Spread and interaction of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and Pythium aphanidermatum in a closed nutrient solution recirculation system: effects on tomato growth and yield

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) was shown to be efficiently transmitted between tomato plants grown in a closed recirculating hydroponic system. PepMV was detected in all plant parts after transmission via contaminated nutrient solution using ELISA, immunocapture RT‐PCR, RT‐PCR, electron microscopy, and by inoculation to indicator plants. Detection of PepMV in nutrient solution was only possible after concentration by ultracentrifugation followed by RT‐PCR. Roots tested positive for PepMV 1–3 weeks after inoculation, and subsequently a rapid spread from the roots into the young leaves and developing fruits was found within 1 week. PepMV was only occasionally detected in the older leaves. None of the infected plants showed any symptoms on fruits, leaves or other organs. Pre‐infection of roots of tomato cv. Hildares with Pythium aphanidermatum significantly delayed PepMV root infections. When mechanically inoculated with PepMV at the 2–4 leaf stage, yield loss was observed in all plants. However, only plants of cv. Castle Rock recorded significant yield losses when infected via contaminated nutrient solution. Yield losses induced by infection with PepMV and/or P. aphanidermatum ranged from 0·4 up to 40% depending on experimental conditions.     

黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)2个山西分离物CP序列测定及亚组分类分析

 在生物学检测的基础上,利用酶联免疫检测、非序列依赖性PCR(sequence-independent amp-lification, SIA)对感病番茄进行分子鉴定,表现卷叶和花叶症状的番茄均被黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)侵染,分离物分别命名为SXFQ(GenBank登录号为JX993914)和FQ(GenBank登录号为JX993912)。为明确其分类地位,对二者外壳蛋白(coat protein, CP)进行克隆和测序分析。应用DNAMAN软件对本课题组前期检测的7个CMV山西分离物、SXFQ、FQ以及其他3个CMV典型分离物CP序列进行比较分析,发现核苷酸和氨基酸序列最大相似性分别为77.1%~100%和81.6%~100%。氨基酸序列系统进化分析表明,9个CMV山西分离物属于CMV亚组I B的2个分支,其中在指示植物上表现较强症状的SXFQ与其他5个分离物为一分支,在指示植物上表现较弱症状的FQ与其他2个分离物为另一分支。对9个山西分离物CP进行亚组分类分析,结果表明其理化性质、稳定性、疏水性与预测结果相近,2个分支的分离物分别出现相近的氨基酸变异和蛋白结构,存在一定规律性。     

外源褪黑素对番茄果实品质和挥发性物质的影响

为探究外源褪黑素对番茄果实品质及挥发性物质的影响,以番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）‘航粉高糖’品种为试材,以果实表面喷施蒸馏水为对照（CK）,设4个不同浓度褪黑素喷施果实处理,分别为T1（50 μmol·L^-1）、T2（100 μmol·L^-1）、T3（150 μmol·L^-1）、T4（200 μmol·L^-1）。结果表明：（1）100 μmol·L^-1外源褪黑素处理能显著增加番茄果实中果糖、葡萄糖和可溶性总糖的含量,降低有机酸含量,从而显著提高番茄果实糖酸比。（2）5个处理中共检测出86种挥发性物质,包括12种酮类、32种醛类、14种醇类、4种酯类、13种烃类、7种酚类和4种其他类物质。各处理挥发性物质总数量和总含量依次为：CK（55种,1 279.18 μg·kg^-1）、T1（69种,1 960.95 μg·kg^-1）、T2（66种,2 258.70 μg·kg^-1）、T3（62种,1 818.84 μg·kg^-1）、T4（59种,1 695.04 μg·kg^-1）,均为醛类含量最高,酚类含量最低,其中100 μmol·L^-1处理可提高番茄果实中酮类、醛类、醇类和酯类挥发性物质总含量。检测出的挥发性物质共包含10种番茄特征香气成分,100 μmol·L^-1处理的特征挥发性物质含量最高,为1 307.34 μg·kg^-1。（3）与对照相比,喷施褪黑素提高了番茄果实单果质量以及可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、番茄红素含量,促进果实对N、K、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn等矿质元素的吸收。（4）主成分分析表明,各处理的综合得分表现为T2>T1>T3>T4>CK。综上,外源喷施褪黑素可显著提高番茄果实的营养和风味品质,且100 μmol·L^-1浓度效果最佳。     

