欧洲鳗对几种蛋白质饲料的体外消化研究

利用体外消化法研究了欧洲鳗粗酶液对鱼粉、发酵豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、啤酒酵母、蝇蛆粉、膨化大豆、豆粕、花生粕、红虫粉等10种单一蛋白源以及另外5种复合蛋白源酶解7 h的体外消化率以及酶解液中游离氨基酸的生成量,以期筛选出最有可能替代鱼粉的蛋白原料。结果表明:(1)最有望部分或全部取代鱼粉的植物性蛋白源为啤酒酵母、发酵豆粕和花生粕,其干物质和粗蛋白质体外消化率分别为62.75%、55.15%、49.45%和78.50%、70.70%、85.70%;动物性蛋白源中红虫粉和蝇蛆粉的干物质体外消化率与鱼粉差别不大,粗蛋白质消化率红虫粉蝇蛆粉鱼粉。(2)在0～7h,各种蛋白源酶解氨基酸生成量基本呈增加趋势,对植物性蛋白源来说,啤酒酵母氨基酸生成量明显高于其他植物性蛋白源,其次是发酵豆粕、玉米蛋白粉和花生粕,较低的为菜籽粕、膨化大豆、豆粕。对于动物性蛋白源来说,红虫粉体外消化生成氨基酸的量明显高于鱼粉和蝇蛆粉。这一结果说明红虫粉和啤酒酵母是优质的蛋白源,很容易被鳗鱼消化吸收利用。(3)对于混合蛋白源混1、混2、混3、混4、混5来说,其干物质和粗蛋白质的体外消化率分别为:混1混2混5混4混3;混2混1混5混4混3,而原料中粗蛋白含量为混3混4混5,其鱼粉添加量分别为80%、70%、60%,混1、混2均不含鱼粉,这说明鳗鱼对几种植物性蛋白源的粗蛋白体外消化率均高于鱼粉,这也与之前单一蛋白源的粗蛋白体外消化率结果一致。     

异育银鲫对9种饲料原料体外消化率的测定

利用异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)的肠道消化酶提取液,采用体外消化率的测定方法,分别测定了9种饲料原料的体外消化率。结果表明,异育银鲫对酵母水解物Ⅰ、酵母水解物Ⅱ的干物质和粗蛋白质体外消化率较高(干物质50%,粗蛋白60%),对豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉的干物质和粗蛋白质体外消化率次之;对酵母水解物Ⅲ、啤酒酵母粉、阿根廷肉骨粉、花生粕的体外消化率较低(干物质40%,粗蛋白50%)。本实验的体外消化率结果可为异育银鲫饲料原料的选择提供参考依据。     

青鱼对8种饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)对国产鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、玉米蛋白粉、大豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和米糠8种饲料原料干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、总磷和总能的表观消化率。试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%待测饲料原料组成,并以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。选取平均体重为(60.17±1.28)g的青鱼270尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。对照组试验鱼饲喂基础饲料,试验组试验鱼分别饲喂1种试验饲料。饲喂1周后采用自排法收集粪便待测。结果表明:8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总磷、总能以及总氨基酸的表观消化率的范围分别是62.17%～86.47%、83.34%～95.84%、78.93%～100.06%、37.33%～81.99%、66.75%～89.86%、86.33%～96.58%。在8种饲料原料中,玉米蛋白粉的干物质、总磷和总能的表观消化率最高,而大豆粕的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高;棉籽粕的干物质和总能的表观消化率最低,米糠的粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率最低。各饲料原料中总氨基酸表观消化率与粗蛋白质表观消化率的变化趋势一致,其中以蝇蛆粉最低。由此可见,大豆粕和玉米蛋白粉是青鱼的优质植物蛋白质源,可适量替代鱼粉;蝇蛆粉中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率都较低,在青鱼饲料中的添加量不宜过高;花生粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕也是较好的植物性蛋白质源,在青鱼饲料中适量添加既有利于饲料的营养平衡,还可降低饲料成本;米糠作为青鱼的能量原料必须保持新鲜,并控制其在饲料中的用量。     

南美白对虾对四种蛋白质原料的离体消化率和酶解动力学研究

采用离体消化法和茚三酮法研究了南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)的胃、肝胰脏及肠道粗酶液对鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕和花生粕的离体消化率和酶解动力学。结果表明:①在离体状态下,南美白对虾消化道不同部位对干物质消化率为:胃>肝胰脏>肠道,且鱼粉在胃部的消化率显著高于肝胰脏和肠道(P<0.01),花生粕在肠道的消化率极显著低于胃和肝胰脏(P<0.01);对蛋白质消化率为肝胰脏>胃>肠道,且菜粕和花生粕在肠道的消化率极显著低于胃和肝胰脏。鱼粉差异显著(P<0.05)。②粗酶液对4种原料干物质的总消化率高低依次为:豆粕50.78%、菜粕42.02%、花生粕39%、鱼粉36.50%;对粗蛋白总消化率高低依次为:花生粕60.40%、豆粕56.45%、鱼粉46.28%、菜粕43.28%。③粗酶液对4种蛋白原料酶解时所产生氨基酸的生成量随着酶解时间的变化具有一定的线性关系;在0～4h内在酶解过程中所产生氨基酸的总量为肝胰脏(96.72mg)>胃(31.28mg)>肠道(27.58mg);酶解时氨基酸生成总速度为花生粕(3.9154mg/h)>鱼粉(3.4774mg/h)>豆粕(2.8316mg/h)>菜粕(2.7404mg/h)。     

用回-直肠吻合法测定猪饲料氨基酸消化率研究

本试验选用4头经回-直肠吻合手术阉公猪(体重23.5±1.8kg)测定了玉米、次粉、麦麸、乳清粉、血浆蛋白粉、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、花生粕等11种猪饲料氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率.结果表明,乳清粉、鱼粉蛋白氨基酸真消化率最高,菜籽粕、棉籽粕、花生粕较低,玉米蛋白粉最低.     

青鱼对8种常用蛋白源的表观消化率

为完善青鱼对常用蛋白源的可消化性数据,按照"70%基础饲料+30%被测原料"的饲料配制方法,用三氧化二铬为指标物,测定了青鱼鱼种[(23.5±2.2)g]对血粉、进口褐鱼粉、国产鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、葵仁粕、菜籽粕8种蛋白原料干物质、粗蛋白和磷的表观消化率。结果表明:青鱼对8种原料的干物质、蛋白质和磷表观消化率分别为49.29%~86.57%、74.82%~93.88%和23.06%~37.82%。     

建鲤对7种饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)对鱼粉、肉骨粉、豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)7种常用饲料蛋白质原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、总磷和总能的表观消化率.营养物质表观消化率采用基础饲料(基础饲料Ⅰ、Ⅱ)和试验饲料(按基础饲料和待测原料7︰3的比例配制)测定,以0.5%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)为外源指示剂.选用平均体重为(200.0±4.7) g的建鲤240尾,随机分为8组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾.从8组中随机选取1组为对照组,饲喂基础饲料;其余为试验组,饲喂试验饲料.试验分为2个阶段,第1阶段(1～4周)采用基础饲料Ⅰ,用于干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸和总能表观消化率的测定;第2阶段(5～8周)采用基础饲料Ⅱ,用于总磷表观消化率的测定.结果表明,各试验原料的干物质表观消化率在35.44%～71.10%之间,其中花生粕和豆粕的干物质表观消化率(分别为71.10%和65.15%)显著高于其他原料(P＜0.05).各试验原料的粗蛋白质表观消化率在60.31%～88.75%之间,其中豆粕的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,而最低的为玉米DDGS,并且豆粕和花生粕的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著高于其他原料(P＜0.05).本研究中总磷的表观消化率相对较低,最高的为玉米DDGS(38.69%),最低的为肉骨粉(6.52%).从总体上来看,鱼粉、豆粕和花生粕的单个氨基酸及总氨基酸的表观消化率均处在较高水平,而肉骨粉和玉米DDGS的单个氨基酸及总氨基酸的表观消化率均处在较低水平.由此可知,对建鲤而言,豆粕和花生粕是较好的植物性蛋白质原料.     

鳙鱼对10种蛋白质饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)对鱼粉(国产)、干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)、菜籽粕、米糠、豆粕、酶解羽毛粉、棉籽粕、小麦麸、玉米蛋白粉和花生粕中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能以及氨基酸的表观消化率。试验饲料按照基础饲料和待测饲料原料7∶3的比例构成,并添加0.5%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源指示剂。挑选初体重为(290.02±2.82)g的鳙鱼,随机分成11组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。随机选取1组作为对照组投喂基础饲料,剩余10组为试验组分别投喂试验饲料。投喂1周后通过虹吸法收集粪便。结果表明:1)10种饲料原料中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率的范围分别为69.9%~85.7%、73.5%~88.3%、81.2%~91.1%和81.9%~86.3%。2)在10种饲料原料中,米糠总能的表观消化率最高,而鱼粉的干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的表观消化率最高;酶解羽毛粉的干物质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率最低,玉米蛋白粉的粗蛋白质的表观消化率最低。3)各饲料原料氨基酸的表观消化率基本维持在65.59%~99.17%,且都以小麦麸较低。由此可见,鳙鱼对鱼粉具有很好的利用效果,其次是豆粕和花生粕,而酶解羽毛粉中粗蛋白质的表观消化率最低,小麦麸各氨基酸的表观消化率均比较低。     

