中国西南薄层砾石土喀斯特坡地土壤的137Cs分布特点

The fallout radionuclide cesium-137(137 Cs) has been widely employed as a tracer for assessment of soil loss from thick uniform soils;however,few studies have been conducted on thin stony soils on slopes underlain by carbonate rocks which are widely distributed in karst areas.Information derived from 137 Cs measurement of soil samples collected along a carbonate rock slope with thin stony soil where neither soil erosion nor deposition occurred was used to investigate the characteristics of 137 Cs redistribution in a karst area of Southwest China.The results indicated that the 137 Cs inventories of the surface soil on the slope studied were much lower than that of the local 137 Cs reference inventory and the 137 Cs activities were much higher than those on slopes with thick uniform soils.The spatial distribution of 137 Cs inventories was characterized by considerable variation.The high 137 Cs depletion in the stony soil of the slope studied was mainly because a considerable proportion of the fallout input of 137 Cs could be lost with runoff and the dissolution of carbonate particles in the soil promoted the loss of 137 Cs.These demonstrated that the rates of soil loss could not be estimated from the degree of depletion of the 137 Cs inventory relative to the local reference inventory for the thin stony soil of the rocky slope underlain by carbonate rocks in the study area in the way that has been widely used in areas with thick uniform soils.     

利用137Cs示踪技术评价东北黑土侵蚀和沉积过程

Soil and water losses through erosion have been serious in the black soil region of Northeast China. Therefore, a sloping cultivated land in Songnen Plain was selected as a case study to： 1） determine the ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area; 2） calculate erosion and deposition rates of black soil on different slope locations; 3） conduct a sensitivity analysis of some model parameters; and 4） compare overall outputs using four different models. Three transects were set in the field with five slope locations for each transect, including summit, shoulder-slope, back-slope, foot-slope, and toe-slope. Field measurements and model simulation were used to estimate a bomb-derived ^137Cs reference inventory in the study area. Soil erosion and deposition rates were estimated using four ^137Cs models and percentage of ^137Cs loss/gain. The ^137Cs reference value in the study area was 2 232.8 Bq m^-2 with ^137Cs showing a clear topographic pattern, decreasing from the summit to shoulder-slope, then increasing again at the foot-slope and reaching a maximum at the toe-slope, Predicted soil redistribution rates for different slope locations varied. Among models, the Yang Model （YANG-M） overestimated erosion loss but underestimated deposition. However, the standard mass balance model （MBM1） gave predictions similar to a mass balance model incorporating soil movement by tillage （MBM2）. Sensitivity analysis of the proportion factor and distribution pattern of ^137Cs in the surface layer demonstrated the impact of ^137Cs enrichment on calculation of the soil erosion rate. Factors influencing the redistribution of fallout ^137Cs in landscape should be fully considered as calculating soil redistribution rate using ^137Cs technique.     

利用137Cs估算土壤侵蚀速率的定量模型

A quantitative model was developed to relate the amount of ^137Cs loss from the soil profile to the rate of soil erosion,According th mass balance model,the depth distribution pattern of ^137Cs in the soil profile ,the radioactive decay of ^137Cs,sampling year and the difference of ^137Cs fallout amount among years were taken into consideration.By introducing typical depth distribution functions of ^137Cs into the model ,detailed equations for the model were got for different soil,The model shows that the rate of soil erosion is mainly controlled by the depth distrbution pattern of ^137Cs ,the year of sampling,and the percentage reduction in total ^137Cs,The relationship between the rate of soil loss and ^137Cs depletion i neither linear nor logarithmic,The depth distribution pattern of ^137Cs is a major factor for estimating the rate of soil loss,Soil erosion rate is directly related with the fraction of ^137Cs content near the soil surface. The influences of the radioactive decay of ^137Cs,sampling year and ^137Cs input fraction are not large compared with others.     

树的年轮和土壤中元素含量的长期分布情况

Soil erosion accelerates soil degradation. Some natural soils and cultivated soils on sloping land in southern Jiangsu Province, China were chosen to study soil degradation associated with erosion. Soil erosion intensity was investigated using the ^137Cs tracer method. Soil particle-size distribution, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were measured, and the effects of erosion on soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed statistically using SYSTAT8.0. Results indicated that erosion intensity of cultivated soils was greater than that of the natural soils, suggesting that cultivation increased soil loss. Erosion also led to an increase of coarser soil particle proportion, especially in natural soils. In addition, silt was the primary soil particle lost due to erosion. However, in cultivated fields, coarser soil particles over time were attributed not only to soil erosion but also to mechanical eluviation as a result of farming activities. Moreover, erosion caused a decrease in soil OM, TN and TP as well as thinning of the soil layer.     

川中丘陵区人工刨地耕作方式下紫色土坡耕地侵蚀速率的137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪法研究

Purple soils are widely distributed in the Sichuan Hilly Basin and are highly susceptible to erosion, especially on the cultivated slopes. Quantitative assessment of the erosion rates is, however, difficult due to small size of the plots of the manually-tilled land, the complex land use, and steep hillslopes. 137Cs and 210Pbex (excess 210Pb) tracing techniques were used to investigate the spatial pattern of soil erosion rates associated with slope-land under hoe tillage in Neijiang of the Sichuan Hilly Basin. The 137Cs and 210Pbex inventories at the top of the cultivated slope were extremely low, and the highest inventories were found at the bottom of the cultivated slope. By combining the erosion rates estimates provided by both 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements, the weighted mean net soil loss from the study slope was estimated to be 3100 t km-2 year-1, which was significantly less than 6930 t km-2 year-1 reported for runoff plots on a 10°cultivated slope at the Suining Station of soil Erosion. The spatial pattern of soil erosion rates on the steep agricultural land showed that hoe tillage played an important role in soil redistribution along the slope. Also, traditional farming practices had a significant role in reducing soil loss, leading to a lower net erosion rate for the field.     

用137Cs和210Pbex进行中国东北地区土壤侵蚀的评估

Evaluation of soil erosion in agricultural fields is valuable to develop conservation practices for reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Soil erosion rates were quantified using the fallout radionuclide tracer technique in Mojiagou Basin located on the outskirts of Changchun in Northeast China.The calculated soil erosion rates in the study area were 1.99 and 1.85 mm year-1 using 137Cs and excess 210Pb(210Pbex)measurements,respectively.Both fallout radionuclides showed a similar tendency at downslope sites.All measured sites have experienced net erosion during the past 50 to 100 years.137Cs and 210Pbex measurements were useful to quantify soil erosion rates on field and small basin scales.At this rate of erosion,the current fertile topsoil layer would be entirely removed within 70 years.     

侵蚀引起的苏南坡地土壤退化

Soil erosion accelerates soil degradation. Some natural soils and cultivated soils on sloping land in southern Jiangsu Province, China were chosen to study soil degradation associated with erosion. Soil erosion intensity was investigated using the ¹³⁷Cs tracer method. Soil particle-size distribution, soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were measured, and the effects of erosion on soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed statistically using SYSTAT8.0. Results indicated that erosion intensity of cultivated soils was greater than that of the natural soils, suggesting that cultivation increased soil loss. Erosion also led to an increase of coarser soil particle proportion, especially in natural soils. In addition, silt was the primary soil particle lost due to erosion. However, in cultivated fields, coarser soil particles over time were attributed not only to soil erosion but also to mechanical eluviation as a result of farming activities. Moreover, erosion caused a decrease in soil OM, TN and TP as well as thinning of the soil layer.     

中国南方红壤地区的137Cs基准点的选取

The ^137Cs vertical distributions in uncultivated and cultivated soils, developed from Quaternary red clay, granite, argillaceous shale, and red sandstone, were studied to develop reliable guidelines for selecting reference sites in southeastern China, which is dominated by strong acidic and/or clay-textured soils, and examine their reliability by comparing them to the reported ^137Cs reference inventory data to see whether they agreed with the global distribution pattern. It was observed that a relatively high proportion of ^137Cs was concentrated in the surface layers of soils with relatively high clay content. In the paddy soils developed from granite more ^137Cs penetrated to depths below the plow layer （about 45.3%）, when compared to those from the other three parent materials. The relatively low soil ^137Cs inventories on crests excluded using the crest as the ^137Cs reference site; instead the paddy field on the hillock plain was selected. Furthermore, within a specific county characterized by great systematic spatial variations of rainfall and topography across the landscape, a significant （P 〈 0.01） and positive linear relationship （r^2 = 0.81） between local ^137Cs inventory and corresponding local annual rainfall was observed. Thus, for areas with large variations in rainfall, a single uniform value of local ^137Cs reference inventory should be used with caution.     

7Be: 中国贵州Hongfeng湖流域表土季节性侵蚀的地球化学示踪剂

7Be penetrative depth in undisturbed surface soil is within 4mm.^7Be activity shows exponential decrease with soil depth,which is expressed as a diffusion process.7Be penetrative depth in undisturbed surface soil is apparently deeper in the fall (0.22-0.37g cm^-1) than in the spring (0.11-0.28g cm^-2) at the same site;Whereas,^7Be apparent activity at the top of surface soil is higher in the spring (0.3-2.2Bq g^-1)than in the fall (0.2-0.5Bqg^-1) at the same site,The 7Be inventory(189-544Bq m^-2)changes with both locations and seasons.Although the ^7Be flux to the earth‘s surface increases with amount of precipitation,its maximum inventory in the soil profiles decreases to 30%-40% after the rainy period.Calculated by the diffusion equation,the erosion and accumulation rates of soil particles are agreeable with the observation in situ,Which shows that the rates in fall are 1.5 times those in spring.The eroded soil particles almost all have been removed on the tablelands rathel than transported into the drainage system.This indicates that the soil erosion process in the karst region is only partial transportation within a short distance.     

中国亚热带地区土地退化的分布及评价－以福建省东溪流域为例

Some alternative mehods for estimating soil erosion rates rapily were used to elucidate the relationship between the land use types and land degradation.The ^137Cs content,magnetic susceptibility,aggregate stability,and soil properties were studied in the Dongxi River Basin, a mountainous area of ewstern Fujian, A plot of ^137Cs inventory(Y) against slope angle(X) shows a strong inverse log-log relationship(r=-0.83), indicating that muh more soil erosion occurs on steeper slopes.Average soil loss(in thickness of top soil per year) in the past 30 years for arable slope crest,arable slopes and tea plantation slopes are 1.6,10.4 and 8.0 mm year^-1 respectively,The surface layer enrichment factor of magnetic susceptibility(Y) in soil aslo shows an inverse log-log relationship (r=-0.63), indicating a similar tendency with the realtionship between the ^137Cs inventory(Y) against slope angle (X).The Physical and chemical properties of soils among different land use types show different degraded characteristics at different significant levles.     

水土保持减沙效益监测中的多核素联合示踪技术

水土保持效益评价是提升水土保持技术和水土保持生态建设科学决策的前提。核素示踪技术能够直接测定特定时间段的土壤净侵蚀量,提供独立的土壤侵蚀和堆积数据以及空间分布的信息,是评价土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源的简便、快捷和高效的技术方法。利用环境核素^210Pb,^137Cs和^7Be示踪技术测定不同时间尺度的土壤侵蚀强度,探讨了在无常规水文泥沙监测资料情况下,水土保持效益多核素联合示踪评价的方法和计算模型。     

宇宙线散落核素7Be在山区表土层中的分布特征及侵蚀示踪原理

宇宙线散落核素⁷Be具稳定的物质来源和53.3天的半衰期,提供了示踪环境微粒季节性迁移的必要条件;其在土粒中主要存在于Fe-Mn氧化物及有机质结合相,适应于季节性微粒迁移示踪;它在表土层中的垂直分布特征提供了示踪微粒季节性迁移的充分条件。⁷Be在表土层中的累计值、表观比活度、最大渗透深度及相对侵蚀(或堆积)速率是土粒迁移的示踪参数。     

工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失7Be核素示踪监测技术

系统介绍了7Be核素侵蚀示踪技术的原理和方法。7Be核素侵蚀示踪技术提供了短时期季节性或单次降水事件的水土流失信息,可为水土流失监测,土壤侵蚀模型试验研究提供重要信息数据。7Be核素侵蚀示踪技术具有不受场地限制、简便快捷,省时省力等特点。对工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失的监测,不用建立把口站或径流小区,只须在雨季后采一次样,或雨季(单次降雨)前后各采集一次样品,利用7Be核素侵蚀示踪技术就可精确估算出其水土流失量。     

宁镇地区137Cs与210Pbex 坡面分布特征的地统计学分析

为更加深入地揭示核素示踪土壤侵蚀的内在机理,在Arcgis Geostatistics模块的支持下,运用地统计学方法研究了宁镇地区137Cs与210Pbex的空间异质性及其坡面分布特征。研究结果表明:(1)核素所特有的理化性质决定了137Cs与210Pbex的空间异质性及其坡面分布格局的与众不同。137Cs与210Pbex较大的块金值说明了土壤侵蚀及耕作活动等随机性因素对其空间分布的决定性影响,这正是它们能够示踪土壤侵蚀的原因所在。(2)137Cs属中等程度的空间自相关,其坡面分布格局能够较好地反映出地形这一结构性因素在其中所施加的影响,示踪土壤侵蚀的结果也应更为全面、合理,并具有宏观性。210Pbex的空间相关性很弱,说明其对随机性因素的影响有着更为敏感的响应,在揭示坡面侵蚀的细部特征方面应能做得更好。(3)137Cs与210Pbex坡面分布格局存在较大的差异,这一方面说明两者在初始沉降布局、部分理化性质,以及对各种变异影响因素的响应等诸多方面还存在着不小的差异;另一方面也在提示,两者示踪土壤侵蚀进程的结果很难通过数学模型的调整而达成一致。     

红壤丘陵区土壤137Cs含量与土壤颗粒组成的关系研究--以江西省丰城市为例

通过对江西省红壤地区的39个土壤剖面采样数据进行数理统计分析,发现在土壤表层20 cm范围内,不同土层137Cs含量与土壤粒径具有一定的相关性,其中与砂粒含量和粉砂粒含量具有正相关关系,与砾石含量和黏粒含量具有负相关关系。通过逐步回归分析发现,在各土层与137Cs含量关系最为密切是砂砾含量,两者呈现显著的正相关关系。同时建立了137Cs含量与砂砾含量的定量关系模型,并通过方差分析证明该模型可靠,但该模型应用于土壤侵蚀还需要进一步研究。     

径流及泥沙中7Be含量分布与影响因素研究

通过分析次降雨下,来自坡耕地、荒草地、灌木林地径流小区径流、泥沙中7Be含量,发现径流中7Be浓度较小,均值为0.92 Bq/L,但次降雨过程由于受径流量的影响,随径流流失的7Be量较大。坡耕地小区随径流流失7Be占整个小区7Be流失量的11%~33%,对示踪结果影响较大。与地表土壤相比较,侵蚀泥沙中7Be含量较大,尤其是荒草地和灌木林地小区。坡耕地小区侵蚀泥沙颗粒分选性对泥沙中7Be含量影响不明显,它主要受侵蚀类型的影响,面蚀对侵蚀泥沙中7Be含量贡献最大。     

南方红壤区土壤~(137)Cs在不同土地利用类型下的分布研究

137Cs作为土壤侵蚀的示踪剂得到广泛的应用,研究发现不同地区土壤中,137Cs分布有一定差别。以南方红壤为研究对象,对滇池流域不同土地利用下137Cs分布状况进行了研究。结果显示:137Cs空间分布的变化规律受地形空间分异因素的影响。在水平方向上,137Cs空间分布的差异是由于含137Cs土壤颗粒中重新分布和迁移流失造成的;在垂直方向上,剖面分布特征明显,不同土地利用类型由于人类活动以及自然下渗作用而有含量与深浅的差别。这对137Cs示踪土壤侵蚀的模型选择、土壤侵蚀程度判断甚至重新建模都具有积极的指导意义。