不同生育时期渍水对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光及籽粒灌浆特性的影响

渍害是南方稻茬小麦高产障碍因子之一。2011—2013年以小麦品种‘川麦104’和‘内麦836’为材料,设置对照(CK)和不同时期渍水处理(分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期,渍水时间均为35 d),测定花后旗叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶绿素荧光参数和籽粒灌浆参数,以明确不同生育期渍水对小麦光合特性及籽粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,随时间推移,花后0~25 d,两品种的SPAD值和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ、q P和NPQ)变化不大;到花后35 d,SPAD值、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0和ΦPSⅡ急剧下降,NPQ明显上升。渍水处理对花后15 d和25 d的SPAD值和多数叶绿素荧光参数无显著影响;花后35 d,分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水的SPAD、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ和q P显著高于对照,NPQ则显著低于对照。分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水对粒重及籽粒灌浆进程影响较小,拔节期渍水和孕穗期渍水显著提高了灌浆速率、缩短了灌浆持续时间,粒重较低。粒重与SPAD值呈显著正相关,粒重和SPAD值均与灌浆速率无相关性,但与灌浆持续时间(有效灌浆期和活跃灌浆期)、尤其灌浆中后期(快增期和缓增期)呈显著正相关。‘川麦104’在灌浆期均表现出较高SPAD值、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ和q P。结果表明,分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水对旗叶花后光合能力及灌浆进程影响较小,在四川稻茬小麦栽培管理中,应重视拔节期和孕穗期渍害的排除,以保证花后较高的光合能力及较长籽粒灌浆时间,从而保证较高粒重。     

花后渍水对不同耐渍型冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

江汉平原冬小麦中后期常遭受涝渍灾害,为明确花后渍水对冬小麦籽粒灌浆进程的影响,以郑麦9023（耐渍型）和扬麦20（敏感型）2个小麦品种为研究对象,利用灌排可控的测坑模拟冬小麦花后不同天数（5、9、13和17 d）的渍水胁迫,应用Richards模型对冬小麦籽粒灌浆进程进行了模拟,在此基础上分析各籽粒灌浆参数与渍水天数的关系。结果表明：花后渍水5、9、13和17 d,郑麦9023（耐渍型）分别减产10.84%、19.51%、25.93%和36.52%,扬麦20（敏感型）分别减产14.25%、25.84%、37.26%和47.84%。导致冬小麦减产的主要原因是千粒质量降低,花后渍水天数每增加1 d,冬小麦郑麦9023和扬麦20千粒质量分别降低0.961和0.996 g。Richards方程能极显著模拟花后渍水冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程,拟合方程决定系数均在0.99以上。对耐渍型冬小麦,花后渍水主要显著缩短活跃灌浆期,且主要是显著缩短籽粒灌浆快增期和缓增期的持续天数;对敏感型冬小麦,花后渍水主要显著降低籽粒灌浆三阶段的灌浆速率。花后渍水增加1 d,郑麦9023籽粒活跃灌浆期缩短0.827 d,籽粒灌浆快增期、缓增期灌浆持续天数分别缩短0.492、0.963 d,扬麦20单粒最大灌浆速率降低0.046 mg/d、单粒平均灌浆速率降低0.032 mg/d,籽粒灌浆渐增期、快增期和缓增期单粒灌浆速率分别降低0.011、0.040和0.010 mg/d。研究可揭示花后渍水致使冬小麦减产的影响过程,为冬小麦涝渍灾害防控提供理论支撑。     

长期施用磷肥对冬小麦根际磷、锌有效性及其作物磷锌营养的影响

以中国农业大学昌平试验站长期定位试验为基础,研究了长期施用磷肥对冬小麦根际磷锌有效性及其对作物磷锌营养的影响。结果表明,长期施用磷肥[P2O5,135.kg/(hm2.a)]导致土壤有效磷含量逐年提高;对根际和非根际土壤有效锌含量没有显著影响,但是根际土壤有效锌含量显著高于非根际土壤;长期施用磷肥冬小麦抽穗期植株锌含量显著低于不施磷处理;无论拔节期和抽穗期,植株含磷量和植株磷锌比(P/Zn)都随着施磷量的增加而显著增加。长期施用磷肥处理(P1和P2)在显著提高了冬小麦子粒含磷量的同时,显著降低了其含锌量;冬小麦子粒磷锌比(P/Zn)随着施磷量的增加也显著增加,子粒含磷量与含锌量呈极显著的负线性相关关系。     