进境番茄种子中番茄花叶病毒的检测与鉴定

利用双抗夹心 酶联免疫吸附试验(DAS-ELISA)和反转录 聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法对来自韩国的番茄种子进行种传病毒检测。结果表明,在该批番茄种子中检测到番茄花叶病毒（ToMV）和烟草花叶病毒（TMV）。PCR产物测序结果表明,ToMV特异引物（ToA/ToB）与TMV特异引物（TA/TB）扩增的片段均为ToMV的外壳蛋白（CP）基因及3′非编码区（3′ UTR）,该片段与其他ToMV分离物的核苷酸序列相似性为98.2%~99.9%。本研究利用重新设计合成TMV和ToMV特异引物对该批种子进行RT PCR检测,仅ToMV特异性引物（ToMf1/ToMr1）扩增到670 bp的预期片段,TMV特异引物（TMf1/TMr1）则未出现特异性扩增,表明重新设计的引物可准确区分ToMV和TMV。以上结果证实该批番茄种子仅携带ToMV。     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒对西瓜产量、品质及种子带毒的影响

研究了西瓜不同时期接种黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)后对其生长、产量、品质和种子带毒的影响。西瓜植株接种CGMMV越早其生长受到抑制越明显,砧木期、嫁接后定植前、定植期、压蔓期、授粉期各处理的株高、叶片数、叶片长与对照相比差异极显著(p0.01),而结瓜以后接种CGMMV对西瓜生长状况无显著影响。压蔓期前3个生育期接种该病毒,西瓜产量损失分别为56.49%、55.48%和51.14%。而压蔓期以后接种该病毒,西瓜产量损失与对照相比仍分别降低17%、13.1%和14.35%。关于倒瓤情况,压蔓期前接种该病毒可导致西瓜果实100%倒瓤,压蔓期、授粉期接种处理西瓜倒瓤率分别为48%和34%,即使结瓜后再接种病毒西瓜倒瓤率仍高达18%。血清学检测表明,压蔓期前接种的西瓜其果肉和种子均携带CGM-MV,带毒率达100%;结瓜后再接种CGMMV西瓜种胚和果肉的带毒率仍然高达64%。检测种胚和果肉病毒含量表明,接种时期越早病毒含量越高,但结瓜后接种仍有较高的病毒含量,种胚和果肉的病毒含量分别达5.98 mg/mL和5.64 mg/mL。     

Infection of tomato seed by different strains of tobacco mosaic virus with particular reference to the symptomless mutant MII-16

Eight different strains of TMV were used to inoculate tomato plants when the first truss was in flower. The proportion of the seeds infected by TMV was highest with the enation strain followed by tomato and winter necrosis strains. The other strains, viz. yellow ringspot, yellow mosaic, crusty fruit and tobacco strains and the symptomless mutant MII-16, either resulted in a low proportion of seeds with TMV or none at all. MII-16-inoculated plants consistently gave the lowest proportion of TMV-infected seeds. The possibility of using this strain to produce virus-free seeds is discussed.     

青蒿中番茄斑萎病毒和烟草花叶病毒的分子鉴定及相关序列分析

番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV)和烟草花叶病毒(tobacco mosaic virus, TMV)是2种重要的植物病原病毒, 对多种经济作物的产量和品质均造成严重影响。2021年-2022年, 在云南省丽江市烟草种植区不同烟区采集叶片黄化、皱缩以及无症状的青蒿Artemisia caruifolia样品共计14份, 利用免疫金标速测卡和RT-PCR对其病原病毒进行检测。利用免疫金标速测卡检测结果显示, 在所检样品中有9份样品检测出TSWV, 检出率为64.28%, 有3份样品检测出TMV, 检出率为21.43%, 2种病毒复合侵染的检出率同样为21.43%;利用RT-PCR对复合侵染的3份样品进行分子检测, 结果显示, 在3份复合侵染青蒿样品中获得3条TSWV N基因序列、3条TMV cp基因序列和2条TMV RdRp部分序列。TSWV青蒿分离物与分离自云南的TSWV-2分离物相似性最高, 为99.6%;TMV青蒿分离物与分离自辽宁的TMV-Shenyang分离物和分离自云南的TMV-Yongren-1相似性最高, 均大于99.4%。这是首次发现TSWV和TMV 2种不同属病毒复合侵染青蒿。     

