Excision of Tumors in the Nasal Vestibule of Two Dogs

Two dogs with tumors in the left nasal vestibule were treated by surgical excision of the affected part of the nose. Radiation and chemopotentiation were used in one dog, which remained tumor-free after 12 months. When recovering from anesthesia, the second dog developed respiratory distress associated with upper airway obstruction and failure to mouth breathe. The dog was successfully treated by temporary tracheostomy and remained tumor-free after 3 months. Surgery preserved the function of the right nostril and gave an acceptable cosmetic result in both cases.     

不同途径感染猪血球凝集性脑脊髓炎病毒的比较病理学

用传代鼠血球凝集性脑脊髓炎病毒接种液，经不同途径感染12头5日龄仔猪作比较病理学研究。结果表明，经脑内注射、前后肢肌肉注射、口服、口服兼滴鼻等途径接种的仔猪全部感染发病，并在接种后36～98h死亡。发病猪出现脑、脊髓的小静脉和毛细管充血、出血、水肿，神经原水肿、急性肿胀、急性液化及中央染色质溶解，胶质细胞轻微增生等非化脓性脑脊髓炎特征。口服兼滴鼻接种猪脑脊髓出血、脑水肿最明显，神经原变质也最重。脑内接种猪脑膜的血管周围出现明显的免疫细胞反应。     

Rhabdomyosarcoma in 8 horses

This multi-institutional report describes 8 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma in horses. Four neoplasms were in the tongue and other areas of the mouth or head, 2 were in the abdominal wall, and 1 each was in right shoulder muscles and heart. Four rhabdomyosarcomas that were less than 10 cm in diameter were treated by surgical excision or radiation with no recurrence. Two neoplasms greater than 10 cm in diameter in the abdominal wall and the right shoulder were considered inoperable and led to decisions to euthanize the horses. Two neoplasms were incidental findings at necropsy. All the neoplasms were classified as embryonal except for 1 pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. These 8 cases were evaluated with 9 published case reports of equine rhabdomyosarcoma. For all cases, the most common sites were limb muscles (5/17) and tongue (4/17). Metastasis was reported in 4 of the previously published cases; none was found in this study.     

Effect of metoclopramide on gastro-esophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs

Administration of morphine before anesthesia leads to gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) in over 50% of dogs during the subsequent anesthetic. This GER is clinically silent but can lead to aspiration pneumonitis, esophagitis and esophageal stricture. In this prospective clinical study we aimed to determine the effect of metoclopramide on gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery. Dogs were admitted to the study if they were healthy, and had no history of vomiting or dysphagia. Dogs were fasted for an average of 18.2 ± 4.3 (mean ± SD) hours prior to induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia in all dogs included acepromazine, morphine, thiopental and isoflurane in oxygen. By random allocation, half the dogs received metoclopramide (M) as an IV bolus (0.4 mg kg^–1) and then infusion (0.3 mg kg^–1hour^–1), the others received equivalent volumes of saline (S). To measure esophageal pH a sensor-tipped catheter was placed with the tip 5–7 cm cranial to the lower esophageal sphincter, and connected to a computer for continual data collection. The pH of any fluid running from the mouth or nose was measured. Gastro-esophageal reflux was defined as a decrease in esophageal pH below 4 or an increase above 7.5. Fisher's Exact test was used to test significance of differences in incidence between groups. Separate multivariable logistic regression models were created for each outcome to assess the effects of risk factors on outcome. There were seven cases of GER in 16 dogs receiving M and 8/14 in those receiving S. There were no significant differences between M and S treated dogs in age, weight, duration of anesthesia and fasting, thiopental dose or incidence of vomiting. The administration of metoclopramide at this dose did not significantly reduce the incidence of GER in these anesthetized dogs.     

External coaptation of rostral mandibular fractures in calves

Six cases of rostral mandibular fracture with considerable displacement were treated successfully by external coaptation. Four cases were simple and two were compound fractures. After xylazine sedation and manual reduction of the fractures, the casting tape was laminated to make a rigid splint below the mandibles and then the splint was secured using the casting tape passing the nasal bridge and cranial and/or caudal to the ears as it encircled the head. During application of the tape, a PVC pipe 25 mm in diameter was held in its jaws to keep the mouth open so that the calf could suckle. Simple rostral mandibular fractures were cured after two weeks of cast immobilisation and compound fractures after about three weeks. This method is easy and non-stressful and provided a good prognosis in the present cases.     

