鱼类性腺成熟的人工诱导技术

<正> 鱼类在初次产卵后,以后每次产卵通常都有一定的时间间隔及季节节律,这是鱼类长期进化的结果。随着鱼类成为人工养殖对象,人们越来越希望养殖鱼类能在人为控制下成熟产卵,从而打破自然环境下的繁殖周期。迄今,真鲷、牙鲆等人工诱导提前产卵已获成功并应用到生产中。     

鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的研究进展

促性腺激素抑制激素是2000年由日本学者首次从鹌鹑脑中分离出的一种新型下丘脑神经肽,通过其受体介导参与机体的生长、生殖以及摄食等生理过程。迄今,只在金鱼、斑马鱼、星点东方鲀、罗非鱼以及斜带石斑鱼等几种鱼中鉴定出促性腺激素抑制激素。目前,鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素的生理学功能研究相对较少,且存在争议。鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的表达调控以及其他生理学功能仍有待进一步研究。本研究简要总结鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的研究进展,并对促性腺激素抑制激素的生理学功能进行概括讨论,旨在加深对鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素的认识和了解,为进一步研究做铺垫。     

紫彩血蛤的性腺发育和生殖周期

紫彩血蛤的性腺发育过程可分为增殖期，生长期，成熟期，排放期和休止期５个阶段，紫彩血蛤一年即性成熟，一年一个生殖周期，５月上旬是繁殖高峰，影响其生殖的因子有水温潮汐与露空等，紫彩血蛤长年很肥，是一种很有发展前途的养殖种类，尤适与对虾混养。     

我国海水养殖鱼类生殖调控机理研究的现状及其展望

本文综述了近10余年来我国海水养殖鱼类生殖调控机理研究的现状:生殖内分泌器官的组织学与免疫组织化学,外源激素对鱼类性腺发育的影响,血液中主要性类固醇激素含量及其与生殖的关系,性别决定与性别控制研究,部分激素的生物化学和分子生物学等.目前我国海水鱼类内分泌机理的系统研究主要以石斑鱼为主,今后研究的重点:在个体水平、细胞水平和分子水平上齐头并进,深入阐述生殖内分泌调控机理;在石斑鱼研究的基础上,加强比目鱼内分泌调控机理研究.     

内分泌学的进展与鱼类生殖生理

下丘脑激素的发现，是近30年来内分泌学研究的重大成就之一，它丰富了生殖生理学的基础理论．使性激素在医学、家畜业及渔业生产上得到了越来越广泛的应用，并从分子水平上，阐明了神经和内分泌这两种调节系统的紧密联系和相互制约的关系。本文拟以内分泌学的研究理论，试述与鱼类生殖生理有关的几个问题。     

多巴胺拮抗物 pimozide(PIM)或排除剂 reserpine(RES)和促黄体素释放激素类似物(LHRH-A)诱导养殖鱼类促性腺激素分泌和排卵的研究

由多巴胺拮抗物PIM或排除剂RES组成的高效新型鱼类催产合剂能有效的诱导主要的淡水养殖鱼类促性腺激素分泌和产卵，其中青鱼催产率为80％，鲢鱼为84％，鳙鱼和草鱼为88％，长春鳊为94％，鲮鱼为96％。试验表明这种催产剂的主要优点是：催产效果高而稳定，可以完全取代鱼脑垂体；对当年第二次成熟和产卵的亲鱼同样有效；有利于保护亲鱼；节省劳力和成本。     

应用激素诱导养殖鱼类产卵——特别是遮目鱼的孵化繁殖

激素（荷尔蒙）对控制几种鱼类的繁殖实验，已有很多文献记载。然而有关激素对诱导繁养鱼类排卵机制的资料却很少。     

内刺盘管虫的性腺发育与生殖周期

内刺盘管虫的性腺发育可以分为增殖期，生长期、成熟排放期、衰退期、休止期５个阶段，内刺盘管虫１年１个生殖，７至８月为其繁殖盛期，水温是影响生殖周期的主要因子。     

诱导池养斑节对虾的性腺发育与产卵

室内条件下,采用切除、烫灼眼柄及蓝、绿色光源光照,可有效诱导池养斑节对虾的卵巢获得不同程度发育或成熟产卵,有效率分别为64.8％和15.5％,总有效率达80.3％。亲虾个体大小及水温与卵巢发育或产卵的关系密切。体重70克以上的亲虾卵巢易催熟,性腺发育成熟大多出现在水温较高的 5—9月份(平均水温 25.0—29.5℃),尤其产卵仅在这些月份发生。亲虾产卵量较少(每尾 3—11万个/次)。室内环境下亲虾无自然交配,卵子不能孵化,仅其中一次产卵中,进行了人工交配孵化出无节幼体。     