吉富罗非鱼幼鱼对10种饲料原料表观消化率的研究

本试验以0.5%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)为指示剂研究吉富罗非鱼幼鱼对10种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、磷、总能和氨基酸的表观消化率.10种饲料原料分别为玉米蛋白粉、玉米柠檬酸渣、玉米胚芽粕、普通豆粕、发酵豆粕、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、麦芽根、鱼粉和蚯蚓粉,试验日粮由70%的基础饲料和30%的试验饲料原料组成.选用初体重为(7.05±0.09)g的吉富罗非鱼苗495尾,随机分为11组,每组3重复,每个重复15尾鱼,其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂1种试验日粮,收集的粪便样品待测.结果表明:10种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、磷、总能和氨基酸的表观消化率范围分别为41.7%～98.9%、90.6%～99.6%、73.1%～98.8%、49.5%～99.6%、45.4%～99.7%和83.3%～100%.在10种饲料原料中,鱼粉、蚯蚓粉和大豆分离蛋白的干物质、粗蛋白质、总能表观消化率较高;玉米柠檬酸渣和蚯蚓粉的粗脂肪表观消化率较高;玉米胚芽粕和蚯蚓粉的磷表观消化率较高.蚯蚓粉的总能表观消化率最高,麦芽根的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能表观消化率最低,大豆浓缩蛋白的磷的表观消化率最低.各原料氨基酸表观消化率的变化趋势与蛋白质表观消化率的趋势一致.由此可知,大豆分离蛋白、蚯蚓粉可视为鱼粉的优良动植物替代物,大豆浓缩蛋白、普通豆粕和发酵豆粕的营养价值略低于大豆分离蛋白、蚯蚓粉和鱼粉,麦芽根的营养价值最低.     

蓝狐对不同蛋白质来源日粮干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率的比较研究

本试验测定了蓝狐对6种动物性蛋白(鸡肉粉、秘鲁鱼粉、鸡肠羽粉、肉骨粉、羽毛粉和猪肉粉)来源日粮和5种植物性蛋白(玉米蛋白粉、膨化大豆、豆粕、膨化玉米和玉米胚芽粕)来源日粮的干物质和粗蛋白质的表观消化率,比较了不同性别蓝狐对同一蛋白质来源日粮的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率差异.选取健康成年蓝狐公、母各110只,公、母狐分别随机分成11组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只.每组试验日粮的粗蛋白质由单一的试验饲料原料提供.预试期7 d,正试期3 d.结果表明,在6种动物性蛋白来源日粮中,羽毛粉日粮干物质表观消化率最高,但与鸡肉粉和秘鲁鱼粉日粮差异不显著(P>0.05);肉骨粉和猪肉粉日粮干物质表观消化率显著低于羽毛粉和鸡肉粉日粮(P<0.05).鸡肉粉日粮粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,但与秘鲁鱼粉、鸡肠羽粉和羽毛粉日粮差异不显著(P>0.05);猪肉粉和肉骨粉日粮粗蛋白质表观消化率显著低于鸡肉粉日粮(P<0.05).在5种植物性蛋白来源日粮中,膨化大豆日粮干物质表观消化率最高,但与豆粕日粮差异不显著(P>0.05);膨化玉米日粮的干物质表观消化率显著低于其他4种日粮(P<0.05).豆粕日粮的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,但与膨化大豆和玉米蛋白粉日粮差异不显著(P>0.05);膨化玉米和玉米胚芽粕日粮的粗蛋白质表观消化率显著低于其他3种日粮(P<0.05).不同性别蓝狐对同一日粮的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率均差异不显著(P>0.05).由此得出,作为育成期蓝狐日粮的蛋白质来源,6种动物性蛋白原料中以鸡肉粉最佳,5种植物性蛋白原料中以豆粕最佳.不同性别蓝狐对同一日粮干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率差异不显著.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.