Feline demodicosis caused by an unnamed species

A case of feline demodicosis is described in this report. A 13-year-old spayed female domestic short hair cat weighing 4.5 kg was being treated with cefovecin and alternately with prednisone or methylprednisolone. On further physical examination, the cat showed mild erythema and hair loss on the bridge of the nose, around the eyes, on the chin, on the side part of the breast and on the abdomen. A large number of Demodex mites were found in deep skin scrapings from the affected areas. The cat was then treated with ivermectin at 600 μg/kg administered SC daily. After 4 weeks of treatment, the cat was clinically normal with no mites detected in the skin scrapings from the face or breast areas. The mite responsible may represent a previously seen but as yet unnamed new species. This is third report that describes a case of feline demodicosis caused by a different, unnamed mite species that has different morphological characteristics to those of known Demodex mites and may represent a previously seen but as yet unnamed species.     

口鼻污染引起犊牛腹泻的防范

新生犊牛腹泻发病率及死亡率较高,给牧场造成了严重的经济损失。新生犊牛口鼻污染是导致1～14日龄犊牛腹泻的主要诱发因素之一。从生产管理角度出发防控口鼻污染引发的犊牛腹泻是防止新生犊牛腹泻的关键措施。接助产的规范管理是防范该病的重要一环,产前准备、分娩过程的干预,新生犊牛的护理等环节的管理不当都可能引起新生犊牛口鼻污染引发的腹泻的发病率的升高。此外,犊牛舍和牧场的环境卫生管理、犊牛饮食管理和牧场工作人员管理等其他方面也可能导致该病的高发。本文将从这几个方面阐述如何防范新生犊牛口鼻污染。     

Evaluation of clinical and laboratory variables as prognostic indicators in hospitalised gastrointestinal colic horses

The present prospective study included 106 horses referred to the Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, as non-responders to the initial colic treatment in general practise. In 14 of these cases a required surgical treatment was not performed due to economical or other reasons and were excluded from the study. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained at the arrival in the hospital. The outcome for all analyses was survival/ non-survival. A multivariable logistic regression was performed. The analyses were used in medically (46 horses) and surgically treated cases (46 horses) separately. The same analyses were also run for all 92 horses in a simulated "field" situation, where only clinical variables and D-dimer values were included. The fraction of survivors was 78% in the medical and 48% in the surgical cases. In total 63% of the horses survived. In the final multivariable logistic regression model packed cell volume (PCV) was the only important predictor for medically treated cases, and heart rate and presence of hyperaemic or cyanotic mucous membranes were the predictors in the surgically treated cases as well as in the simulated "field" situation. In conclusion, traditional variables as heart rate, mucous membranes and PCV were the important predictors for the outcome in hospitalised colic cases.     

Zoonotic disease awareness survey of backyard poultry and swine owners in southcentral Pennsylvania

Owners of small backyard poultry and swine operations may be at higher risk of zoonotic diseases due to husbandry inexperience and/or a lack of knowledge. Backyard poultry and swine owners in southcentral Pennsylvania were surveyed regarding their knowledge and attitudes towards zoonotic disease prevention. One hundred and six backyard poultry and/or swine owners completed the survey (74 poultry, 15 swine, 17 both), which included questions on demographics, flock/herd characteristics, recognition of selected zoonotic diseases and clinical signs in animals, and biosecurity practices for visitors and owners. Most responded that they were aware of avian (92.2%) and swine (84.4%) influenza, and were less aware of other zoonotic diseases such as salmonellosis and brucellosis. The majority of backyard poultry and swine owners combined (62.9%) reported allowing visitors freely around their animals and did not require any special precautions. Backyard poultry and swine owners most commonly reported rarely (32.7%) or never (28.9%) wearing work gloves and never (57.1%) wearing nose/mouth coverings, such as a respirator mask, while handling animals or manure. The study findings indicated that veterinarians (61.5%) and the Internet (50.0%) are the main sources where small‐scale farm producers seek animal disease information. Approximately one‐third (34.9%) of the respondents reported receiving seasonal influenza vaccine. The findings of this study will be utilized to provide targeted veterinary and public health education for the prevention of zoonotic diseases in backyard farm animal settings in Pennsylvania.     

伊维菌素浇泼剂对绵羊狂蝇蛆的杀灭效果观察

应用伊维菌素浇泼剂对感染羊鼻蝇幼虫的249只绵羊进行驱治试验,并留30只感染羊作为阳性对照组,投药后33～37d剖检。结果：阳性对照组羊鼻蝇幼虫感染率为53．33％,平均感染强度9．5（4～17）：伊维菌素浇泼剂对感染羊鼻蝇幼虫的驱净率97．62％,驱虫率98．74％。     

Field study of the efficacy of three types of nose net for the treatment of headshaking in horses

Thirty-six owners of seasonally headshaking horses took part in a trial to compare the effectiveness of three types of nose net, a traditional cylindrical net (full net) and two forms of larger mesh nets which cover only the nostrils and dorsorostral muzzle (half nets). Baseline data relating to the overall severity of the problem and 18 specific behaviours describing the nature of the problem were recorded on a check sheet by the owners. A within-subjects repeated measures design experiment, with each net used for a week before reassessment, was then used to assess the effect of the nets on the headshaking problem. Approximately 75 per cent of owners reported some overall improvement with each net; around 60 per cent recorded a 50 per cent or greater improvement and 30 per cent a 70 per cent or greater improvement. The nets significantly reduced the overall headshaking score and the following specific behaviours: up-and-down headshaking, nose flipping, acting as if a bee had flown up the nose, shaking at exercise, shaking when excited, shaking in bright sunlight or in windy conditions (P < 0.0001), striking at the face, shaking at night, rubbing the nose when moving, rubbing the nose on objects, sneezing, shaking in the rain and shaking indoors (P < 0.05). There was no evidence of a significant effect on side-to-side headshaking, shaking at rest or rubbing the nose when stationary, but the effect on snorting was uncertain. There were few significant differences between the nets, but the half nets were reported to be significantly better at controlling 'bee up the nose' behaviour. Horses more than 10 years old were reportedly less likely to show a 50 per cent or greater improvement in 'nose flipping' and 'headshaking at exercise.     

Clinical presentation and antiviral therapy for poxvirus infection in pudu (Pudu puda).

A severe poxvirus infection occurred in three pudu (Pudu puda), resulting in two fatalities. Cutaneous ulcers with mucopurulent exudate were present around the eyes and nose, at the lip margins, coronary bands, and teats. Mucosal ulcers were present in the oral cavity, esophagus, and forestomachs. In the two fatalities, a secondary disseminated fungal infection also occurred. Affected animals were leukopenic, hypocalcemic, and hyperphosphatemic and had elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Electron microscopic examination of affected skin confirmed the presence of a poxvirus. Neutralizing antibody titers to this virus were present in the two pudu tested. One case was treated with cidofovir, 5 mg/kg i.v. q7d for four treatments. Complete recovery occurred in the treated animal. This is the second report of poxvirus infection in pudu and the first report describing clinical presentation, presence of secondary disseminated fungal infection, and successful treatment.     

Maxillofacial rhabdomyosarcoma in the canine maxillofacial area

Three dogs had a diagnosis of maxillofacial rhabdomyosarcoma. These dogs were treated with surgery and/or radiotherapy, and had poor clinical responses. The tumor tissues in all three cases were observed around the upper premolar teeth with ulcerative lesions and CT examinations in each case revealed extensive bony involvement into the maxilla. Two cases were subjected to surgical excision of the tissues, followed by an external radiation therapy. The other case was only treated with palliative radiation. Outcomes of the treatment of all the cases were quite poor because of the invasive and refractory nature of the tumor cells, leading to the local recurrence and lung metastasis early in the clinical course. All dogs died within two months of the first admission.     

Use of topical povidone-iodine dressings in the management of mycotic rhinitis in three dogs

Three dogs with mycotic rhinitis were treated with a proprietary wound dressing product intended to produce a sustained release of povidone-iodine. All of the dogs had been refractory to other treatments. One dog had extensive soft tissue involvement, including extension into the orbital tissues, and another had evidence of involvement of the supporting bones of the nose. In all cases, the affected nasal cavity and/or frontal sinus was exposed via a dorsal approach and partial turbinectomy was performed. The wound dressing was applied and retained with a 'tie-over' dressing. The dressing was replaced every 48 to 72 hours until all exposed tissue was covered by healthy granulation tissue, at which time the rhinotomy was closed by soft tissue reconstruction. There was no evidence of recurrence of the fungal infection at follow-up times of up to 20 months postsurgery.     

Canine neurogenic Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: 11 cases (2006-2010)

Objective To describe the clinical data of dogs with neurogenic Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and an ipsilateral dry nose without other neurologic deficits. Procedure The retrospective case study included 11 dogs diagnosed with neurogenic KCS and an ipsilateral dry nose between 2006 and 2010. Medical records were reviewed for breed, age, sex, history, suspected cause of neurogenic KCS, clinical signs, and treatment modalities. Follow‐up information was obtained by re‐examination of patients or completion of a telephone survey with the referring veterinarian or the owners. Results Mean age of the dogs was 6.6 ± 4.5 years. Neurogenic KCS was diagnosed in three females, five spayed females, one male, and two castrated males representing 10 different breeds. Ophthalmic signs of KCS (mean Schirmer tear test [STT] value of 1.9 ± 2.9 mm/min) combined with an ipsilateral dry nose were diagnosed in seven left and four right eyes. The suspected cause of neurogenic KCS was idiopathic in nine and trauma in two cases. Systemic therapy consisted of oral pilocarpine 1–2% eye drops combined with case‐specific topical treatment with cyclosporine 0.2% and tear substitutes. Duration of systemic treatment with pilocarpine until healing was 125 days (range 84–204, median 98 days) for five dogs. One dog was lost to follow‐up, and the remaining five dogs are still under systemic treatment with pilocarpine. Conclusions Neurogenic KCS with an ipsilateral dry nose seems to be a predominantly idiopathic disease of middle‐aged female dogs without breed predisposition, which may be self‐limiting in some cases.     

Clinical features of skin lesions in rabbit syphilis: a retrospective study of 63 cases (1999-2003)

Skin lesions in rabbit syphilis are usually diagnostic, but it is occasionally difficult to differentiate these lesions from those of other skin diseases. Skin lesions in 63 cases of rabbit syphilis were analyzed for early and accurate diagnosis. Lesions were found most frequently around the nose (55 cases) followed by the genitalia (22), lips (20), eyelids (12), and anus (10). Sneezing was observed in 33% of cases with nasal lesions. In cases of maternally acquired infection, lesions could be initially found mainly on the face. Rabbits should be examined carefully not only for facial lesions, but also for lesions of the genitalia and anus, locations easily overlooked.     

兔绿脓假单胞菌性肺炎的诊断与防治

本文报道近年来我省某试验养兔场兔群中流行一种生前以呼吸困难、口鼻出现血样分泌物症状,死后剖检以肺组织变性坏死为特征的疫情,经临床观察、实验诊断、病理剖检和病理组织学检查、流行病学调查及动物致病性实验研究,鉴定为绿脓假单胞菌(Ps.aeruginosa)引起的肺炎,该病特点传染快、死亡率高。通过流行病学调查,探索该病发病流行规律,为防治本病提供科学依据。     

The accuracy of tactile assessment of canine nose temperature to identify rectal hyperthermia and hypothermia in dogs presenting on an emergency basis

The goals of this study were to evaluate whether touch can identify a warm nose as opposed to a cold nose, to examine the correlation between thermographically measured nose temperatures and rectal temperatures, and to calculate the accuracy of tactile assessment of nose temperature in detecting rectal hyperthermia and hypothermia in dogs. A total of 100 dogs presenting to an emergency room was prospectively enrolled. Tactile nose assessment was carried out on triage. Noses were subjectively categorized as warm, cold, or intermediate (neither warm nor cold). Thermographic nose temperatures were recorded using a thermal imaging camera. Tactile assessment categorized noses as warm, intermediate, or cold (P < 0.01). There was no correlation between thermographically measured nose temperature and rectal temperature (r = 0.02). Tactile assessment of noses as warm had a sensitivity of 29.4% and a specificity of 79.5% for detecting rectal hyperthermia; calculated test accuracy was 71%. Tactile assessment of noses as cold had a sensitivity of 54.5% and a specificity of 62.9%; calculated test accuracy was 62%. It was concluded that nose temperatures do not correlate with rectal temperatures. Tactile assessment of nose temperature is inaccurate for identifying rectal hyperthermia or hypothermia.     

The first case of feline sinonasal aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fischeri in Japan

Feline upper respiratory tract infection due to Aspergillus spp. is considered an emerging disease, with the number of reported cases continuing to rise. In this study, we report the first case of feline sinonasal aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fischeri in Japan. The patient presented after 2 months of progressive facial deformity around the nose and nasal discharge. The isolate from this case was susceptible to itraconazole (ITZ), voriconazole and micafungin, but was resistant to amphotericine B. However, the infected cat died approximately 1 month after referral, despite treatment for 12 days ITZ administered orally at 10 mg/kg.