大豆幼苗光合特性对锰营养的响应

采用溶液培养方法,设Mn2+浓度为0、0.05、0.50、5、30、50.mg/L,探讨了2种大豆品种(浙春2号、东北大豆854-11)的幼苗光合特性对不同锰浓度的响应。结果表明,低锰浓度提高了大豆叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),高锰降低了Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、qP。随着锰营养的增加,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)增大。适量的锰浓度显著提高了大豆的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs),降低了气孔阻力(Rs)和细胞间CO2浓度(Ci),随着锰浓度的逐渐增大,降低了Pn、Tr、Gs,提高了Rs、Ci。0.50.mg/L下的锰浓度有最大的Fo,5.mg/L下的锰浓度有最大的Fm、qP、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo,表明0.505～mg/L的锰浓度有利于大豆的光合作用。在50.mg/L的锰浓度下,两个大豆品种有最大的qN、Rs、Ci和最小的Tr、Pn,此时两个品种大豆耗散了过剩的激发能,降低了大豆叶片的光合速率,对大豆已产生了一定的伤害。两个品种大豆光合特性对锰的响应存在着基因型差异,浙春2号较东北大豆耐锰胁迫。     

钼、锰营养对大豆碳氮代谢的影响

钼、锰是植物生长所必需的微量元素,对作物的生长发育、产量和品质都有明显影响。钼在植物氮代谢中起着关键作用,主要与钼是硝酸还原酶和固氮酶等含钼酶类的重要组成成分有关[1]。同时钼对维持叶绿体的正常结构也是必不可少的,缺钼会导致植物叶绿素含量减少,光合强度降低[2]。锰对作物的光合作用、氮、碳和脂类代谢有密切关系,并是多种酶的组分与活化剂,锰营养的丰缺对大豆的生长发育、产量及抗逆性有显著影响[3]。在钼或锰营养方面,目前研究较多是钼或锰对大豆的产量、品质和生理活性的影响,例如施钼能提高豆科植物根瘤菌数量,促进植株生长,增加生物量和产量[4~6]。锰浸种会影响大豆种子萌发和幼苗的生理特性[7],施锰     

锰胁迫对大豆氮素积累的影响

采用15N示踪技术与沙培相结合的方法,以最适锰浓度为对照,设置锰缺乏(分别为对照浓度的1/25和1/5作为重度和轻度锰缺乏处理)和锰过量(分别为对照浓度的5倍和25倍作为轻度和重度锰过量处理)4个锰胁迫处理,研究了锰胁迫对大豆氮素积累的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,锰胁迫并未明显影响生育前期大豆植株氮素积累,但对中后期氮素积累起显著抑制作用(P0.01),并且抑制作用随胁迫程度的加深而加重;锰胁迫对苗期(V4)肥料氮的积累无影响,但对其他生育时期肥料氮的积累均表现出不同程度的抑制作用;在整个生育期间,锰胁迫显著抑制了根瘤固氮的积累,大幅度减少了鼓粒期间根瘤固氮的积累;锰胁迫不仅显著减少了成熟期(R8)大豆营养器官和子粒中肥料氮、根瘤固氮、总氮的积累,还在一定程度上增加了营养器官中肥料氮、根瘤固氮、总氮的积累比例,子粒则相应减小。综合分析表明,锰胁迫对大豆肥料氮、根瘤固氮、以及总氮的积累均有抑制作用,抑制效果在大豆生育中后期表现明显,并且锰胁迫改变了成熟期大豆营养器官和子粒中肥料氮、根瘤固氮和总氮的积累比例。本试验所得结果丰富了锰胁迫与大豆氮素营养的相关研究内容,并为进一步的机理研究奠定了基础。     

植物修复对锰尾渣污染土壤特性的影响

采用盆栽法研究栽培美洲商陆和大豆进行植物修复后,锰尾渣污染土壤特性的变化。栽培美洲商陆和大豆可增加土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质。栽培植物后,土壤pH值变化不显著,但土壤磷酸酶、尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和脱氢酶的活性都高于对照。栽培植物可影响土壤锰和镉的形态分布,降低土壤锰和镉总含量,减少土壤水溶性锰和镉含量。在锰尾渣污染区域,混种美洲商陆与大豆进行植物修复,改良土壤特性更佳。     

植物修复对锰尾渣污染土壤特性的影响

采用盆栽法研究栽培美洲商陆和大豆进行植物修复后,锰尾渣污染土壤特性的变化。栽培美洲商陆和大豆可增加土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质。栽培植物后,土壤pH值变化不显著,但土壤磷酸酶、尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和脱氢酶的活性都高于对照。栽培植物可影响土壤锰和镉的形态分布,降低土壤锰和镉总含量,减少土壤水溶性锰和镉含量。在锰尾渣污染区域,混种美洲商陆与大豆进行植物修复,改良土壤特性更佳。     

萌芽对大豆中营养及抗营养因子的影响研究

大豆是营养极其丰富的植物性食品,在其萌芽过程中,维生素C、GABA、大豆异黄酮等营养物质的含量增长,脂肪酸氧化酶、植酸、植物凝集素等抗营养因子含量下降,因此萌芽可作为改善大豆营养组份、提高大豆及其制品营养价值的重要手段。本文综述了大豆萌芽过程中重要营养因子、抗营养因子及生物活性物质的变化规律,并对大豆萌芽的应用及意义进行了展望,以期明确大豆萌芽过程中物质变化规律,为今后科学研究及应用奠定基础。     

土壤锰毒与植物锰的毒害

本文介绍了土壤中锰的化学行为及锰对植物生长的影响,锰毒与植物营养的关系及植物耐锰性等方面的研究进展作了报导,对植物的锰毒症状、锰毒的诊断与防治作了叙述。     

“黑农35”大豆有效营养面积的研究

研究提出作物有效营养面积新概念,并建立了大豆植株个体营养面积与产量关系模型,优化解析出大豆有效营养面积为2837.5cm2,即有效株行距为53.3cm;大豆最佳营养面积为520.0cm2,即最佳株行距为22.8cm。并据此阐明目前我国北方垄作区广泛采用的67~70cm垄距已超过大豆有效株行距,造成土壤资源等浪费。垄作区若采用50cm左右垄距,平作区采用23cm×23cm株行距种植大豆,更有利于大豆群体产量的提高。     

不同轮作体系土壤残留硒锌对小麦产量与营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过玉米-小麦和大豆-小麦轮作,探讨了不同种植模式中,土壤残留硒锌对小麦产量与营养品质的影响。结果表明,土壤中残留硒锌对小麦生物量和产量的影响与作物轮作体系有关。玉米-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌并没有表现出增加小麦产量的趋势,而大豆-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌对小麦生物量和产量呈增加趋势。土壤残留硒锌可改变作物体内元素组成。玉米-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌有利于小麦籽粒对氮、钾、硫、钙、铁、锌、硒、铜元素的吸收累积。大豆-小麦轮作,土壤残留硒锌促进小麦对钾、硫、镁、铁、锌、硒、铜、锰、硼的吸收,而氮、磷、钙吸收减少。     

发芽过程中大豆活性物质、抗营养因子及抗氧化活性变化的综述

大豆是一种优质的蛋白质资源。大豆种子发芽过程中大豆多肽、大豆异黄酮、大豆皂苷、γ-氨基丁酸及维生素C等活性物质含量增加,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂、血球凝集素、脂肪氧化酶和植酸等抗营养因子含量下降。随着发芽时间的延长,大豆DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原力等抗氧化能力增强。因此,发芽可作为提高大豆及其制品的营养价值、消化性、适口性及生物利用性的重要手段。本文对发芽期间大豆中生物活性物质、抗营养因子及抗氧化活性的变化进行综述,并展望了发芽大豆的综合性应用,以期明确大豆发芽过程中各活性物质变化规律,为发芽大豆在食品中的应用提供科学依据。     

Manganese in RR Cotton as Affected by Glyphosate

There is evidence that glyphosate application in soybean tolerant to herbicides could interfere in the manganese (Mn) nutrition of the crop, but there is no information on this effect in cotton plants. This study aimed at assessing manganese accumulation and distribution in cotton as affected by glyphosate application. The experiment was conducted in nutrient solution with four Mn concentrations and two cotton cultivars: conventional NuOpal and NuOpal tolerant to glyphosate (RR). Glyphosate was applied or not to the tolerant cultivar. The inclusion of the glyphosate resistance gene in cotton and herbicide, application increased shikimic acid (ShA) concentration in the plants. Glyphosate application decreased cotton leaf area and the dry matter production of the plant structures. The adverse effects of glyphosate were not overcome with higher Mn rates in the solution.     

Accumulation and distribution of Zn and Mn in soybean seeds after nutrient seed priming and its contribution to plant growth under Zn- and Mn-deficient conditions

Nutrient seed priming is a strategy to increase the seed reserves of mineral nutrients as primary source for mineral nutrition during seedling development and early growth. The present study investigates the effects of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) seed priming on growth and nutritional status of soybean under conditions of Zn and Mn limitation. Nutrient seed priming increased the natural seed reserves for Zn by, approximately, sixfold and by fivefold for Mn; however, 40–60% of the primed nutrients were adsorbed to the seed coat. Zinc seed priming was able to maintain plant growth for 5 weeks in the same way as Zn supply via the nutrient solution. It is concluded that nutrient seed priming offers perspectives to improve seed quality of soybean for early seedling development under limited nutrient supply or availability and needs further investigation on performance under various stress conditions.     

