兽药与人用药要严格区别

<正> 兽药是用来预防、治疗和诊断动物疾病的药物。兽药的使用对象是动物,它包括所有的家畜、家禽、各种飞禽走兽及野生动物和鱼类等;人用药物是专门用于医治人类疾病的药。尽管在一些情况下,可以用人用的药物来治疗动物的疾病,但是从法律上来说,不能用治疗动物的兽药来治人的疾病。兽药与人用药的主要区别是,兽药是专门为防治动物的疾病而生产的,它适合于动物的生理机能、代谢特点和一些特有的动物疾病。兽药的许多剂型、规定的用药剂量、投药的途径与方法,都是根据动物本身的特点而制定的。例如许多药物都是大剂量规格,是专门为某些大型动物生产的;而某些药物适合于混在水或饲料     

营养成分对基因表达的调控

<正>目前,我国动物营养学的研究是在机体水平上研究各种营养素对机体的作用,在机体内研究吸收、代谢与平衡等。随着分子生物学的发展及其在动物营养学上的应用,从分子水平上弄清养分的代谢规律,准确确定动物群体及个体的营养需要,掌握养分摄入过量及缺乏的后果,预防和治疗营养代谢疾病以及解决其它营养问题将成为可能。尤其是同基因工程技术相结合,从分子水平来解释各种营养素对机体的作用机制、动物机体的生理病理变化等问题,这也是动物营     

野猪与家猪仔猪4项酶活性测定

酶是机体细胞内外物质代谢的重要催化剂,不仅可反映体内代谢水平和动物的遗传特性,还可作为临床诊断的重要指标[1].若机体凶遗传缺陷造成某个酶缺损,或其他原因造成酶的活性减弱,均可导致该酶催化的反应异常,使物质代谢紊乱,甚至发生疾病,因此酶与医学的关系十分密切.野猪(Suslinnaeus)属猪科,野猪属,是家猪的祖先.     

兽药残留安全控制策略

兽药用来预防、治疗、诊断畜禽疾病时应坚持一个原则,就是防止药物残留污染畜产品。兽药是用来预防、治疗、诊断畜禽等动物疾病,有目的地调节动物机体代谢和生理机能,并规定作用、用途、用法、用量的物质。兽药在降低畜禽发病率与死亡率、促进畜禽生产、提高饲料利用率等方面起到了十分重要的作用。然而,兽药用来预防、治疗、诊断畜禽疾病时还应坚持另外一个原则,就是防止药物残留污染畜产品。     

丙酸钙在反刍动物中的研究进展

丙酸钙是近十几年来发展起来的一种新型饲料添加剂,在反刍动物中应用广泛,可以用来预防及在短期内安全有效的治疗奶牛产乳热等多种营养代谢疾病。作为一种防霉剂,其具有许多优越性。本文仅对丙酸钙在反刍动物体内的代谢和作用、预防治疗奶牛营养代谢疾病及饲料防霉研究情况进行简要阐述。     

中草药在动物疾病防治中的应用

中草药是中医预防、治疗疾病中常见的药物,其在动物疾病预防治疗的过程中也具有显著的效果,在增强动物免疫功能的同时还能够起到抗病毒、抗菌的作用。对此,本文首先对中草药科学组方及应用方法进行了分析,然后对中草药在哺乳期母牛疾病防治中的应用进行了具体探究。     

丙酸钙及其在动物生产中的应用

丙酸钙是一种新型饲料添加剂,近年来在饲料生产、动物生产中的应用越来越广泛。作为一种有机酸盐,丙酸钙不仅作为防腐剂,也常常作为酸化剂在饲料工业中应用,对预防疾病与提高动物生产性能发挥了积极的作用。文中综述了丙酸钙的理化性质与功用,对反刍动物产奶量、消化代谢与代谢疾病预防的影响及其在家禽生产中的应用。     

动物营养代谢性疾病的防控 兼谈羊脱毛症和尿石症的防治

正1什么是营养代谢病?动物营养代谢性疾病是营养性疾病和代谢障碍性疾病的总称。前者是指动物所需的营养物质缺乏或过多所致疾病的总称,后者是指因机体的一个或多个代谢过程异常,导致机体对营养物质吸收、转化障碍引起的一类疾病总称。2营养代谢病在动物疾病中所处的位置一般将动物疾病分为传染性疾病和非传染性疾病。传染性疾病包括传染病和寄生虫病。非传染性疾病包括内科病、外科病和产科病。营养代谢病、中毒病和普通内科病同属于内科病。3动物营养代谢病的一些临床表现及病理变化(如图所示,见下页)4动物营养代谢病的危害     

实验动物疾病的预防、控制和治疗简况

生物医学研究、生产用实验动物疾病的控制、预防和治疗经常是通过选择动物来源、环境控制、免疫控制、治疗控制来完成的.现将实验动物疾病的预防、控制和治疗近况简介如下.     

