茶浓缩汁加工关键技术与装备的研究

对茶浓缩汁加工参数的研究结果表明,茶汁完成提取后,先行粗滤和细滤,然后应用超滤膜将茶汁中的大分子物质分离和去除,再用反渗透膜进行循环浓缩,可获得优质的茶浓缩汁产品。超滤膜孔径,绿茶、乌龙茶以8～10万分子量为宜,红茶则以10万分子量以上为好,超滤膜的工作压力为0.2～0.3MPa,茶汁温度40℃以下为宜。反渗透膜的工作压力为1.5～3.0 MPa、工作温度控制在50℃以下为好。以此为基础专门设计的茶浓缩汁生产线,生产率可达 100 kg/h(年产500吨),茶浓缩汁浓度可达20％(Brix),并且透光率高,易于溶解,能保持茶叶风味,并可去除中、下档茶苦涩味重等部分不足,品质明显优于传统热浓缩产品。     

速溶沙棘叶茶粉加工工艺与品质研究

沙棘叶茶作为风味独特的低咖啡碱代用茶在市场上具有广阔的前景。本文主要对速溶沙棘叶茶粉浸提工艺进行研究,探明速溶沙棘叶茶粉工艺生产茶水比、浸提时间和浸提温度等最佳参数。正交试验结果表明浸提温度80℃、浸提时间为40min、茶水比为1:10,添加20%β-环状糊精,制得滋味醇和,香气明显,茶汤透亮,感官品质评价上佳的速溶茶粉,其中总黄酮含量达1.61%,水溶多糖含量为4.02%,咖啡碱含量为O.33%。     

速溶鹧鸪茶的提取工艺优化及挥发性成分分析

采用响应面法优化鹧鸪茶提取工艺,研究超声时间、提取温度、料液比对水提液中多酚提取率(Y1)、游离氨基酸总量(Y2)和水浸出物含量(Y3)的影响。将提取液进一步干燥处理得到速溶粉,利用顶空固相微萃取(HSSPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)对茶粉及速溶粉挥发性成分定性分析。结果表明:优化得到速溶鹧鸪茶提取工艺参数为时间28 min、温度58℃、料液比1:21,在此工艺参数下制得的提取液的多酚提取率为14.53%,游离氨基酸总量为20.97 mg/g,水浸出物含量为33.45%。茶粉和速溶粉经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出挥发性成分72种,其中茶粉含44种,速溶粉含52种,二者相同挥发性成分为26种。本研究可为鹧鸪茶生产工艺条件提供理论支撑。      

添加β-环状糊精对速溶茶中酯型儿茶素和EGCG含量的影响

本实验以初制的绿茶和乌龙茶为原料,研究了在速溶绿茶和乌龙茶加工过程的浸提工序阶段,添加β-环状糊精对速溶茶中酯型儿茶素和EGCG含量的影响,结果表明：添加β-环状糊精可显著提高速溶绿茶产品中酯型儿茶素和EGCG的含量,但降低了速溶乌龙茶中酯型儿茶素和EGCG的含量。     

大豆糖蜜上清液中胰蛋白酶抑制剂的去除

胰蛋白酶抑制剂是广泛存在于大豆及大豆制品中的抗营养剂,主要有Kuntiz型和Bowman-Birk型两种,为了得到高品质的产品,需要在加工过程中将其灭活或去除。通过研究大豆糖蜜上清液中胰蛋白酶抑制剂的活性、鉴定抑制剂的种类,采用超滤法将其去除。经测定,固形物含量约10%的大豆糖蜜上清液中胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性约为5.05×105TIA·g-1蛋白,约为鲜豆奶的5倍。用截留分子量3 k Da的超滤膜将大豆糖蜜上清液中的大分子蛋白富集,通过还原-Tricine-SDS-PAGE分析,截留部分在图谱上显示为分子量约10 k Da的模糊的条带。通过用2%巯基乙醇还原再用NEM封闭游离巯基的方式处理样品,使得截留部分在电泳图上显示为分子量约7~8 k Da的两条清晰的条带。综合判断,大豆糖蜜上清液中主要含有Bowman-Birk型胰蛋白酶抑制剂。通过对比超滤效果,选择用截留分子量10k Da的超滤膜截留胰蛋白酶抑制剂,能够得到无抑制活性的透过液。     

膜系统加工冷溶型去苦味速溶绿茶研究

在研究证实速溶绿茶中简单儿茶素与酯型儿茶素的比值为0.5以上时可达到去苦味特性的基础上,试验采用中试设备,对不同截留分子量的超滤膜超滤蒸青绿茶微滤液的超滤效果和不同浓缩方法的浓缩效果进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明,在35℃、1.74Mpa条件下,采用3500Da膜超滤绿茶微滤液,且在滤液重量接近粗滤液重80%时,以10%粗滤液重纯净水透析两次,滤析混合液中的简单儿茶素与酯型儿茶素的比值可达0.53,简单儿茶素、酯型儿茶素、EGCG、总儿茶素的得率分别达到57.00%、20.00%、20.00%、30.00%,含量分别达到14.47%、12.78%、8.34%、26.32%,产品呈现无苦味特性。在35℃、2.4Mpa条件下,采用300Da纳滤膜对超滤滤析混合液进行浓缩,工效高,产品0.45g兑140ml4℃冷水,20s内溶解,且品质成分损失很少。     

速溶乌龙茶工艺研究

速溶茶具有重量轻、体积小、速溶的特点。本实验采用最廉价的茶叶,通过温度、时间、茶水比对浸提的影响,得到最佳浸提条件;添加β-环状糊精,可以更好的保留茶的香味以及提高茶叶有效成分的提取率。     

不同浸提过程对GABA速溶红茶生化成分的影响

γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)是一种天然功能性氨基酸,具有多种保健功能,如调节神经系统、降血压、抗衰老、活化肝肾等多种功能;速溶茶粉具有与茶叶相同的保健功效,饮用方便、快捷,易与其它植物提取物相结合。浸提是速溶茶加工中的重要环节,对于速溶茶产品的制得率以及品质形成都具有重要影响。本文以提取率、氨基酸以及γ-氨基丁酸等成分为指标,在参考结合单因素试验研究结果基础上,采用L9(33)正交试验设计GABA速溶红茶粉的浸提工艺,研究各因素在浸提过程中对GABA速溶红茶粉的生化成分影响,并确定最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明:γ-氨基丁酸最佳浸提参数为浸提水温60℃、茶水比为(茶叶量与浸提用水量之比)1:15、浸提时间为40min。     

膜技术在茶叶深加工中的应用（续）

二、膜技术在茶叶深加工中的应用展望 1．纳滤膜将成为茶叶深加工中重要的浓缩手段由于反渗透膜几乎截留所有分子与离子,操作时要求压力较高,膜通量受到限制,相对来说设备投资成本和维修费用较高;而纳滤膜的孔径介于反渗透膜和超滤膜之间,可以较好地截留有机物而让无机盐通过,所以纳滤浓缩相对于反渗透浓缩具有投资少、能耗低的优点。在茶饮料、速溶茶以及某些功能性成分提取物的加工中,离子富集大,影响产品色泽、口感与保健功效,用纳滤膜进行浓缩,既可达到浓缩的目的,又可有效去除金属离子;因此,在茶叶深加工中,纳滤膜浓缩较反渗透膜浓缩具有更大的应用前景。     

超滤法提取茶多糖研究

以截留分子量为30000D的超滤膜对茶叶酶解提取液进行超滤分离,考察了操作压力、运行时间对膜渗透通量的影响;然后对由超滤截留液醇沉制取的粗多糖进行精制,考察了三氯乙酸浓度对精制过程的影响。结果表明,采用超滤法可以有效实现茶叶酶解提取液中大分子多糖与小分子多酚等活性物质的分离,三氯乙酸浓度为4％时,多糖得率34．3％,含糖量52％。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).