10种早熟禾属植物的过氧化酶同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对10种早熟禾属植物过氧化酶（POD）同工酶进行分析，结果表明：供试材料共出现了58条酶带，但每个种的带数有所不同，最多出现8条，最少只有4条；每种植物的POD酶谱大致可分为A，B，C三区，其中酶带数量较多，活性最高，分布较为集中的是B区；各供试植物在酶谱特征以及种间相似程度上均有明显差异，POD同工酶技术对早熟禾属植物进行物种鉴定以及种间遗传距离分析是可行的。     

10种早熟禾属植物的过氧化物酶同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对10种早熟禾属植物过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶进行分析,结果表明:供试材料共出现了58条酶带,但每个种的带数有所不同,最多出现8条,最少只有4条;每种植物的POD酶谱大致可分为A、B、C三区,其中酶带数量最多、活性最强、分布较为集中的是B区;各供试植物在酶谱特征以及种间相似程度上均有明显差异,POD同工酶技术对早熟禾属植物进行物种鉴定以及种间遗传距离分析是可行的。     

早熟禾属植物种间关系的RAPD分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对10种早熟禾植物进行了基因组DNA多态性分析，对30个OPRON公司十聚体随机引物进行多态性筛选，28个可产生多态性，18个引物产生的250个DNA片段，用于计算种间的欧氏遗传相似性系数分析，在Statistic统计软件按非加权算术平均数（UPGMA）进行聚类并构建系统发育树状图，结果，10种早熟禾植物种间的亲缘关系，其变幅主要在6．7－8．5之间；其中P.botryoides与P.psilolepis之间的遗传距离最小，为6．7，其次是P.sinattenuata与P.sphondylodes遗传距离较近，为6．8，而P．sikkimensis与P.pratensis,P.sikkimensis与P.psilolepis之间的距离最远，均为10．5，这与形态学分类结果基本一致，说明RAPD分析方法可从分子生物学角度为早熟禾属植物的系统学分类提供更为有利和可靠的证据。     

16种乌头属植物核型似近系数聚类分析

应用核型似近系数聚类分析方法研究了我国16种乌头属(Aconitum L.)植物的亲缘关系,并计算物种间的核型进化距离,以期为该属的分类提供一个新的重要指标。结果表明:卷毛蔓乌头(A. ciliare DC.)与弯枝乌头(A. arcuatum Maxim.)核型似近系数最大(0.9971),核型进化距离最小(0.0029),亲缘关系最近;狭盔高乌头(A. sinomontanum var.angustius)与松潘乌头(A. sungpanense Hand.-Mazz.)核型似近系数最小(0.3531),核型进化距离最大(1.0411),亲缘关系最远;在16种乌头属植物中,二倍体物种与四倍体物种表现出较远的遗传距离,核型分类结果与形态学分类结果并不完全相符。本结果将为乌头属植物资源利用、分类学和系统演化等方面的研究提供一定的参考。     

蝽科3亚科9种蝽象酯酶同工酶的比较研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳垂直板法分析了蝽科3亚科、9种蝽象的酯酶同工酶。研究表明,同一亚科内不同属种间的EST同工酶存在明显差异,但小于不同亚科属种间的差异;蝽亚科（Pentatominae）和益蝽亚科（Asopinae）的亲缘关系较近,而这2个亚科和盾蝽亚科（Scutellerinae）的亲缘关系较远,这与形态学的划分相一致。     

16种锦鸡儿属植物核型似近系数聚类分析

应用核型似近系数聚类分析方法研究我国16种锦鸡儿属植物的亲缘关系,并计算物种间的核型进化距离。结果表明:刺叶锦鸡儿(Caragana acanthophyllaKom.)与甘蒙锦鸡儿(C.opulensKom.)间核型似近系数最大(0.9979),核型进化距离最小(0.0177),亲缘关系最近;青海锦鸡儿(C.chinghaiensisLiou f.)与中亚锦鸡儿[C.tra-gacanthoides(Pall.)Poir.]间核型似近系数最小(0.3127),核型进化距离最大(1.1625),亲缘关系最远;核型分类结果与形态学分类结果并不相符。     

早熟禾属10种植物酯酶同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对早熟禾属10种材料进行酯酶同工酶分析。结果表明,供试材料出现56条酶带,其数量在种间差异显著,其中最多者出现8条,最少4条。由于酶带数量、位点以及活性强度各不相同,形成了各个种特有的特征酶谱,这些特征酶谱可以用于早熟禾属植物的分类和鉴定。     

河北省野生苔草属植物ISSR分子标记开发及亲缘关系分析

为研究野生苔草属植物的亲缘关系，本研究以河北省33种野生苔草属植物及国外引种的20份苔草属种质为试验材料，采用单因素试验和正交试验，建立并优化了ISSR标记体系，并筛选出12条引物用于研究它们的亲缘关系及遗传多样性。结果表明：在25μL的反应体系中，DNA模板80 ng,引物浓度为5μmol·L^-1,Master Mix用量11μL,循环数48个为最佳配比。筛选出的12条ISSR引物共扩增出197个条带，多态性位点百分率为100%,可将33种河北省野生苔草属植物完全区分，但国外种质无法完全区分。在遗传距离为0.768时，53份苔草属种质可划分为6类，聚类结果与形态学分类的结果基本吻合，种间亲缘关系与地理环境有一定的相关性，以期为河北省野生苔草属的分类鉴定和指纹图谱构建提供一定理论依据。     

基于ITS序列分析蒲公英质量评价体系的建立

为确定蒲公英属植物的系统分类关系;通过测定我国东北地区10种蒲公英植物5.8S r DNA和28S r DNA基因间隔序列(ITS),并应用Mega 3.1程序构建系统发育树。ITS组成结果表明,蒲公英属植物ITS序列在730 bp左右,碱基序列种间差异明显,但G+C含量稳定均在50%左右,此ITS序列分析可进行蒲公英属种间分类鉴定。ITS序列构建的系统发育关系表明,ITS序列证据与蒲公英属植物形态特征基本一致,显示密切的亲缘关系,其中第一个单系群自展支持率为79%,第二分支为100%,这两大类蒲公英聚类结果与《中国植物志》分类结果一致;但东北蒲公英ITS序列聚类与《中国植物志》中分类阶元存在一定差异。试验探讨蒲公英属植物的种间关系及其系统进化,研究结果进一步验证蒲公英属传统分类系统的准确性,其结果支持之前所研究的形态学、微形态学、细胞学及相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)的数据结果。     

旋毛虫属分类方法研究进展

旋毛虫的分类问题一直以来是众多学者关注的话题,近年来,随着试验技术的不断进步,分子生物学、分子遗传学的发展和应用,对旋毛虫属种分类的研究也推进到从分子水平揭示其物种进化、分类、亲缘关系及种内遗传变异的本质,这在旋毛虫新隔离种的鉴定和分类上将出现一个嵌新的局面.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein