环割、环剥对灰枣幼树产量和品质的影响

在新疆阿克苏地区,对6年生灰枣幼树主干进行了环剥、环割1~3道处理,研究其对坐果和枣果品质的影响,以不环剥环割为对照。结果表明,环剥、环割均能提高坐果率和果吊比,降低落果率,环剥的效果大于环割,环割道数多的大于环割道数少的;对单果重、商品果率、畸形果率、裂果率、可食率等品质指标的影响无规律。综合比较,经济有效的措施是环割2道,即于盛花期在主干30cm高处环割1道,深达木质部,间隔7~10天环割第2道,环割道间距5cm以上,建议生产上采用。     

幼旺李树环剥、环割、绞缢试验

对4年生幼旺李树进行环剥、环割、半环剥和绞缢,各种处理当年短果枝抽生量、翌年坐果率、果实大小及产量均高于对照,中长枝抽生量、延长枝长度明显低于对照。其中以环割处理的综合效果较好,适宜在生产中推广。     

苹果树环剥环割五议

1　品种　富士、北斗、美国 8号等品种愈合力强 ,耐环割、环剥 ;红星系、印度系品种愈合力差 ,环剥宜轻些 ;金帅、乔纳金、藤牧 1号可以剥 ,但由于成花易 ,环剥后花量过多 ,故尽可能选用环割。2　时间　从花期开始 ,可持续到 8月中旬 ;而以 6月上旬至 7月上旬最佳 ,若环剥过早过重 ,由于树体贮养能力有限 ,易造成叶片泛黄 ,过晚则不易愈合。3　气候　环割、环剥后若遇阴雨天气 ,或立即喷药 ,对红星系品种的伤口愈合危害很大 ,故应根据天气预报 ,在 3d(天 )内无雨时方可进行环割、环剥 ,并且在环割、环剥后 3～ 5d(天 )内不喷农药 (尤其不能…     

柑橘环割/环剥促花技术要点

1　环割 /环剥促花原理环割 /环剥后 ,切断了韧皮部筛管的通道 ,造成碳水化合物向根部运输受阻 ,抑制了根系生长与吸收 ,从而起到控制了水分的作用 ,增加了环割 /环剥口上部树体营养物质的含量 ,提高了树体内细胞液浓度和碳氮 ( C/N)比值 ,从而促进花芽形成。2　环割 /环剥对象2 .1　环割对象　环割对象为可以进入结果期而没有花的幼龄树和成年“空怀”树 ;2 .2　环剥对象　为特别旺长的成年“空怀”树 ,长期不开花结果 ,过于徒长的柑橘树。3　环割 /环剥的时间由于不同品种、不同地区、不同的气候环境条件 ,柑橘花芽生理分化期存在一定差…     

环割与环剥对苹果幼树树体营养的影响

以3年生富士和国光苹果幼树为试材,在其花芽分化集中期采用不同的环割、环剥方式,研究其对苹果幼树树体营养的影响。结果表明,环割、环剥能够显著提高苹果叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量,且其含量的提高随着环割圈数的增加而提高,其中环剥对可溶性糖和淀粉含量提高作用最强;环割2圈(不同时期)处理叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量随着环割天数的增加而逐渐上升。环割会降低苹果叶片叶绿素含量和蛋白质含量,环剥能够降低叶绿素含量,对蛋白质含量影响不大,而环割2圈(不同时期)对叶片蛋白质含量影响较大。     

环剥环割在冬枣树上的应用

冬枣，若不进行环剥、环割，不容易坐果。据笔者所知，目前还没有什么药物能够单独解决冬枣坐果难的问题。因此可以说环剥环割是冬枣生产中一项重要的措施。笔者经过实践探索，在冬枣环剥环割技术上总结出一些经验，供枣农参阅。     

沙田柚环割、环剥促花技术

沙田柚是营养生长与生殖生长不平衡的旺长树．树体内激素失调。导致花芽分化和稳果困难。环割或环剥后．切断了韧皮部筛管的通道，造成碳水化合物向根系运输受阻．抑制了根系生长和养分吸收。从而起到控制水分的作用．增加了环割、环剥口上部树体营养物质的积累．提高了树体内细胞液浓度和碳氮比值．促进花芽分化，提高坐果率。     

环剥与环割对李树的影响

环剥与环割对李树的影响徐颖（山东省果树研究所泰安２７１０００）为了探讨环剥、环割在李树上的可行性，连续两年进行了试验。１材料与方法试验果园为褐壤土平地，水浇条件好，供试植株为３年生红肉李、玫瑰皇后李和黑宝石李，树势偏旺。设４个处理：①在树主干上环割２...     

环割的机理及在龙眼、荔枝上的应用

为了让农民兄弟进一步了解环割的效应机理,掌握环割的技术要领;在生产管理中,对生长强旺的龙眼、荔枝树进行不同时期、不同程度的环割,来达到高产、稳产、优质的目的。     

梨幼树应慎用环剥(割)

环剥 (割 )可促进花芽分化 ,提高坐果率 ,尤其对生长势强 ,成枝力弱的品种 (如七月酥、早美酥、苹果梨等 ) ,促花效果十分明显。但在驻马店市郊梨园的调查中发现 ,环剥 (割 )后 ,有部分枝条形成上粗下细的“小脚枝” ,这些枝条花芽形成多 ,坐果率高 ,但很容易被风吹折或由于挂果多而被坠断 ;有些枝条的环剥 (割 )口处被害虫啃食或在伤口处形成瘤节 ,遭遇大风也容易折断。据调查 ,小脚枝、虫害枝和瘤节枝占环剥 (割 )枝条总数的 30 %左右 ,断枝占 1 5 % ,严重者达 2 0 %以上。据调查 ,出现这些现象的原因有三。一是环剥(割 )操作不当。如环割…     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Up-regulation of mRNA expressions of fas,bcl-2, bim,bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and bcl2l12 in K562 treated with bortezomib

AIM: To detect the treatment of K562 leukemia cells with bortezomib altering the expression of genes fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3.METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V staining and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9.RESULTS: Bortezomib caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and IC50 of 24 h and 48 h were 161.41 nmol/L and 96.33 nmol/L, respectively. At the concentration of 104 nmol/L, bortezomib induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, including increasing annexin-V positivity and decreasing the Δψm. RT-PCR showed that bortezomib up-regulated the mRNA expression of fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 and caspase-3, but mRNA expressions of bcl-2, bim and bax did not changed obviously.CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of K562 and induces apoptosis, in which fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 or caspase-3 gene is one of the main genes taking part in.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

Principles for forcing tulips,hyacinths, daffodils,Easter lilies and Dutch irises

Systematic investigations on the forcing of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch iris have produced a fairly complete set of scientific principles. In this review, these principles have been classified into a 3-phase concept of forcing. These are: production, programming, and greenhouse. The production phase is defined as all processes which occur during bulb production and it terminates with the harvesting of the bulbs. The programming phase comprises all handling of the bulbs from harvesting until they are placed under greenhouse conditions. The greenhouse phase is the accelerated development of the bulbs until anthesis or marketing of the plants. These phases have been discussed relative to floral and root development and the basic environmental requirements of the bulb species.