289, were studied. The amoebae were cultured in a liquid medium under axenic conditions. The optimum temperature was 37 degrees C for pathogenic strains of Naegleria sp. and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni and 20 degrees C for A. castellanii. No changes were observed in the growth of A. polyphaga at the temperatures 20 degrees and 37 degrees C. The strains investigated grew at pH values of 5.6 to 7.7 using Soerensen's buffer. At the limit values the growth was inhibited and the morphology of cells was markedly changed. All of the four strains grew still at pH 8.4 kept by NaHCO3. A. polyphaga grew at partial anaerobiosis. The three tested strains of the genus Acanthamoeba grew in liquid axenic medium with 0.89% NaCl. The growth of Naegleria sp., Vitek was inhibited already at 0.2% concentration of this salt. The addition of 3 X 10(-2) m KCl to the culture medium had a harmful effect on the growth and morphology of three tested strains, except A. polyphaga. In the culture medium containing 2 X 10(-3) m CaCl2 the encystment of both pathogenic strains was stimulated. The cytological changes under experimental conditions were manifested by atypical movement of trophozoits and their intracellular structure.     

驼绒藜属植物蒸腾作用的某些特征

采用快速称重法测定了驼绒藜属 ( Ceratoides)植物 3个种 5个生态型蒸腾速率和失水率叶片离体 1 2分钟内的连续变化。结果发现 ,分段蒸腾速率 ( STR)和分段失水率 ( SDR)表现为无规则律动模式 ,其变幅和节奏具有不可预知性 ;平均蒸腾速率 ( ATR)表现为曲率较小的相对平滑的抛物线。ATR的线性分布较好地体现出植物间蒸腾速率调节能力的差异。华北驼绒藜的 2个生态型和驼绒藜宁夏生态型蒸腾作用的调节能力较强 ,而来自新疆的心叶驼绒藜和驼绒藜新疆生态型调节能力则较弱。不同植物 ATR的线性参数对温度、相对湿度和光照强度的敏感性差异很大。     

水、氮调控对夏玉米根系特性的影响

采用土柱模拟试验研究了水、氮调控措施对夏玉米根系生长状况及其与籽粒产量之间的关系.结果表明:水分对根系干重、根系活力、根系表面积的影响较氮肥大;根系干重随土层深度增加而减小,0～ 10 cm土层尤为明显;0～20 cm根系密度较高,根系密度随土层深度增加先减小后上升;根干重和根系密度随施氮量增加而降低,根冠比基本呈减小趋势;氮肥能提高玉米根系活力.根干重、根系密度、根表面积和根系活力与籽粒产量和玉米地上部分干物质量均呈极显著相关关系;根冠比只与地上部分相关;根表面积和根系活力之间呈极显著相关关系;根系活力和根系吸氮能力对玉米生长和籽粒的形成有很重要的作用,存在显著正相关性.     

马铃薯炭疽病菌的生物学特性及培养性状研究

对马铃薯炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum coccodes)生物学特性及不同碳、氮源的利用能力等进行了研究.结果表明,马铃薯炭疽病菌菌丝在5～40℃均能生长,最适生长温度为30℃;分生孢子在25℃时萌发率显著高于其他温度,在液态水中萌发率显著高于其他相对湿度,pH6.7时萌发率显著高于其他pH条件(P＜0.05);薯块浸提液中萌发率显著高于马铃薯根、茎、叶和土壤浸提液(P＜0.05);分生孢子萌发对光不敏感,在有无光照条件下都能萌发,且差异不显著.除D-阿拉伯糖和氯醛糖外在其他碳源培养基上菌落直径显著高于对照(P＜0.05);硝酸铵对该菌生长有显著促进作用(P＜0.05),而碳酸铵、L-谷氨酸、尿素、大豆蛋白胨、L-组氨酸、L-精氨酸、亮氨酸、蛋白胨和甘氨酸有显著抑制作用(P＜0.05);不同培养基对该菌生长影响不同,在PDA培养基上生长最快,在水琼脂培养基上生长最慢,且在不同培养基上菌落形态有差异.     

东北岩高兰枝芽萌发及分枝生长特性研究

为探究濒危植物东北岩高兰枝芽萌发、分枝和枝条生长特性,以大兴安岭北部满归林业局高地林场石质山地东北岩高兰为研究对象,在疏林-林缘-石隙连续样带设置标准地,分别均等选取标准株和标准枝,调查枝芽形成的时间、类型、着生部位、萌发时间、1a枝长和枝径、样株1~5a枝的叶和不定根生长情况。结果表明:1)东北岩高兰越冬枝芽5月中下旬萌发,顶芽和近枝顶腋芽具早熟性,可在当年8月中下旬萌发,秋梢长度0.5~1.0cm,形成新枝的顶芽在密集叶包裹下越冬。2)顶端优势具多变性,形成"一优多强顶端优势"或"多强顶端优势",以适应多变的极端生境拓展种群生存空间。3)枝芽萌发抽枝分为5种类型,非近枝顶侧枝为偶见;各类型分枝率1.00~6.44,新枝数量差异较大。顶芽萌发对侧枝、特别是非近枝顶侧枝的抽生具有一定的抑制作用。4)3a枝匍匐生长且逐渐生根成不同匍匐茎克隆个体,形成与贫瘠生境中不同生存资源微生境相协调的生长发育响应策略,保证种群在总体干旱、贫瘠、多风极端生境下的不同微生境中生息繁衍。     

干旱胁迫对柳枝稷生长与生理特性的影响

为研究柳枝稷的抗旱性,利用盆栽试验针对柳枝稷在干旱胁迫处理下的生长与生理特性开展试验.结果表明:1)干旱胁迫显著抑制了柳枝稷的生长,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量都显著降低,根冠比显著增加;2)光合作用受到抑制,光合-光强响应曲线特征参数都显著降低;3)主要渗透性物质如可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸浓度显著增加,抗氧化系统相关酶活性如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性显著增强.柳枝稷具有较强的抗旱能力,能够一定程度上适应干旱、半干旱地区的不利环境.并采用聚类分析法筛选出Alamo和Kanlow两个抗旱能力强的柳枝稷品种.为柳枝稷在干旱、半干旱边际土地的推广种植奠定了基础.     

Growth characteristics of spring barley and selected weeds. I. Effect of irradiance in growth chambers

A study in growth chambers with three irradiance levels was carried out over a four-week period on individual seedlings of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and five weed species (Brassica rapa L. ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzger, Chenopodium album L., Galeopsis tetrahit L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., and Viola arvensis Murray). Increased irradiance resulted in larger dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and lower leaf area ratio (LAR). The number of leaves per plant, plant length, leaf area, and shoot/root ratio were unaffected by irradiance levels, During the experimental period the net photosynthetic rate increased, while NAR remained the same, and RGR, LAR, and shoot/ root ratio decreased. On the basis of leaf area and dry weight, especially at the high irradiance level during the last part of the experimental period, barley, B. rapa, and C. tetrahit had the largest values, followed by C. album and S. media with medium values, and V. arvensis with the smallest values. As for leaf area and dry weight, S. media took more advantage of the low than the high irradiance level compared with C. album. Species differences are discussed with regard to competitive ability.     

Growth characteristics of spring barley and selected weeds. II. Effect of temperature and irradiance in growth chambers

As a part of a broader study, two experiments were carried out in growth chambers with three day/night temperature regimes (10/7, 20/14 and 30/21^C) studying growth characteristics of individual seedlings over a four-week period. Experiment 1 was performed with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Galeopsis tetrahit L., and Viola Arvensis Murray. Experiment 2, with three irradiance levels at 20/14^C, and one irradiance level at the other temperatures, was performed with spring barley, V. arvensis, Chenopodium album L., Brassica rapa L. sspoleifera (DC.) Metzger, and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Leaf area, dry weight, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, and net photosynthetic rate generally showed an optimum at 20/14^C. Increasing irradiance resulted in a decreased specific leaf area. Expressed as fraction of shoot dry weight, green leaves decreased and stems, flowers, and yellow leaves increased with increased time, irradiance, and temperature. At all temperatures, barley, B. rapa and G. tetrahit had the largest dry weights, but at 20/14^C. C album and S. media and at 30/21^C C. album also had large values. Differences in dry weight between species correlated more to morphological features than to assimilation rate.     

盐胁迫对嫁接西瓜幼苗生长及碳、氮、磷、钾化学计量特征的影响

为探究抗枯萎病嫁接西瓜的盐适应性,获得抗枯萎病的耐盐组合,本研究基于1个自根苗京欣二号和2个嫁接苗[(Bj-6×893)+京欣二号]、[(Bj-9×341)+京欣二号],分析盐分胁迫对西瓜幼苗期叶片C、N、P、K含量及其元素计量比特征、光合特性和生物量累积的影响。结果表明:自根苗的根冠比、净光合速率和C∶N显著低于嫁接苗[(Bj-6×893)+京欣二号](9.6%、44.2%和15.5%)和[(Bj-9×341)+京欣二号](21.1%、30.1%和23.0%),而嫁接苗[(Bj-9×341)+京欣二号]的单株生物量、净光合速率、K含量和C∶P分别比嫁接苗[(Bj-6×893)+京欣二号]显著低9.7%、20.2%、70.3%和24.9%。与对照相比,盐胁迫分别使自根苗京欣二号和2个嫁接苗[(Bj-6×893)+京欣二号]、[(Bj-9×341)+京欣二号]的净光合速率显著下降60.3%、45.8%和41.9%,其C∶K显著下降48.2%、35.2%和59.4%,使叶片K含量显著增加44.8%、27.8%和56.8%;嫁接苗[(Bj-6×893)+京欣二号]、[(Bj-9×341)+京...     