Mn与N、K配施对冬小麦子粒中氨基酸含量的影响

在潮土区采用分设正交区组三因素五水平通用旋转组合设计的田间试验,研究了Mn与N、K配施对冬小麦各项氨基酸指标的作用。结果表明,Mn与N、K配施同小麦子粒中各氨基酸含量的关系模型均达到10%以上的显著水平;氮、钾作用强度较大,锰相对较小;氮量偏低和钾量偏高都可能导致氨基酸含量急剧降低。合理的Mn与N、K配比可以显著提高小麦的营养品质;N、K2O和MnSO4.H2O施用量分别在105.66～194.07、155.55～222.93和60.63～82.72.kg/hm2范围内,小麦各项氨基酸指标均可获得较为合理的数值;其中,氮肥肥效最大,锰肥在氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸等营养品质的肥效上优于钾肥。     

钾肥对冬小麦根系营养生态的影响

在国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地上 ,研究了钾肥对冬小麦根系营养生态的影响。结果显示 :在N、NP基础上增施钾肥明显提高冬小麦根系钾素含量 ,增大根表面积 ,提高根系活力和根干物重 ,促进根系生长 ,增加深土层 ( 4 0～ 10 0cm)根系的生态分布 ,改善根冠比。根系活力、深层根量、根长、根表面积和根干物重等与冬小麦籽粒产量显著相关 ,达到显著或极显著水平 (相关系数r分别为 0 92 6 、0 86 5 、0 84 6 、0 893 、0 996 ,r0 0 1=0 874 ,r0 0 5=0 75 4 ) ,由此可见 ,钾素营养对冬小麦根系营养生态的改善有利于小麦籽粒产量的提高。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦氮素营养效率的影响

试验研究盆栽控制水分条件下冬小麦不同生育期水分胁迫对其N素营养的效应结果表明,小麦生育期水分胁迫影响其N素的吸收、运转及产量,其影响程度依次为拔节～抽穗期＞抽穗～灌浆初期＞灌浆初期～成熟期＞返青～拔节期,拔节～抽穗期水分胁迫极显著地降低冬小麦的N素营养效率.     

耕作和保墒措施对冬小麦生育时期光合特征及水分利用的影响

为探明不同耕作保墒措施下冬小麦生育期间光合生理特征及其增产机理,采用田间试验,以常规耕作为对照,采用深松、秸秆覆盖、免耕、施用有机肥及保水剂等措施,研究了不同耕作和保墒措施对冬小麦生育期间光合作用、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:冬小麦光合速率和叶片水分利用效率均以孕穗期最高,而灌浆期最低。蒸腾速率和气孔导度均以扬花期最高。对不同处理而言,在各生育时期均以深松处理的光合速率和叶片水分利用效率最高,其次为秸秆覆盖处理。在拔节期、孕穗期和扬花期以有机肥处理的蒸腾速率最高,而灌浆期以秸秆覆盖的蒸腾速率较高,在全生育期对照的蒸腾速率均较低。气孔导度与蒸腾速率表现规律基本一致。不同耕作、保墒措施均提高了小麦的穗数、穗粒数及千粒重,以及小麦籽粒产量和水分生产效率,降低了小麦总耗水量;各处理中以深松处理的效果最佳,其产量和水分生产效率分别较对照提高19.6%和38.3%。相关分析表明:各时期的小麦光合速率及叶片水分利用效率均与小麦产量和水分生产效率呈正相关,且随生育期的推进,其相关性增强,特别在扬花期,光合速率对于小麦产量和水分生产效率的影响更显著。     

