The final established physicochemical properties of steamed bread made from frozen dough: Study of the combined effects of gluten polymerization,water content and starch crystallinity on bread firmness

The gluten polymerization behavior, water content, starch crystallinity and firmness of Chinese steamed bread made from frozen dough were investigated and their correlations were also established in this study. The decreased degree of gluten polymerization in steamed bread was observed by the enhanced SDS-extractable proteins (SDSEPs) upon frozen storage. Less incorporation of glutenin in the glutenin–gliadin crosslinking of steamed bread mainly contributed to the decreased degree of gluten polymerization. The decreased moisture of steamed bread had a significant negative correlation with the sublimated water in frozen dough (r = −0.8850, P < 0.01). Frozen storage also induced an increase in starch crystallinity and bread firmness. A multiple linear regression model with SDS-extractable proteins, water content and melting enthalpy of starch crystals of steamed bread accounted for 86% of the variance in the natural logarithm of firmness and further revealed that starch crystallinity mainly contributed to bread firmness.     

花生及其制品中黄曲霉毒素B1 免疫亲和柱净化—荧光快速检测技术研究

报道了一种免疫亲和柱净化-荧光法快速检测花生及其制品中黄曲霉毒素B1的分析方法。用70%甲醇对样品进行初步提取，过滤后用石油醚萃取脱脂，萃取液稀释后用免疫亲和微柱纯化富集，洗脱液放入黄曲霉毒素专用荧光定量速测仪器中自动读取结果。该方法直接读数的线性范围为0.3~25µg/kg，R2=0.9995，方法的平均回收率超过90%，变异系数低于5%，最低定量浓度为0.3µg/kg。应用于花生及其制品的黄曲霉毒素B1检测，单个样品检测全过程（含样品提取）所需时间可以控制在45min左右，检测成本低于其他仪器方法。     

山东及河南濮阳禾谷孢囊线虫分布调查与rDNA-ITS-RFLP分析

为进一步明确山东省和临近山东的河南濮阳地区禾谷孢囊线虫病(Cereal cyst nematode,CCN)的发生状况及种类组成,于2013年6-8月,对山东省12个地级市124个点及河南省濮阳市19个点麦茬田采集的土样进行检测,分离孢囊,并通过rDNA-ITS-RFLP分析技术研究了山东省和河南省共15个禾谷孢囊线虫群体核糖体DNA(rDNA)内转录间隔区(ITS)的遗传变异。结果表明,山东省各县(市)的孢囊平均检出率为66.13%,河南省濮阳市的孢囊检出率为80.95%,其中山东聊城市和河南濮阳市发病相对较重;rDNAITS-RFLP鉴定结果表明,山东和河南两省的CCN为Heterodera avenae,不同地区CCN同源性高达99.8%以上,8种限制性内切酶AluⅠ、AvaⅠ、HaeⅢ、HindⅢ、HinfⅠ、RsaⅠ、PstⅠ、TaqⅠ共产生18个酶切片段,其中,AvaⅠ和HindⅢ不能酶切。酶切结果稳定,所有地区鉴定结果一致。     

Dry-matter yields and crude protein and rumen-degradable protein concentrations of three Arachis pintoi ecotypes at different stages of regrowth in the humid tropics

Well‐established stands of three ecotypes of Arachis pintoi (CIAT 17434, 18744 and 18748) were harvested from replicated plots (three blocks, each containing three plots for each ecotype) during the two dominant seasons (dry and wet) of the low altitude, humid tropics of Costa Rica. Each plot was further divided into six subplots so that, within each season, samples corresponding to 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 or 14 weeks of regrowth could be collected. For each harvest, dry matter (DM) yield of the leaf, stem and whole plant, and the leaf:stem ratio, were recorded. Samples of the whole plant were analysed for crude protein (CP), rumen‐degradable (RDP) and rumen‐undegradable protein (RUP) concentrations. DM yield of the leaf, stem and whole plant increased with advancing period of regrowth but the effects of period of regrowth varied somewhat among ecotypes and across seasons. Generally, DM yield was greater during the wet than during the dry season. The greatest difference between ecotypes for stem and total DM yields was evident during the dry season. In general, DM contents were low in the whole plant, leaf and stem samples (<220 g kg^?1) and increased with increasing period of regrowth. Increases in leaf:stem ratio were most dramatic during the dry season with greater periods of regrowth, although the ratio was fairly constant during the wet season. Whole‐plant CP concentration was relatively high after short periods of regrowth (up to 279 g kg^?1 DM) but declined with longer periods of regrowth; the relative decline was much greater during the dry season. The RDP concentration was relatively constant during the wet season (mean 115 g kg^?1 DM), but declined with longer periods of regrowth during the dry season (range 194–111 g kg^?1 DM). In general, the concentrations of RDP, on a CP basis, were greater during the dry season and ranged from 590 to 700 g kg^?1 CP. Season, ecotype and period of regrowth all exerted an effect on RUP concentrations.     

Changes in the survival rate and fecundity of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), at different magnesium concentrations in hydroponic culture

The rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a leaf-feeding pest and the physical and chemical nature of the rice leaf affects its feeding, survival and fecundity. We examined changes in the survival rates of larvae and pupae, pupal weight and the number of eggs laid by adult females developed from a resistant variety (Huaidao 9) and a susceptible variety (Yangjing 9538) in hydroponic solutions containing different concentrations of magnesium (Mg). The concentration of Mg in the hydroponic solution significantly affected the survival rates of the larvae and pupae, the pupal weights and the numbers of eggs laid. Larval survival rates on the resistant variety were significantly higher for fourth instars exposed to 60 and 80 ppm Mg and pupae exposed to 20, 40, 60 and 80 ppm Mg than those for the control treatment (without Mg). For the susceptible variety, survival rates of first, second and third instars were significantly higher at high concentrations of Mg than those under control conditions. In addition, the number of eggs laid by adult females increased with increasing Mg concentrations, though there was a slight decrease at 80 ppm compared to 60 ppm. These results indicate that Mg is beneficial to the development, survival and fecundity of C. medinalis. They further suggest that high levels of nitrogen fertilizer in rice fields favour outbreaks of this pest because application of nitrogen elevates the chlorophyll content and Mg levels in the rice leaf.