血浆促性腺激素和性类固醇的年、日变化与真骨鱼类性腺周期的关系

刺激鱼类的各种外界因子综合作用于中枢神经系统。它们与下丘脑——垂体——性腺系统相互作用，因此在一定程度上，随着激素分泌的变化，促进配子形成和产卵。     

注射含HCG和CPE的W／O／W复乳诱导日本鳗鲡性腺发育成熟的研究

用含HCG及鲤脑垂体（PG）匀浆液提取物（CPE）的W／O／W复乳，对塘养雌鳗进行注射催熟实验，雌鳗平均GSI达35．18％，最高达56．5％，其催熟效果较常规注射方法（平均GSI 27．9％，最高50．4％）好，用含LHRH－A，HCG，CPE的复乳和DOM生理盐水混悬剂对部分达到性成熟的鳗鲡进行催产，用W／O／W复乳诱导成熟的鳗鲡，排卵率为75％，用常规方法催熟的鳗鲡排卵率为55％，注射复乳制剂后，鳗鲡血清GtH含量可较长时间的保持较高水平，血清GtH的变化较常规注射方法缓和，注射乳剂还可使鳗鲡脑垂体GtH含量升高。     

Influence of photoperiod and temperature manipulation on gonadal development and spawning in Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus): Implications for artificial propagation

Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus), a spring spawning teleost, were subjected to various photoperiod and temperature regimes to study the feasibility of shifting the timing of spawning for artificial propagation purposes. A total of 650 female reproductively mature R. rutilus caspicus were subjected to different photoperiod and temperature regimes including four light regimes (natural light (NL), 16 hr of light (L):8 hr of darkness (D), 9L:15D, 11L:13D), each affected by three temperature regimes (14, 20 and 24°C) for 70 days. Five fish per tank were randomly sampled on Feb. 10, Feb. 20, March 28, April 15 and April 30 (natural spawning time). Ovarian tissue sections were studied using light microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The levels of 17‐β estradiol (E2) and 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone (OHP) were also measured in the serum samples. In late winter (March 28th), the gonadal maturation and spawning were accelerated in fish treated with the long day length (16L/8D) and warm temperature (20°C). While, the maturation of oocytes and spawning delayed in fish exposed to low temperature (14°C) and short day length (9L/15D and 11L/13D). Photoperiod seems to play a more important role in the ovarian development of the R. rutilus caspicus compared to temperature; since even among the fish treated with the lowest temperature (14°C), those exposed to a longer day length (16L/8D), matured and spawned earlier than the others. Considering that the earliest spawning occurred in R. rutilus caspicus treated with 16L/8D at 20°C and the latest spawning occurred in fish exposed to low temperature and short photoperiod, it can be concluded that temperature and photoperiod play an important role in accelerating oocyte maturation and spawning.     

Influence of artificial insemination on the reproductive performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis in conventional and unisex maturation systems

The application of artificial insemination techniques as a way to overcome the lack of mating of the closed thelycum Farfantepenaeus paulensis under large scale conditions is reported. The performance of artificially inseminated females (49.4±11.6 g) maintained in conventional versus unisex maturation systems was compared. Groups of unilaterally eyestalk-ablated females were artificially inseminated with one compound spermatophore soon after molting. The percentage of fertilized spawns increased from 26% before the use of artificial insemination to 57% afterwards. The reproductive performance of inseminated females held in conventional or unisex maturation systems showed no significant differences. Artificial insemination was considered a practical approach to overcome the lack of mating of F. paulensis under large-scale conditions with acceptable reproductive performance. The results also indicate the possibility of holding females separately from males, which could mean significant improvements in maturation systems through the increase in the stocking density of spawning females.     

LHRH-A缓释剂促进雄性赤点石斑鱼性类固醇激素分泌和精巢发育与排精的研究

研究了促黄体生成素释放激素类似物(LHRHA)不同处理方式对雄性赤点石斑鱼性类固醇激素分泌和精子生成及精子排放的影响。对照组在0、7d二次注射生理盐水(50μg·kg-1BW),注射组在0、7d二次注射LHRHA(50μg·kg-1BW),埋植组在0d埋植LHRHA缓释剂(100μg·kg-1BW)。结果表明,通过埋植LHRHA缓释剂,血清睾酮(T)和11-酮基睾酮(11-KT)水平快速增加,显示血清睾酮和11-酮基睾酮水平与赤点石斑鱼精子生成和精子排放有密切关系。组织学观察表明,在21d,对照组和注射组鱼精巢充满了精子细胞、精母细胞和精原细胞,而在同一时间,LHRHA埋植组鱼精巢含有大量精子,表明精子排放仍在进行。在40d期间采集精液总量为对照组<注射组<埋植组,差异显著。当注射组在处理14d后精液量逐渐回落到对照组水平时,埋植组仍然维持较高精液量水平。各组采集的精子的活力与采集的精液量呈正相关,而精子密度没有显著差异。数据显示,LHRHA缓释剂能显著增加赤点石斑鱼的精液量及延长精子排放时间而不改变精子的质量。     

Use of biofloc technology during the pre‐maturation period of Litopenaeus vannamei males: effect of feeds with different protein levels on the spermatophore and sperm quality

The objectives of this study were: (1) Compare two systems for pre‐maturation of Litopenaeus vannamei in terms of spermatophore and sperm quality, (2) Compare the effect of feeds with different protein levels on reproductive quality of males reared in a biofloc‐dominated system. Animals (36.40 ± 3.13 g) reared under biofloc technology (BFT) were used in the 30‐day experiment, which involved four treatments: one in a clear water system (CW) and other three in a BFT system. The BFT treatments were differentiated by feed: mix of fish, squid and crab (BFT+FF) composed of 68.48% dietary protein (DP); broodstock feed (BFT+BF) composed of 52.51% DP; and juvenile feed (BFT+JF) composed of 39.91% DP. Feed in the CW was also the mix of fresh food. Spermatophore and sperm quality were analyzed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Higher normal sperm rate was recorded in the CW compared with the BFT+FF. Among the BFT treatments, the BFT+FF had the lowest normal sperm rate. Thus, the use of BFT for pre‐maturation of L. vannamei allowed the reduction in dietary protein levels from 68.48% (BFT+FF) to 39.91% (BFT+JF) and the maintenance of spermatophore and sperm quality compared to the system based on high daily exchange rate.     

发酵豆粕部分替代鱼粉对日本鳗鲡生长性能和体内矿物元素的影响

在日本鳗鲡（Anguill japonica）饲料中分别添加0、50 g·kg-1、100 g·kg-1、150 g·kg-1和200 g·kg-1的发酵豆粕,相应替代饲料中鱼粉使用量的0、5%、10%、15%和20%,饲养体质量为（37.62±0.16）g日本鳗鲡50 d,研究发酵豆粕对鳗鱼生长性能和体内矿物元素的影响。结果显示：1）随着发酵豆粕替代鱼粉的比例升高,鳗鱼增重率和特定生长率呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中15%替代组增重率和特定生长率高于其他组,但差异不显著（P﹥0.05）,5%替代组饲料系数显著低于其他组（P〈0.05）。从生长性能上看,15%是发酵豆粕替代鳗鱼饲料中鱼粉的最适比例;2）发酵豆粕替代鱼粉后鳗鱼饲料中的钾（K）、铁（Fe）、镁（Mg）等元素质量分数升高,而铝（Al）元素质量分数降低,按变化幅度大小排列Al〉K〉铜（Cu）〉硼（B）〉钙（Ca）〉钠（Na）〉磷（P）〉Fe,但替代组与对照组鳗鱼肌肉中矿物元素K、Ca和P差异不显著（P〉0.05）,而无论是肌肉还是皮肤中矿物元素Cu质分数量均降低（P〈0.05）,因此,发酵豆粕替代鱼粉后应对饲料中矿物元素添加量适当进行调整。     

不同剂量的利血平,多巴胺与LHRH—A促进泥鳅排卵的比较研究

实验结果表明,ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ诱导泥鳅排卵的最佳剂量为０．１μｇ／ｇ体重;利血平４μｇ＋ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ０．１μＧ／Ｇ体重与多巴胺４μｇ＋ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ０．１μｇ／ｇ理为最佳剂量。