磷素营养对大豆磷素吸收及产量的影响

本试验以绥农14大豆为试验材料,利用砂培法,研究了不同供磷水平和不同生育时期断磷对大豆磷素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:1）较高的供磷水平对大豆中前期植株磷浓度和磷素吸收促进作用明显,初花期（R1）,大豆植株磷素吸收量随供磷水平的提高而持续增加;鼓粒初期（R5）,当供磷水平达到51 mg/L时,再增加磷素营养已无明显促进作用;叶片和茎部磷浓度在磷素水平达到21～31 mg/L时,不再显著上升;到成熟期（R8）,供磷水平达到31 mg/L,对大豆磷素吸收促进作用不明显,达到41 mg/L时,根部磷浓度不再明显增加。2）大豆产量和单株大豆粒数随供磷水平的增加呈单峰曲线变化,供磷水平为31 mg/L处理产量最高,供磷水平为21 mg/L处理的粒数最多;供磷极低水平（1 mg/L）处理大豆植株处理粒数最少,节数也最少,百粒重反而最高。3）大豆鼓粒初期（R5）之前,磷素营养水平是产量形成的关键因素,之后是对磷素营养的非敏感期。V3～R1和R1～R5期间断磷,大豆节数和粒数减少,产量和磷素吸收明显下降,但对植株营养器官磷浓度无明显影响;R5～R7断磷处理影响大豆植株营养体、荚皮和子粒的磷浓度和磷素吸收量,而对产量无明显影响。     

Surface Application of Lime and Cover Black Oat and Corn Residues for No‐Till Soybean Production

Abstract: Crop residues that are left on the soil surface to serve as mulch can diminish the soybean response to surface application of lime under no‐till management by ameliorating soil chemical and physical attributes and the plant nutrition. A field experiment was performed in the period from 2000 through 2003 in Paraná State, Brazil, on a clayey‐sandy Rhodic Hapludox. Soil chemical attributes and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] nutrition, grain yield, and quality were evaluated after surface application of lime and covering with crop residues of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and corn (Zea mays L.) under a no‐till system. Dolomitic lime was surface applied at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t ha^?1 on the main plots, and three treatments with vegetable covering were applied on the subplots: (i) without covering, (ii) with covering of corn straw, and (iii) with covering of corn straw and black oat residue (oat–corn–oat). After 30 months, surface‐applied lime increased soil pH and the exchangeable calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) levels down to a 10‐cm depth, independent of the vegetable covering treatments. The black oat and corn residues on the soil surface increased the soil exchangeable K⁺ level at the 5‐ to 10‐cm depth. Liming increased leaf potassium (K) content and phosphorus (P) content in the soybean grain and reduced leaf zinc (Zn) content and manganese (Mn) content in the soybean leaf and grain. There was no effect of liming on soybean grain, oil, or protein yields, independent of the vegetable residues kept on the soil surface. The treatment with black oat covering and corn straw increased leaf N content, P content in the leaf and grain, and the contents of K, Mg, copper (Cu), and Zn in the soybean grain. It also increased soybean grain and protein yields. The corn straw left at the surface after harvesting was very important to the performance of the no‐till soybean.     

种间相互作用对作物生长及养分吸收的影响

田间试验采用裂区设计,研究了蚕豆、大豆和小麦在两个施氮水平下与玉米间作对作物生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,与单作相比,间作对蚕豆生长和养分吸收无明显影响;间作促进大豆前期生长,但在玉米旺盛生长期其生长和养分吸收受到抑制;间作对小麦生长和养分吸收有明显的促进作用。与蚕豆间作,玉米能够获得更高的产量和养分吸收量;与大豆间作,对玉米前期生长有抑制作用,但玉米旺盛生长后其生长和养分吸收有明显增加;与小麦间作,在共处期玉米生长受到强烈抑制,小麦收获后玉米生长开始逐渐恢复。蚕豆/玉米间作具有产量优势,大豆/玉米间作为产量劣势;小麦/玉米间作在低氮条件下为产量劣势,提高氮肥用量会恢复以至达到单作水平。分析认为,蚕豆和大豆生物固氮和根系分泌物活化土壤磷的特点促进了玉米的生长,小麦强的根系竞争能力抑制了玉米生长;在共处期玉米的遮荫作用会抑制大豆的生长,而小麦收获后受抑制的玉米产量有向单作水平恢复的能力。表明选择合理的作物配置能够充分利用各种资源,促进种间有益作用,提高作物产量。     

Variation of nitrogen accumulation and yield in response to phosphorus nutrition of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Phosphorus (P) is essential macronutrient for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and function. The objective of this study was to determine effect of phosphorus nutrition (including phosphorus nutrition level and interruption of phosphorus supply) on nitrogen accumulation, nodule nitrogen fixation and yield of soybean plants by ¹⁵N labeling with sand culture. The results showed that they all presented a single peak curve with improvement of phosphorus nutrition level, when phosphorus concentration of nutrient solution was about 31 mg/L, they all reached the maximum and effect of phosphorus nutrition level on nodule nitrogen fixation was lower than that on yield formation level. Interruption of phosphorus supply during soybean growth period, nitrogen accumulation and nodule nitrogen fixation were seriously inhibited, and yield was decreased significantly when interruption of phosphorus supply during V₃-R₁ and R₁-R₅ period, while interruption of phosphorus supply during R₅-R₇ period had no significant effect on nitrogen accumulation, nodule nitrogen fixation and yield. So soybean nitrogen metabolism and yield were sensitive to phosphorus nutrition in the V₃-R₅ period, those were not sensitive to phosphorus nutrition after R₅ period.     

海藻提取物与锰肥配施对生菜生长的影响

以生菜为材料,研究了海藻提取物与Mn肥配施对生菜生长的影响。结果表明,施用海藻提取物,可以显著提高生菜的茎粗、根长、株高、叶片数、干鲜重,并能促进茎叶对大量元素的吸收。而海藻提取物与Mn肥配施并不能进一步显著促进生菜生长,并且还抑制生菜茎叶对Mn元素的吸收。建议生产中海藻提取物不与Mn肥单独配合施用。     

Effects of prolonged flooding on soybean at the R2 growth stage. I. Dry matter and N and P accumulation

Prolonged flooding of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] reduce yields. One explanation for lower yields in legumes has been the reduction in N fixation associated with the reduction in 0₂ supply in the flooded soil. This work investigated the effects of prolonged flooding at the initiation of reproductive growth on the dry matter and N and P accumulation in soybean. The field study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaquaif). Forrest soybean were flooded at R₂ for 7 consecutive days at a flood height of 2.5 cm. Dry matter accumulation and concentrations of N and P of the stems, leaves, branches, and pods were determined by nodes on both flooded and non‐flooded plants for six sampling periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, 36, and 62 days after flooding. The results showed that, in terms of concentration and total amounts accumulated, flooding at R₂ adversely affected N nutrition in soybean. The soybean recovered from this effect two weeks after the flood was removed. As compared to the non‐flooded soybean, flooding improved P nutrition. The flooded soybean had greater P concentrations and total amounts of P accumulated. Flooding also prolonged vegetative growth in the upper portion of the canopy.     

Foliar sensitivity of pinto bean and soybean to ozone as affected by temperature,potassium nutrition and ozone dose

Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merv.] were exposed to O₃ to determine the interactions of growth temperature, exposure temperature, K nutrition and doses of O₃ on their foliar sensitivity. Pinto bean developed more foliar injury than soybean. Pinto bean were most sensitive when grown and exposed at 28°C. Growth and exposure temperature interacted in the development of foliar injury on pinto bean, but only growth temperature influenced the amount of foliar injury on soybean. Both species developed more foliar injury when grown with low K nutrition. There was no relationship between foliar injury and reducing sugars or sucrose content of the leaves.     

酸性红壤中磷高效大豆新种质的磷营养特性

采用一系列磷高效大豆新种质及对照材料,在华南酸性红壤地区3种不同磷水平的代表性土壤上,分春、夏两季研究了不同大豆品种的磷营养特性,探讨了不同大豆品种（系）在不同磷水平土壤上的最佳施磷量及其经济效益。结果表明, 1）土壤有效磷含量是影响酸性红壤地区大豆生产的重要因素,无论从地上部生物量、磷吸收量还是产量来看,所有供试品种均表现出高磷>中磷>低磷土壤的趋势。2）施磷对低肥力土壤上大豆产量的影响较大,对中等肥力土壤影响较小,而对高肥力土壤,施磷肥反而造成大豆减产; 过量施用磷肥会造成大豆对磷的“奢侈吸收”。3）大豆的磷营养特性具有显著的基因型差异,因而需要不同磷养分管理方式。4个磷高效大豆新种质在低肥力土壤上仅需施用少量磷肥,在中、高肥力土壤上不需施磷即可满足生长需要。经济效益分析结果表明,磷高效品种无论在低肥力还是在中、高肥力土壤上,其纯收入均远高于本地和国家大豆区域试验对照品种。