杨树角斑病病原菌分离及其培养特性研究

对杨树角斑病菌进行分离和鉴定,并研究不同培养条件对其培养特性的影响,以获得病原菌的纯培养并筛选出最佳培养条件,为杨树角斑病防治提供理论参考。分别采用组织和单孢分离法分离病原菌,根据子实体形态和病菌rDNA ITS序列对其进行鉴定。观察不同培养基、温度、光照、pH对病原菌生长的影响。结果表明,自然条件下,用杨树角斑病菌的分生孢子分离较病组织分离易成功。根据病菌的形态特征和rDNA ITS序列分析,将病菌鉴定为柳假尾孢[Pseudocercospora salicina(Ell.&Ev.)Deighton]。培养基、温度、光照、pH等因素影响病菌在培养基上的生长。燕麦培养基、pH6～7、25℃、黑暗条件是适合的培养条件。     

Some characteristics of the egg shells of quail fed gamma-BHC

The effects of feeding a diet containing gamma-BHC at a level of 200 mg/kg on various aspects of egg production and egg shell quality of the Japanese quail were studied. No adverse effects were observed on rate or pattern of egg production, egg size, shell thickness, calcium content, shearing strength or structure as seen through the scanning electron microscope.     

碧护对花生生长及产量性状的影响

花生是我国主要油料作物之一,栽培范围分布甚广,种植面积和总产量仅次于印度居世界第二位。近年来花生种植面积逐年递增,而绝大多数花生是种植在沙薄地且无水浇灌的地块上。随着极端天气频繁出现,特别是高温、干旱等情况越来越重,严重影响花生的生长及产量。     

Some effects of the herbicide EL-107 on cellular growth and metabolism

Effects of the herbicide EL-107 (N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxy-benzamide) on the growth of dicotyledonous plants are described. The herbicide did not inhibit germination but reduced the growth of rape (Brassica napus L.) by half at 0.0057 mg l^?1. The most characteristic symptom induced was a swelling of the apical regions, and histological observations of root tips of Polygonum persicaria and rape revealed a progressve disappearance of the meristematic zone, which was replaced by enlarged cells almost devoid of cytoplasm. Growth of cells of Acer pseudoplatanus L. and soybean (Glycine max L.) cultured in suspension was also inhibited by EL-107, which induced a characteristic change in the cell morphology to an enlarged, rounded shape. EL-107 apparently did not block cell division; at a high concentration it produced some inhibition of protein synthesis, but in Acer cells only. In both types of cell cultures it inhibited, to some extent, the incorporation of glucose into cell wall material.     

黑果枸杞茎叶生长及其生态化学计量特征对灌水施肥的响应

在石羊河中游田间条件下,通过灌水和施肥调节黑果枸杞生长。测定不同时期黑果枸杞茎、叶生长量及其化学计量学特征变化,分析器官水平生长速率与化学计量学特征的关系,验证生态化学计量学理论"生长速率假说"。灌水施肥显著促进了茎长、基径和叶片长、宽及叶干重的生长(P<0.05),而茎长、基径、叶面积和叶干重的相对生长速率与对照之间无显著差异。各处理下黑果枸杞新梢C含量及C∶N、C∶P随生育期进程呈增加趋势,而N、P及N∶P呈降低趋势;灌水和施肥处理后茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,茎N、P含量高于对照。各处理叶片C、N、P含量在生育期内呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P及N∶P呈增加趋势;灌水和施肥后叶片C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,叶片N、P含量高于对照。茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P显著高于叶片(P<0.05),而N、P含量及N∶P显著低于叶片(P<0.05)。生长速率假说认为,生物个体的生长速率与体内的N∶P、C∶P具有负相关关系,与N、P含量呈显著的正相关关系。各处理黑果枸杞茎、叶的生长速率与其N、P含量及C∶P、N∶P总体相关性不显著。表明施肥灌水调节下黑果枸杞茎叶生长及化学计量学特征不支持生长速率假说。     

抛秧栽培田稻飞虱的发生特点

系统观察和大田普查结果一致表明,抛秧栽培田前期稻飞虱（以白背飞虱为主）发生量明显高于常规移栽田。高峰期虫量,前者是后者的2.5倍以上。为此,初步分析了抛秧栽培田虫量较大的原因,提出了重点监测,适时早治,机动喷雾,连片防治的防治策略。     

Mode of action of insect growth regulators in lepidopteran tissue culture

Insect growth regulators (IGRs) have been proposed as agents for the control of insect pests. These compounds disrupt the normal development of insects by mimicking juvenile hormone and the molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdsyone, or by interfering with chitin synthesis. The effectiveness and selectivity of IGRs provide new tools for integrated pest management. The simultaneous advances in the chemistry of IGRs and the ability to study insect tissues in culture, have led to research on the mode of action of IGRs in vitro. Plodia interpunctella and Spodoptera frugiperda have been used to examine the effects of IGRs on wing imaginal discs in organ culture, as well as in hormonally responsive cell lines established from wing imaginal discs of these species. Our research has focused on the action of ecdysteroid mimics, chitin synthesis inhibitors and juvenile hormone mimics. The effects of the IGRs on chitin synthesis, uptake of amino-sugars, and cellular proliferation were studied in tissue culture. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of using organ cultures and hormonally responsive cell lines for investigating IGRs at the cellular and tissue level. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry