宁夏地区马铃薯X病毒分离及其CP基因克隆

马铃薯X病毒(potato virus X,PVX)对马铃薯生产影响较大,不同区域内PVX存在多样性和株系差异。本研究通过指示植物法和分子生物学鉴定法,从宁夏隆德县区域内的感病马铃薯上分离到一株马铃薯X病毒(PVX-NX1)。利用RT-PCR技术,克隆该病毒的外壳蛋白(CP)基因,序列分析结果表明,CP基因全长714 bp,编码237个氨基酸残基,与已报道CP基因的核苷酸序列同源性为72.42%~97.34%,氨基酸序列同源性为91.53%~100%。其中,与荷兰分离物X3(属PVX的X3株系)、中国新疆的核苷酸序列同源性分别为96.36%、97.34%,氨基酸同源性均为100%。初步确定PVX-NX1属PVX的X3株系。     

葡萄A病毒外壳蛋白基因克隆及分子变异分析

为获得葡萄A病毒(Grapevine virus A,GVA)外壳蛋白(CP)基因,并为开展GVA-CP介导的抗病毒转基因研究提供基础,本研究从葡萄休眠枝条中扩增获得12个GVA分离物的CP基因序列,全长597nt,编码198个氨基酸。所得分离物间核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为83.9%~99.8%和92.4%~99.5%,与GenBank中12个GVA CP序列比较,核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为71.0%~93.1%和81.8%~98.0%。系统进化分析表明,本研究12个分离物CP序列与已报道的GVA Ⅰ组亲缘关系最近。种群变异分析表明,GVA种群具有多种变异体类型,并且多个样品存在不同变异体类型的复合侵染。但绝大多数变异体克隆聚集在GVA Ⅰ组分支,有60%的克隆序列间同源性较高,并且聚集在同一个次级分支Ⅰ Aa,表明其为该GVA种群的优势序列。克隆的GVA CP基因以及优势序列群体的分析为葡萄抗病毒转基因研究奠定了基础。     

李矮缩病毒外壳蛋白基因克隆及原核表达研究

为制备李矮缩病毒(Prunus dwarf virus, PDV)抗血清,克隆PDV外壳蛋白(CP)基因,构建原核表达载体,优化蛋白表达条件。以阳性感病甜樱桃叶片为试验材料,提取总RNA,根据PDV CP基因(L28145.1)设计特异引物,RT-PCR方法扩增,克隆、测序,构建原核表达载体pET30a-PDVCP,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株表达。PDV CP基因（Genbank登录号：JF333587.1）全长657 bp,编码217个氨基酸,与GenBank其他PDV分离物CP基因核苷酸序列的同源性为89.2%~93.9%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为97%~99%。根据完整CP基因核苷酸序列构建系统进化树显示：12个PDV分离物可分为3组,泰安分离物与巴西、土耳其等分离物属于Ⅰ组。成功构建原核表达载体pET30a-PDVCP,并在体外条件下诱导表达出融合蛋白。转pET30a-PDVCP载体的大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌株表达分子量约24 kDa的重组蛋白。该重组蛋白在30℃,1.0 mmol/L IPTG、诱导4 h表达量最大。     

河南省猪流行性腹泻病毒S和ORF3基因的克隆与序列分析

为了分析河南省猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)毒株S和ORF3基因变异情况,于2015年1-12月收集河南省规模化猪场的150份PED疑似病料利用RT-PCR方法进行S和ORF3基因检测,共扩增到15株PEDV的S和ORF3基因,回收纯化PCR产物克隆至T载体,并进行序列分析,结果显示,15株S基因与CV777相比,核苷酸同源性为93. 6%~93. 9%,氨基酸同源性为92. 2%~93. 1%,而且存在不同碱基插入和缺失; ORF3基因与CV777相比,核苷酸同源性为97. 7%~100%,氨基酸同源性为93. 7%~100%,与疫苗毒株相比,不存在氨基酸的缺失现象。进化树分析基于S基因扩增的15株独立成群,与其他参考毒株亲缘较远;基于ORF3基因扩增的15个毒株与国内分离株、美国株及韩国株均有较近的亲缘关系,与经典毒株CV777株亲缘关系较远。对于S和ORF3基因在整个进化关系中,试验中的15个河南株均相对独立成群,与经典毒株CV777及国内所使用的疫苗株,亲缘关系较远,15株河南株的S和ORF3基因存在基因变异,为河南省PED的分子流行病学研究和防控提供技术支持。     

马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)内蒙古分离物基因间隔区(IS)的克隆与序列分析

根据Genbank已报道马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)基因组序列,分析其基因间隔区(IS)两端的保守区,自行设计、合成一对特异性引物,以PLRV内蒙古分离物总RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增得到含PLRVIS的一段369 bp的cDNA,克隆于载体pBS-T中。重组质粒经PCR鉴定、酶切分析和核苷酸序列测定,并进一步与PLRV其他分离物的同源序列作比对。结果表明:克隆的PLRV内蒙古分离物的IS序列与其他全部已发表的13个全基因组中的IS核苷酸序列有很高的同源性,最高达到100%,平均为97.90%,高于这13个PLRV全基因组序列96.81%的同源性,说明IS序列不仅在PLRV的不同株系间比较保守,而且在PLRV的全基因组序列中也是相对保守的。研究结果预示,将IS构建成RNA干扰型结构导入马铃薯,将有可能获得抗PLRV多种株系且抗性更高的转基因植株。     

三个耐冻性不同的马铃薯野生种中FAD2基因的克隆及表达分析

以3个耐冻性和冷驯化能力不同的马铃薯野生种Solanum commersonii、S.acaule和S.cardiophyllum为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆出不饱和脂肪酸合成途径中的关键酶基因ω-6脱氢酶基因(FAD2),分别命名为Cmm-FAD2(GenBank登录号为KF214782)、Aca-FAD2(KF214781)和Cph-FAD2(KF214783)。序列分析表明,该基因在3个马铃薯野生种中核苷酸长度都为1326 bp,编码441个氨基酸残基。3个野生种FAD2基因核苷酸序列和蛋白序列比对结果表明,在18个位点的差异核苷酸中有8个位点的差异导致对应的氨基酸残基变化,其中第11和第44氨基酸残基处,耐冻且有冷驯化能力的S.commersonii和S.acaule有相同的氨基酸,而冷冻敏感S.cardiophyllum的氨基酸却不同。二级结构预测结果表明S.commersonii和S.acaule的FAD2蛋白与S.cardiophyllum FAD2蛋白的α-螺旋、延伸链和随机卷曲存在明显差异。蛋白多序列比对和进化树分析表明,3个马铃薯野生种的FAD2基因与番茄的亲缘关系最近,其次是与马齿笕。qPCR分析表明,12 d冷驯化使FAD2基因在3个马铃薯野生种中都上调表达,S.commersonii和S.acaule的FAD2基因表达水平均高于S.cardiophyllum,且差异显著。     

草莓轻型黄边病毒北京分离物的CP基因序列分析

为了明确引起北京地区草莓病毒病的病毒种类和病毒序列的分子变异特点,从北京地区表现畸形症状的草莓叶片中提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR技术扩增得到草莓轻型黄边病毒(Strawberry mild yellow edge virus,SMYEV)的含有外壳蛋白(CP)基因的729 nt特异性核苷酸片段。经序列测定和分析可知,北京地区存在2种不同的SMYEV分离物（BJ1和BJ2）,两者间的核苷酸序列同源性仅为82.72%~82.96%。将北京分离物与分别来自德国、美国、智利、捷克、澳大利亚、比利时、意大利、韩国和中国沈阳等国家或地区的不同分离物的CP基因序列进行分析比较。结果显示,33个分离物可以分为四大组群,BJI和BJ2分别归属不同组群,BJ1与19个其他国家的分离物亲缘关系较近,BJ2与中国沈阳的2个分离物亲缘关系较近。BJ1和BJ2与其他分离物的CP基因核苷酸序列同源性分别为81.10%~98.35%和82.03%~98.63%,氨基酸序列同源性介于82.17%~99.17%和90.91%~94.63%。     

草莓ABA结合蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

为进一步研究ABA结合蛋白在草莓抗逆性方面的作用,本文通过CTAB法提取五叶草莓总DNA,根据NCBI数据库中的ABA结合蛋白受体的基因序列信息,设计特异引物,克隆得到4426 bp的ABA结合蛋白基因。序列分析表明该基因全长4662 bp,编码1393个氨基酸,核苷酸序列比对表明,该序列与GenBank中其他物种的CHLH序列有极高的同源性,核苷酸序列比较相似率在77%~90%,氨基酸相似性在63%~73%。     

甜菜叶绿体rbcL基因的克隆与序列分析

rbcL基因编码1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶,在光合作用和光呼吸中均起重要作用。利用植物叶绿体基因组在进化中高度保守的特点,根据烟草、水稻和菠菜叶绿体基因组全序列设计合成引物,以甜菜叶绿体DNA为模板,PCR扩增了包含甜菜rbcL完整基因(GeneBank登录号为DQ067450)在内的一段序列,序列分析表明:该片段全长2023bp,其中包括1425bp的编码区序列,推测编码475个氨基酸。同源性比较显示,该基因编码区序列与烟草、菠菜、油菜、豌豆、水稻、玉米、矮牵牛、苜蓿、地钱、葡萄、猪毛菜及松树的rbcL基因核苷酸同源性为77.38%~96.45%,氨基酸同源性为85.53%~98.11%。因此,可以确定所克隆的基因为甜菜叶绿体rbcL基因。     

马铃薯损伤诱导型启动子Wun1基因的克隆及其GFP表达活性

通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR),以马铃薯基因组DNA为模板,根据已报道Wun1序列设计了一对特异引物,在优化的PCR反应条件下扩增出了Wun1基因片段,通过序列分析与文献报道的碱基序列有96.86%的同源性,该基因已登录到GenBank(No.AY803296)。以pBIPG(携带GFP基因)的质粒DNA为模板,通过PCR技术亚克隆到了源自水母(Aequorea)大小为756bp的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因,与已知序列同源率为100%。利用GFP基因作为报告基因,构建了用于比较鉴定所克隆启动子活性的pBIG(35S-GFP)和pBIWG(Wun1-GFP)两个植物表达载体,采用基因枪法进行对洋葱表皮细胞的遗传转化,检测Wun1启动子在受体细胞中调控基因表达的活性,结果表明克隆到的Wun1启动子活性强于组成型表达的35S启动子,GFP瞬时表达的分析方法也让我们有效的筛选到用于进行马铃薯抗病育种的调控元件。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.