不同施氮时期对冬小麦子粒蛋白质组分及其动态变化的影响

2002～2003年在新疆乌鲁木齐和昌吉两个试验点,进行新疆不同栽培条件下氮肥施用时期对冬小麦子粒产量和蛋白质组分变化的研究。试验结果表明,在氮肥施用量一定的情况下,拔节期施氮处理小麦产量显著高于返青期和孕穗期施氮的处理,说明拔节期施氮有利于实现小麦高产。在新疆冬小麦栽培条件下,随施氮时期后移,子粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量有所减少,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白的含量增加;孕穗期施氮可以明显提高子粒麦谷蛋白的含量,有利于小麦加工品质的改善。不同施氮时期对小麦产量和品质的影响不同,施氮时期后移能提高小麦子粒的麦谷/醇溶比值;但不同品种在不同地区种植,其施氮时期后移的效应存在一定的差异。     

花后土壤干旱和渍水对不同专用小麦籽粒品质的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,以4个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦基因型为材料,研究了花后土壤干旱(SRWC=45%～50%)、渍水和适宜水分条件(SRWC=75%～80%)下小麦籽粒主要品质特性。干旱显著提高各品种籽粒蛋白质含量、谷蛋白含量及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值,并显著提高面粉干/湿面筋含量。渍水显著降低了籽粒谷蛋白含量及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值。干旱和渍水均显著降低籽粒淀粉产量和支链淀粉含量,直链淀粉含量提高,从而不同程度地降低籽粒直/支链淀粉比。干旱和渍水对各品种籽粒面筋指数、沉降值和降落值的影响因品种而异。与对照相比,干旱和渍水下小麦籽粒各品质性状间的相关性降低,表明土壤水分逆境下各籽粒品质特征值与正常水分条件下差异明显,从而改变了专用小麦的籽粒品质特性。     

不同时期追氮对冬小麦植株氮素积累及转运特性的影响

采用盆栽和大田相结合,并应用15N示踪技术,研究了不同时期追氮对两个不同穗型冬小麦品种植株氮素积累及转运特性的影响。结果表明,成熟期小麦植株各部位氮素积累量和分配比例均表现为子粒茎鞘+叶根系或颖壳+穗轴;子粒中氮素积累量以拔节期追氮处理最高,氮素在子粒中的分配比例以抽穗期追氮最高,在根系中的分配比例则以全部底施处理最高。小麦植株吸收追施15N的比例为16.45%～26.6%,兰考矮早八和豫麦49-198分别以返青期追氮和拔节期追氮吸收的比例最高;子粒中氮素来自15N的比例均以返青期追氮最高,分别为27.16%和22.20%,但和拔节期追氮处理差异不显著。随着追氮时期推迟,氮的花后同化量、花后贡献率增加,而花前贡献率呈下降趋势;全氮对子粒贡献率表现为花前转运的贡献大于花后同化的贡献,但抽穗期追氮处理中,15N对子粒的贡献率表现为花后同化率大于花前转运贡献率。综合考虑子粒产量、蛋白质含量以拔节期追氮较为合适。     

施钾对不同小麦品种氮素、磷素吸收利用的影响

盆栽条件下,研究了黄淮麦区当年广泛种植的28个小麦品种在2个供K水平下N、P吸收利用差异。研究结果表明,高K与低K条件下,不同小麦品种N、P吸收利用能力差异都很大,小麦品种间N、P积累量与干物质积累量呈极显著正相关;相关分析表明,无论是低K还是高K下,不同小麦品种K积累量、K利用效率与N积累量、N利用效率及P积累量、P利用效率都存在极显著的正相关,这就显示出K高效小麦品种同时也是N高效、P高效小麦品种。     

Mid-Season Recovery from Nitrogen Stress in Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT

Although spring-applied nitrogen (N) has been shown to be most efficient, the technique of delaying all N applications until mid-season, and the resultant effect on maximum yields, has not been thoroughly evaluated. This experiment was conducted to determine if potential yield reductions from early-season N stress can be corrected using in-season N applications. Data from three experimental sites and two growing seasons (six site-year combinations) were used to evaluate three preplant N rates (0, 45, and 90 kg ha^?1) and a range of in-season topdress N rates. Topdress N amounts were determined using a GreenSeeker hand-held sensor and an algorithm developed at Oklahoma State University. Even when early-season N stress was present (0-N preplant), N-applied topdress at Feekes 5 resulted in maximum or near-maximum yields in four of six site-year combinations when compared with other treatments receiving both preplant and topdress N.     

氮、磷、钾、锌对烤烟产量和品质的效应研究

合理施肥是烤烟栽培和优质适产的重要技术环节。本研究针对广西土壤养分供应不平衡和施肥不合理的情况，通过对大量元素和微量元素的配合使用，探索氮、磷、钾、锌对烤烟产量和品质的影响，寻求供试条件下最佳施肥方案。研究表明，供试条件下优质烤烟最佳方案为：Ｎ９７．０５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｐ２Ｏ５２１５．８５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｋ２Ｏ３３５．７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｚｎ４．７６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，目标产量３１７３．８５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，产值１０１６１．６０元／ｈｍ２，均价３．２５元／ｋｇ。     

黄土塬区氮磷配施对冬小麦光合作用、产量形成及水分利用的影响

在黄土高塬沟壑区,研究了不同施肥条件对冬小麦各个生育期的叶面积指数、光合作用、干物质积累、产量形成以及水分利用的影响,结果表明：与对照相比,施肥后小麦叶面积指数和光合速率都显著提高,同化作用增强,平均产量提高了47.6%,水分利用效率提高了24.6%。不同的肥料配施对冬小麦的干物质积累、产量以及水分利用效率的影响顺序基本一致,即高氮高磷〉高氮低磷〉低氮低磷〉低氮高磷,但方差分析表明,在这种氮磷配施方案中起作用的主要是氮肥,磷肥的贡献不大,且二者并没有产生明显的交互作用。     

黄土塬区氮磷配施对冬小麦光合作用、产量形成及水分利用的影响

在黄土高塬沟壑区,研究了不同施肥条件对冬小麦各个生育期的叶面积指数、光合作用、干物质积累、产量形成以及水分利用的影响,结果表明:与对照相比,施肥后小麦叶面积指数和光合速率都显著提高,同化作用增强,平均产量提高了47.6%,水分利用效率提高了24.6%。不同的肥料配施对冬小麦的干物质积累、产量以及水分利用效率的影响顺序基本一致,即高氮高磷>高氮低磷>低氮低磷>低氮高磷,但方差分析表明,在这种氮磷配施方案中起作用的主要是氮肥,磷肥的贡献不大,且二者并没有产生明显的交互作用。     

Effects of Stoichiometric Traits of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Soil on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Wheat

ABSTRACT

To improve the use efficiency of fertilizer in agricultural production, effects of stoichiometric traits of soil available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on photosynthetic gas exchange parameters and fluorescence parameters of wheat were revealed in a full factorial pot experiment with our N and P fertilizer rates each. Results showed that at the same level of soil available N, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cond), photochemical quenching (qP), the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), and apparent electron transport rate (ETR) of wheat generally increased with a decline of soil N/P ecological stoichiometric ratio (by increasing soil available P), whereas the intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of wheat decreased with a decline of soil N/P. At the same level of soil available P, Pn, Cond, qP, ΦPSII, and ETR of wheat initially increased and then decreased with an increase of soil N/P ecological stoichiometric ratio (by increasing soil available N), whereas the dynamics of Ci and NPQ of wheat were exactly opposite to those of the above parameters. A limiting effect of soil available P on the photosynthesis of wheat occurred during the entire experiment. It was deduced that the cultivated soil, with the available N of 258.4 mg·kg^?1, available P of 89.6 mg·kg^?1, and stoichiometric N/P of 2.88, was suitable for weak gluten wheat cultivar Yangmai15. Therefore, another approach to improves nutrient use efficiency was provided on the basis of ecological stoichiometry theory.     

不同生育期增温对水稻产量及氮、磷含量的影响

人类活动导致全球温度上升,明确增温对水稻产量和氮、磷含量的影响,可为预测和评估未来气候条件下水稻产量及品质提供依据。选用泰瑞丰5号、镇稻16号两个品种水稻进行盆栽试验,分别在分蘖期、孕穗期、抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期将水稻置于较对照高5℃的生长箱中处理7 d,分析不同生育期增温对水稻产量及氮磷含量、氮磷收获指数的影响。结果表明,不同生育期增温显著影响水稻的产量构成因素,其中,孕穗期和抽穗期增温对水稻产量影响最大;孕穗期增温下泰瑞丰5号和镇稻16号的穗粒数、结实率和籽粒重最低。总体而言,与对照相比,不同生育期增温显著增加了泰瑞丰5号和镇稻16号茎、叶、壳、籽粒的氮含量(p0.05)。而不同生育期增温对水稻磷含量的影响取决于增温时期及水稻品种。与对照相比,分蘖期、抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期增温使泰瑞丰5号的氮收获指数显著降低,而抽穗期增温使镇稻16号的氮收获指数显著降低。与对照相比,抽穗期和灌浆期增温显著降低了泰瑞丰5号的磷收获指数,分蘖期和抽穗期增温显著降低了镇稻16号的磷收获指数。本研究结果表明,孕穗期和抽穗期是增温影响水稻产量和氮磷吸收的关键时期。     

Influence of Residue Management and Tillage Systems on Carbon Sequestration and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Dynamics of Soil and Plant and Wheat Production in Semi-arid Region

Reducing the tillage and application of mulch are important strategies for soil and water conservation and sustainability of agricultural systems. Soil can be a source or sink for carbon (C) depending on management strategies and plays a major role in the global C cycle. These interacting practices can alter nutrient movement and availability to the crops, reduce water loss, slow down organic-matter (OM) decomposition, and thus enhance C sequestration. A 2-year field study was conducted to quantify the tillage and mulching effect on soil organic C (SOC), OM, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) at two depths (i.e., 0–15 and 15–30 cm deep) in the soil profile and N, P, and K concentrations (g kg^?1) in plant shoots at harvest on a Typic Calciargids in wheat–maize rotation. The four tillage systems used were zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT), conventional tillage (CT), and deep tillage (DT), and four mulch rates [control, 2 (M₂), 4 (M₄), and 6 (M₆) Mg ha^?1 year^?1 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw] were applied in combination with each tillage system, keeping recommended rates of fertilizers. There was a linear positive response of mulch application on SOC for both years, but it was more pronounced during the second year. Greater values were found in ZT and the lowest in CT at all depths, although greater SOC content was found in upper layers than in deeper ones. Greater shoot N, P, and K concentrations were found in MT, CT, and DT, whereas the lowest concentration was found in ZT. Mulch application has no effect on N, P, and K concentrations in shoots. The soil N concentration was not affected by tillage and mulch, yet greater soil N content was found at 0–15 cm than 15–30 cm deep. There was significant effect of tillage on soil P and K during one year as greater P and K concentrations were found under MT, CT, and DT compared to ZT. More N, P, K, and OM concentrations were found at 0–15 cm deep than at 15–30 cm deep during the whole study period. Mulch effect was significant on K, and significantly greater amounts were found at greater levels of mulch application. The increases in the soil OM were 34.5, 35.75, and 24% at 0–8, 8–16, and 16–24 cm deep respectively from the first year to the second year. Tillage effect on soil organic-matter content was not significant. Tillage increased grain production for both years. For the first year, 22.9 and 27% greater yields were found in CT and DT, whereas in the second year yields were 10.6, 17.9, and 57% greater, respectively, in MT, CT, and DT as compared to ZT. Grain production was increased at a result of mulch application by 12.9, 20.3, and 10.6% during the first year and 11.45, 23.74, and 10.9% during the second year as compared to control (i.e., without mulch). Results show the importance of mulch application and crop residue retention. Both can increase the SOC content and water-holding capacity, which will result in improved production and soil physical health over long and continuous use of mulch.     

Variation in Yield,Phosphorus Uptake,and Physiological Efficiency of Wheat Genotypes at Adequate and Stress Phosphorus Levels in Soil

Genetic differences among crop genotypes can be exploited for identification of genotypes more suited to a low‐input agricultural system. Twenty wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for their differential yield response, phosphorus (P) uptake in grain and straw, and P‐use efficiency at the zero‐P control and 52 kg P ha^?1 rates. Substantial and significant differences were obvious among genotypes for both grain and straw yields at stress (8 mg P kg^?1 soil, native soil P, no P addition) and adequate (52 kg P ha^?1) P levels. Genotype 5039 produced maximum grain yield at both P levels. Relative reduction in grain yield due to P‐deficiency stress [i.e., P stress factor (PSF)] ranged between none and 32.4%, indicating differential P requirement of these genotypes. Pasban 90, Pitic 62, Rohtas 90, Punjab 85, and line 4943 did not respond to P application and exhibited high relative yield compared to those at adequate P level. FSD 83 exhibited the best response to P with maximum value for PSF (32.4%). Genotypes were distributed into nine groups on the basis of relationship between grain yield and total P uptake. Rohtas 90 and lines 4072 and 5039 exhibited high grain yield and medium P uptake (HGY‐MP). However, line 5039 with high total index score utilized less P (12.2 kg P ha^?1) than line 4072 and Rohtas 90 (13.5 and 13.6 kg P ha^?1, respectively). Moreover, this genotype also had greater P harvest index (PHI, %) and P physiological efficiency index (PPEI) at stress P level. Pasban 90, Pitic 62, and Pak 81 had the greatest total index score (21), mainly due to high total P uptake, but yielded less grain than lines 5039 and 4072 under low available P conditions. Line 6142 had minimum total index score (15) and also produced minimum grain yield. A wide range of significant differences in PPEI (211 to 365 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed at stress and 206 to 325 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed by aboveground plant material at adequate P) indicated differential utilization of absorbed P by these genotypes for grain production at both P levels. It is concluded from the results that wheat genotypes differed considerably in terms of their P requirements for growth and response to P application. The findings suggest that PSF, PHI, and PPEI parameters could be useful to determine P‐deficiency stress tolerance in wheat.     

氮磷的不同供应比例和频度对藻类水华形成的影响

为了探讨氮磷的不同供应比例和频度对藻类水华形成的影响,本研究设计了7种氮磷添加比例（质量比）：只添加氮（以＋N表示）、50：1、20：1、7：1,1：1、1：7和只添加磷（以＋P表示）;2种添加频度：频度较大的L系列（实验前期每日均进行添加）,频度较小的S系列（只在实验过程中添加1次）。两种添加频度下,相同添加比例的处理的营养盐添加量相近。在处理＋N、50：1、20：1、7：1和1：1中以N浓度为基准进行相应比例的P添加,在处理1：1、1：7和＋P中以P浓度为基准进行相应比例的N添加。在1：1处理缸中N、P净增加均约为2.4mg·L-1。实验水体来自一个浮游植物丰富但没有微囊藻水华的天然富营养池塘。实验于2007年8月1日—8月13日在室外采用玻璃缸进行。结果表明,两种添加频度以及不同氮磷添加比例下,实验过程中出现的水华种类均为微囊藻（Microcysti sspp.）水华,没有固氮藻类水华出现。在两种不同添加频度下,微囊藻水华在处理＋N、50：1、20：1、7：1和1：1中明显形成,而处理＋P和1：7中,微囊藻水华的出现会晚几天或者水华现象不明显,这表明本实验中单独添加氮比单独添加磷对微囊藻水华形成的促进作用要明显些。水体中微囊藻水华的出现与适宜的氮磷比例添加有关,氮磷添加比例适宜时,两种不同的添加频度下均可出现微囊藻水华,但氮磷营养盐的不同添加比例和频度均没有导致固氮藻类水华的出现。