森林抚育间伐的目的与原则

森林抚育间伐既是培育森林的方法,又是获得木材的手段。一、抚育间伐的目的1.按经营需要调整林分组成。在森林生长发育过程中,常会发生主要树种被次要树种排挤,珍贵树种大量死亡,这对培育森林极为不利。因此,掌握间伐技术,调整林分组成,使符合经营要求的树种占据林分优势地位,可以促使目的树种的良好生长。2.清除劣质林木,提高林分质量。自然生长的森林,许多林木会因自然稀疏而枯死,其枯死者未必都材质低劣,而留存者未必都材质优良。因此,采用间伐的手段,实行人为和有目的地选择,以间伐代替自然稀疏,去劣留优,对于森林培育有着极为重要的意…     

基于模拟退火算法的林分多目标经营动态可视化模拟

[目的]基于模拟退火算法,研究一种考虑林分结构健康状况和目标平均胸径的多目标森林经营方法,同时结合单木生长方程,基于Unity3D可视化引擎实现林分经营动态可视化模拟。[方法]以湖南省攸县黄丰桥国有林场5块杉木人工纯林2012—2017年样地连年调查数据为数据源,考虑林分分布状况、竞争程度、营养空间,以平均角尺度、平均大小比、林分拥挤度3个结构参数建立空间结构函数。在此基础上,以健康林分结构和平均胸径为经营目标,以竞争指数为参考初步筛选出的间伐木组合排列的结果作为经营方案的集合,通过模拟退火算法进行最优间伐经营方案解的选择。最后,通过建立考虑Hegyi竞争指数的可变生长率的单木生长方程,以结构分析-经营-生长三者不断迭代的方式并基于Unity3D渲染引擎实现林分经营动态可视化模拟。[结果]通过对5号样地(初始林分230株,年龄16 a,平均胸径20.21 cm)以健康林分结构和30 cm林分平均胸径为经营目标进行经营动态可视化模拟,结果表明林分年龄在21、26、31 a分别进行过间伐模拟,当林分年龄31 a间伐后,林分平均胸径达到30.10 cm,林分平均角尺度为0.64,林分拥挤度为0.74,林分结构接近健康水平。[结论]本研究提出的基于模拟退火算法的林分多目标经营动态可视化模拟方法能够模拟在多目标经营需求下的林分动态,并且形象直观,可以进一步为林业科研和生产提供支持。     

华山松人工林的经营密度

一、概述近年来,定量间伐的试验研究和应用有了较大的进展,许多森林经营工作搞得好的国家,多采用数学分析、数理统计的方法,研究林分的各种变量(如每公顷的株数,断面积,林分的平均高,平均胸径,树冠直径,树高比,冠径比等)之间在时间和空间上的变化规律,设计林分生长模型甚至永续经营模型,用以解决各树种林分生长予测和抚育间伐问题,探索长期经营和永续利用的途径。编制主要用     

林分生长及收获预估

世界林联20世纪70年代开始召开以森林生长和收获模型为主题的国际会议,标志着森林生长和收获模型已成为国际认可的一个独立研究方向。生长和收获模型不仅能够预估未来林分的生长和收获量,同时还能评价各项经营措施(如间伐、施肥等)的效果。     

美国的森林生长与收获混合模拟系统

充分发挥森林生态效益是当前森林经营管理工作的重点,森林生长模拟系统是森林经营管理的常用工具。介绍了美国的森林生长混合模拟系统FVS-BGC(FVS-Bio-Geochemical Cycles),该系统是由经验生长收获模型(FVS:Forest vegetation simulator)与林分生物地球化学循环过程模型(STAND-BGC:Stand Bio-Geochemi-cal Cycles)组成的混合模拟系统,可以基于生理过程、气候变化等环境条件来模拟单木和林分两个水平在日和年时间尺度上的生长过程;还介绍了该系统的功能、结构、运行流程以及输入输出结果3个方面,并以一块美国火炬松(Loblolly pine)林分为例进行了模拟预测。     

Tabu搜索法在森林采伐量优化问题中的应用

介绍一种新颖高效的启迪式搜索方式－－Tabu搜索法。以一个杉木人工林采伐量方案的优化为例。介绍了Tabu搜索法的基本原理和应用方法，并把Tabu搜索法与线性规划，模拟退火和遗传算法处理同一森林采伐量优化方案例子获得的结果进行了比较。结果表明，禁忌搜索法在解决一般森林采伐量优化问题时有快速高效的特点，尤其是在移动产生的相邻解数目有限且差异较大的情况下，可以很快获得模拟退火和遗传算法多次重复计算也较难达到的高目标方程值。禁忌周期对Tabu搜索法的影响比较小，寻找好的和移动方式和排序方式是影响Tabu搜索法效率的关键。     

抚育间伐对森林生长的影响及其模型研究

抚育间伐对森林生长的影响体现在很多方面,包括对林分生产力及其林分因子、林下植被及灌木、林下土壤和天然更新影响等方面。对国内外学者在这些方面的研究进行了综述,简单介绍了抚育间伐对森林生长影响的模型研究进展情况。指出了抚育间伐对森林生长影响研究方面存在的问题及今后的发展趋势。     

抚育间伐对林木生长及其稳定性的影响

森林抚育间伐是森林生态系统经营中人类作用于森林的主要措施。本文针对当前国内外森林抚育间伐对林木生长和稳定性的影响进行了综述。重点讨论了抚育间伐对林木生长、林分产量、质量和稳定性的影响。同时指出,以后的森林经营工作要实施分类经营,重视生态系统稳定性。     

判别分析在杉木人工林间伐中的应用

间伐是调整林分生长的主要措施,通过间伐使林分的环境因子:光、热、气等得到改善,从而促进林木生长。在传统的森林经营中,杉木人工林的间伐时间、间隔期、强度等都是通过标准地的设置来确定,确定的原则基本上是依据经验和市场的需求,这种方法主观性比较大,很难符合森林自身的生长规律,因此对林分的生长不利。本文研究认为,判别分析法可以使特定区域的杉木人工林的间伐技术建立在快速、准确、科学、实用的基础之上,从而有效的调节林分营养空间的均衡分布,促进林木的健康生长;通过研究,得到的井冈山区杉木人工林判别函数为:Y=0.0322x1—0.008x2—0.005x3.     

来舟林场杉木人工林抚育间伐试验初报

<正> 抚育间伐是培育森林的一项重要手段,其作用在于直接地调整林分密度,加速林木生长,缩短成材期,改善森林卫生状况,提高林木的质量,增强林分的抗逆性,且可获得间伐材,提前获得经济收益。根据苏联的研究,抚育间伐可以使松类林的有效生长量(不计采伐木及枯死木的生长量)提高33%,又如南京林业大学在我省洋口林场的杉木人工林抚育间伐试     

德国北部挪威云杉林可持续经营计划中空间目标的优化

根据德国北部挪威云杉林相邻林分问的特定地理关系,包括林分重心间的距离和共同边界的长度,建立了德国北部挪威云杉林经营的一个空间优化模型,该模型是一种新的空间优化方法.地理数据从GIS中获得并保存到数据库中,数据库还包括林分选项和相应的目标方程值等内容.首先使用了一个由41个林分组成的林班,每个林分21个选项,采用模拟退火的方法来分别和综合优化经济模型、均衡产出模型和空间模型,并将它们的结果方案与具最大净现值的方案进行比较.当均衡产出和空间2个组成部分逐一加入到目标方程后,它们显著地改进了结果方案,而经济目标只有中等程度的下降.     

德国北部挪威云杉林可持续经营中期计划的实例分析

可持续森林经营理论为中期林业计划和收获调整提供了丰富的模型选择,其不同的方法可应用于各种特定的场合和不同经营类型.本文简要回顾了传统的森林计划方法,一种称为"多林分发展"的概念可以用于任意的经营系统,这个概念把森林看作由一系列林分组成,在每一个林分中可以预先制定多种经营措施的选项,每种选项都可以通过木材或其它产品以及消耗的资源计算出一个目标值.这种简单的概念可以应用到大量的不同森林经营场合,它为森林经营者制定切实可行的森林措施和评价森林经营计划提供方法.在本研究中,以德国北部一片包括21个小班的挪威云杉林班的一个中期计划为例,说明"多林分发展"这一经营系统在实际生产中的应用.每个小班具有不同的初始状态,每个小班预设了若干经营选项,根据小班的初始状态、生长模型为各种选项计算各时期的木材产出.在林班的水平上,经营目标方程包括两个组成部分:净现值和均衡木材收获值.用模拟退火的方法来优化总体目标方程值.优化的总体解决方案在为每个小班选定合适的经营选项的同时,在全林的水平上获得最优的经济和均衡产出组合.     

A case study of forest management planning using a new heuristic algorithm

We present an approach to generate and evaluate different silvicultural development paths and to optimize the development of a Norway spruce stand, using a long-term planning horizon. To generate a silvicultural path, the maximum stand density was applied. At each thinning event, three possible thinning intensities (10, 20, 30% of the stem number per ha) were randomly chosen. A search algorithm known as modified Accelerated Simulated Annealing (mASA) was used to estimate the optimum combination of stand paths for a given forest as a whole. Production and economic management objectives were considered and then compared. The economic criterion was the Expected Stand Value (ESV) with a 4% discount rate. The generated data set of 38 Norway spruce stands (comprising a total of 123.8 ha) was used in the case study. The result with the best combination of paths was presented in a digitized forest map. Forest management simulation was performed using a specially developed computer program, for a planning horizon of 20 years. The mASA proved to be an effective search method for identifying optimum paths.     

森林经营规划中优化算法应用研究进展

林业的可持续发展是一个热门话题,人们对森林的生态效益和社会效益要求越来越高,问题越来越复杂,行之有效的经营方案可以使森林的生态、经济、社会效应协调发展。森林采伐规划是一个组合优化问题,启发式优化算法的广泛应用,实现了森林资源的动态管理,使森林最终达到可持续的理想状态。本文简要地介绍了蒙特卡洛整数规划,模拟退火算法,遗传算法,禁忌搜索算法等几种主要的优化算法,对其在国内外的应用状况进行了综述,并对森林采伐规划中优化算法的应用提出了存在的问题及建议。     

Optimizing CNC wood milling operations with the use of genetic algorithms on CAM software

Main focus of this paper is to introduce an appropriate methodology and create a Genetic Algorithm that optimizes wood milling operations, since wood is one of the primary materials used in both structures and musical instruments building. Mechanical properties of wood were considered in the cutting process modeling on CAM software as far as machining parameter values are concerned. Key machining parameters are explained along with their effect on the final product. The proposed Genetic Algorithm was specifically built for wood milling applications and its operators are examined in detail. The undertaken quality characteristics were minimum machining time and optimal surface quality, thus covering both productivity and quality goals at the same time. As a case study, a novel custom 3D CAD model of an electric guitar body was introduced, on which the proposed optimization methodology was implemented, so as to reveal its efficiency and effectiveness.     

A simulation of the development and restoration of old-growth structural features in northern hardwoods

Thinning treatments in second-growth forest may be a practical means of accelerating the development of certain old-growth structural features in regions where old stands are presently uncommon. We used CANOPY, an individual-tree model calibrated with data from thinned and unthinned stands, to simulate effects of thinning on growth rates and development of old-growth structural features in second-growth northern hardwoods. Three simulated, moderately heavy thinnings over a period of 45 years nearly doubled the predicted mean radial increment of canopy trees, percent of stand basal area in large trees, and area of canopy gaps. Compared to untreated stands, thinned stands had fewer dead trees per ha, but the dead trees were larger in size and the overall volume of snags and logs was little affected. In a 77-year old even-aged stand, moderately heavy thinning was predicted to reduce the time needed to attain the minimum structural features of an old-growth forest from 79 to 36 years. Simulated treatments in an older, uneven-aged stand gave mixed results; the moderately heavy treatment stimulated individual tree growth, but the removal of some medium-sized canopy trees in conjunction with natural mortality delayed the development of old-growth structure. Total volume of dead wood may still be deficient under the thinning regimes investigated in this study, but predicted live-tree structure 45 years after moderately heavy thinning was typical of stands in the advanced transition and steady-state stages of old-growth development. Results suggest that thinning can substantially accelerate the development of old-growth structure in pole and mature northern hardwoods, but response in older, uneven-aged stands is more modest, and treatments in these stands may need to be more conservative to achieve restoration goals.     

基于Weibull分布的林分结构可视化模拟技术研究

林分结构是林分生长和林分经营的理论基础,具有重要的生产实践和科研价值。以杉木人工林为研究对象,以30 m×30 m样地大小为例,以Weibull分布拟合林分直径结构,并进行x2检验。在已知林木算术平均胸径和林木株数的前提下,以C#语言为基础,结合Weibull分布模型、测树因子间关系模型、生物量估计模型、GDI+技术与MOGRE技术,实现了林分结构统计图表可视化模拟,并对林分进行了2维3维可视化模拟。结果表明:Weibull分布可有效拟合林分直径结构分布,可视化模拟技术使林分结构得到了更加直观高效的表达,为研究林分结构提供了新的技术手段,为提高森林经营管理水平提供了可视化决策平台。     

Fine-scale analysis reveals a potential influence of forest management on the spatial genetic structure of Eremanthus erythropappus

Forest management may have significant effects on forest connectivity and natural population sizes.Harvesting old-growth single trees may also change natural patterns of genetic variation and spatial genetic structure.This study evaluated the impacts of forest management using a silvicultural system of seed trees on the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of Eremanthus erythropappus(DC.)MacLeish.A complete survey of 275 trees on four plots was undertaken out to compare the genetic variation of a managed stand with an unmanaged stand.We genotyped all adult and juvenile individuals 60 months after the management and compared the genetic diversity and the spatial genetic structure parameters.Genetic diversity was considered high because of an efficient gene flow between stands.There were no genetic differences between stands and no evidence of inbreeding.Genetic clustering identified a single population(K=1),indicating no genetic differentiation between managed and unmanaged stands.Adult and juvenile individuals of the unmanaged stand were more geographically structured than individuals from the managed one.There was a tendency of coancestry among juveniles at the first class of distance of the managed stand,suggesting a drift of genetic structure possibly caused by management.Understanding early responses to management on genetic diversity and stand structure is a first step to ensuring the effectiveness of conservation practices of tree species.The sustainability of forest management of E.erythropappus on genetic diversity,and more accurately,on spatial genetic structure needs evaluation over time to promote effective conservation of the population size and genetic variability.     

MODELS FOR CROWN STRUCTURE OF LARCH PLANTATION

INTRODUCTIONToreflecttree'sgrowthactivityandcompetitioneffectsoftree'sdevelopment,someofcrownvariablescanbeusedtode-velopcompetitionindexes(Mitchelll975,BigingandWensell99O,BigingandDobbertin,l992).Thecrownsizedirectlyinfluencestree'sassimilationanditisoneofthebasicvariableforpredictingincrementoftree.TherefOre,inmanygrowthandyieldmod-els,treecrowndimensionsareoftenusedasanimportantcomponent.Crownvariablesintroducedingrowthmodelsasameanstoimprovethepredictiveabilityandaccuracyoftreeors…     

Exploring adaptation to climate change in the forests of central Nova Scotia, Canada

The threat of climate change is now recognized as an imminent issue at the forefront of the forest sector. Incorporating adaptation to climate change into forest management will be vital in the continual and sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to investigate climate change adaptation in forest management using the landscape disturbance model LANDIS-II. The study area was comprised of 14,000 ha of forested watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada, managed by Halifax Water, the municipal water utility. Simulated climate change adaptation was directed towards three components of timber harvesting: the canopy-opening size of harvests, the age of harvested trees within a stand, and the species composition of harvested trees within a stand. These three adaptation treatments were simulated singly and in combination with each other in the modeling experiment. The timber supply was found to benefit from climate change in the absence of any adaptation treatment, though there was a loss of target tree species and old growth forest. In the age treatment, all trees in a harvested stand at or below the age of sexual maturity were exempt from harvesting. This was done to promote more-rapid succession to climax forest communities typical of the study area. It was the most effective in maintaining the timber supply, but least effective in promoting resistance to climate change at the prescribed harvest intensity. In the composition treatment, individual tree species were selected for harvest based on their response to climate change in previous research and on management values at Halifax Water to progressively facilitate forest transition under the altered climate. This proved the most effective treatment for maximizing forest age and old-growth area and for promoting stands composed of climatically suited target species. The size treatment was aimed towards building stand complexity and resilience to climate change, and was the most influential treatment on the response of timber supply, forest age, and forest composition to timber harvest when it was combined with other treatments. The combination of all three adaptation treatments yielded an adequate representation of target species and old forest without overly diminishing the timber supply, and was therefore the most effective in minimizing the trade-offs between management values and objectives. These findings support a diverse and multi-faceted approach to climate change adaptation.