动物疾病的治疗与预防

本文阐述了动物疾病的危害,分析了动物疾病治疗与预防中常见的误区,对缺硒引发的动物疾病种类及其防治措施进行了探讨。     

动物饲养管理与疾病防控的关系

在养殖业生产过程中,动物疾病防控是非常重要的工作,防控工作做得成功与否,事关养殖业成效,直接影响养殖户经济收入,做好动物疾病防控就显得尤为重要了,本人认为要做好动物疾病防控工作,就从平时日常管理做起,建立一整套完善的饲养管理制度,为畜禽提供优异的圈舍环境和优质的饲草料,做好防寒防暑措施,落实动物疫病防控措施,增强动物个体抗病能力,就会有效地降低动物疾病的发生,尤其是传染病发生都可以避免;即使发生传染病,也能及时得到有效控制。在大规模养殖过程中,我们要把重点放在做好饲养管理,确保各项生理指标健康,增加个体抗病能力,从而增强群体抗病能力,而不是忙于治疗个别病畜,否则会因小失大,会使动物疾病防控工作完全陷入被动局面。为此不难看出,动物饲养管理和疾病防控工作有着密切关系,本人通过调查研究、查阅资料,对动物饲养管理与疾病防控的关系进行探讨。     

Necrotizing meningoencephalitis and pneumonitis in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaque due to Acanthamoeba

Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba can cause a fatal disease of the brain in humans called granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. We present a case of meningoencephalitis and pneumonitis in a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque caused by Acanthamoeba sp. The animal became ill 176 days after intravenous inoculation with SIVmac251 after a short history of weight loss and a sudden onset of hind limb paresis and abnormal head movements. Histopathologic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues revealed multifocal to coalescing necrotizing neutrophilic meningoencephalitis and pneumonitis. Immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction were used to identify the genus of amoeba as Acanthamoeba. Immunohistochemistry of immune cell markers was used to characterize the animal's immune response to the opportunistic amoebic infection with features of both innate and adaptive cell-mediated immunity. Although not previously reported, the potential transmission to humans, either through environmental contamination or contact with an infected animal, makes this disease a threat to laboratory animal care staff and pathologists.     

生态环境与动物医学

生态环境（包括人们的生产生活）对动物生命活动及其致病因素的影响十分巨大而深远；动物的生命活动及其致病因素对生态环境影响直接而明显；两者相互关联、相互影响、相互作用、互为一个整体。因此，动物医学应将生态环境从宏观上作为重要的研究对象，并在实践中采取综合措施才能既有效地控制疫病，又能保证生态环境。研究和应用生态环境与动物医学之间的关系，具有很重要的作用。     

Serum liver enzyme and histopathologic changes in calves with chronic and chronic-delayed Senecio jacobaea toxicosis.

Progressive changes in serum enzyme activity and liver histologic features were monitored in calves fed tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea)-contaminated pellets. The experiments were designed to simulate natural intoxicant ingestion conditions in relationship to the dose and duration of exposure to the toxic plant to correlate early laboratory diagnostic changes with the natural progression of the disease, thereby facilitating early diagnosis and intervention by veterinary clinicians. Eight calves were fed tansy ragwort and 4 additional calves served as controls. In group 1, 4 calves were continuously fed dried tansy ragwort mixed in a pelleted feed at a 5% concentration by dry weight until terminal liver disease developed. Serum liver enzyme (alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase) activities were monitored at weekly intervals in these calves and in the 2 controls. In group 2, 4 calves were fed the same contaminated feed for only 60 days, with return to normal feed for the duration of the trial. Two additional calves served as controls. Their liver enzyme activities were monitored every other week in conjunction with percutaneous liver biopsies. All 8 calves fed tansy ragwort-contaminated pellets developed terminal hepatopathy in either a chronic pattern (n = 6) or a chronic-delayed pattern (n = 2), with the onset of a moribund state or sudden death at 11 to 17 weeks and 27 to 51 weeks, respectively. The calves were euthanatized when classic terminal signs of hepatic encephalopathy first became evident. The clinicopathologic patterns of chronic and chronic-delayed toxicoses were typical of over 5,000 cases of field tansy toxicosis diagnosed at the diagnostic laboratory. Serum glutamate dehydrogenase was the first enzyme to increase in most animals, with a short-term increase to peak values followed by a rapid return to normal. This enzyme change was followed by increases in alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Serum enzyme changes preceded development of recognizable histologic lesions. Vacuolar changes in hepatocyte nuclei, biliary hyperplasia, and fibrosis sequentially developed in liver biopsy specimens from each animal, whereas megalocytosis was not a predominant feature until necropsy. On the basis of our findings, we suggest that the optimal tests for diagnosis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication should consist of liver biopsy and determination of concurrent serum liver-enzyme activities.     

饲用β-甘露聚糖酶的研究及应用

β-甘露聚糖酶是最重要的饲用酶制剂之一,是一种新型饲料添加剂。添加β-甘露聚糖酶主要有促进动物生长,预防动物疾病;提高动物的饲料转化效率;减少粪便排泄,减轻环境污染等作用。作者从β-甘露聚糖酶的来源、理化性质、作用机理及其在动物生产中的应用4个方面阐述了饲用β-甘露聚糖酶的研究及应用。     

Canine and feline pleural disease.

Diseases of the pleural space are relatively common disorders in small animal clinical practice. The abnormal presence of air, fluid, or tissue within the pleural cavity does not generally reflect disease of the pleura per se; instead, it represents a disorder of the airways or lung parenchyma or the development of a primary systemic illness. This article discusses common causes of the most frequently seen pleural space disorders and outlines general treatment plans that can be used as guidelines when treating actual clinical cases.     

Application of Lineweaver-Burk data transformation to explain animal and plant performance as a function of nutrient supply

This study evaluates the effect of dry-season concentrate supplementation on growing cattle performance grazing tropical pasture and the impact of nitrogen fertilization on the growth rate of tropical pasture (tons of dry herbage mass/ha/110 days) and on the subsequent stocking rate and cattle performance during the rainy season (kg body weight gain/ha/110 days). The animal and plant responses were curvilinear to the increasing amount of nutrient supply and followed the typical saturation kinetics of enzyme systems, a Michaelis-Menten relationship. The Lineweaver-Burk data transformation explained efficiently the animal and plant responses to the nutrient supply. This methodology consists in evaluating the linear regressions of the reciprocal of animal and plant responses as a function of the reciprocal of nutrient supply. The half maximum growth rates for plant and animal to nutrient supply were verified with the proportions from .048 to .056 of the amount needed to cause .95 of theoretical maximum responses. From the curvilinear response, it can be verified that the marginal increase in animal and plant growth rate reduces as the amount of nutrient supply increases.     

中药免疫机理研究进展

中药对动物免疫功能具有多方面的影响。近年来 ,有关中药提高动物免疫的机理研究取得可喜的进展。许多研究结果显示 ,中药可促进免疫器官的发育 ,提高机体的免疫力 ,并通过激活单核 巨噬细胞和天然杀伤细胞、促进T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的增殖、分化和免疫球蛋白的产生 ,增强机体的抗病力 ;中药的活性成分有降低肿瘤细胞端粒酶活性的作用 ,表明中药在肿瘤防治方面具有一定潜力。了解中药的免疫机理 ,可从中药中发现更为理想的免疫调节剂和抗肿瘤药物 ,用于动物免疫性疾病和肿瘤等的防治 ,推动中医药的发展     

Research Progress on Pharmacological Action of Rifaximin and its Application in Prevention and Treatment of Dairy Cow Disease

Rifaximin is a kind of new drug for the treatment of dairy cow disease which antimicrobial spectrum is wide.It has a strong antibacterial activity and unique antibacterial mechanism.Rifaximin is suit for local administration because it is no mutagenic,abnormal toxicity,carcinogenicity and reproduction toxicity and so on.In this paper,the physical and chemical properties,action mechanism,pharmacokinetic,pharmacology and toxicology properties,clinical application were investigated and reviewed,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the application in prevention and treatment of animal diseases,and make veterinary workers have a comprehensive understanding of rifaximin and guide the clinical application.     

利福昔明的药理作用及其在奶牛疾病防治中应用的研究进展

利福昔明是一种治疗奶牛疾病的新药,抗菌谱广,抗菌活性强,抗菌机制独特,无致突变、致畸、致癌及生殖毒性等,适合作为局部用药。作者综述了利福昔明的研究现状,并对其理化性质、作用机制、药动学、药理毒理学性质及在临床疾病防治中的应用进行了描述,为利福昔明在动物临床疾病防治应用方面提供理论依据,以便兽医工作者全面了解该药,进而指导其临床应用。