Identification of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus from germplasm of yard-long bean and from soybean,and the relationships between blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus

Two potyvirus isolates, one from germplasm of yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp.sesquipedalis) introduced into the Netherlands, and another one from soybean plants (Glycine max) in Indonesia, were compared with two virus isolates of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BICMV) from the USA and a Moroccan isolate of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAMV). It is proposed that all five isolates be now considered BICMV on the basis of host ranges, symptoms and serology. From our results, and a reassessment of the literature it is suggested to drop the name CAMV in favour of BICMV.Samenvatting Twee potyvirussen, de een in Nederland ingevoerd met genenmateriaal vanVigna unguiculata ssp.sesquipedalis en de ander uit planten van sojaboon (Glycine max) in Indonesië, werden vergeleken met twee isolaten van blackeye cowpea mosiac virus (BICMV) en een Marokkaans isolaat van cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAMV). Op grond van waardplantenreeksen, symptomen en serologie stellen de auteurs voor om alle vijf isolaten te beschouwen als BICMV. Gebaseerd op de verkregen resultaten en een kritische beschouwing van de literatuur wordt de aanbeveling gedaan om de naam CAMV te laten vallen ten gunste van BICMV.     

温室地下滴灌灌水控制下限对番茄生长发育、果实品质和产量的影响

用温室小区试验的方法,通过对番茄株高和茎粗、果实品质和产量以及水分生产效率进行比较,探讨了温室栽培茄果类地下滴灌灌水控制下限的适宜取值范围。结果表明:在壤质土壤的试验地上,当地下滴灌管埋深为30 cm、计划湿润层深为15 cm~45 cm(厚度30 cm)、湿润比取0.7、灌水控制上限取田间持水量时,将土壤水吸力30 kPa作为控制灌水的下限,有利于番茄植株生长发育,可以达到高产、优质、节水的目的。     

番茄斑驳花叶病毒在广东省的首次报道

番茄斑驳花叶病毒(tomato mottle mosaic virus, ToMMV)是2013年发现的烟草花叶病毒属一个新种,目前在多国(地区)有发生。本文采用小RNA深度测序及RT-PCR检测方法在广东省广州市南沙区辣椒疑似病样中检测到ToMMV,命名为番茄斑驳花叶病毒广东分离物(ToMMV-GD-2020)。采用RT-PCR分段扩增获得了ToMMV-GD-2020的基因组全序列,该分离物基因组全长6 399 nt,包含4个开放阅读框,分别编码4个蛋白。序列相似性分析表明,ToMMV-GD-2020与已登录GenBank的14个ToMMV分离物基因组序列相似性分别为99.0%～99.7%,其中与中国辽宁分离物ToMMV-LN(GenBank登录号：MN853592)的相似性最高(99.7%),与危害我国番茄、同属烟草花叶病毒属的番茄花叶病毒(tomato mosaic virus, ToMV)、番茄褐色皱果病毒(tomato brown rugose fruit virus, ToBRFV)代表分离物的相似性分别为84.6%和81.0%。系统进化分析表明,ToMMV-GD-2020...     

烟草品种对烟草花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒的抗性鉴定

 2010-2011年采用大田人工接种鉴定的方法,对生产中大面积推广使用的24份烟草品种进行了烟草花叶病毒（TMV）和黄瓜花叶病毒（CMV）的抗性鉴定。结果表明,供试品种对TMV和CMV的抗病性存在较大差异,对TMV表现抗病的有Coker86、吉烟5号、Coker176、CV87、辽烟8号、CV91、中烟90等7份材料;表现中抗的有秦烟98、双抗70、C151等3份材料;表现中感的有秦烟96、G80、金星6007、龙江981、K326、秦烟201、NC89等7份材料;表现感病的有G28、云烟97、净叶黄、红花大金元、RG11、云烟85、云烟87等7份材料。对CMV表现抗病的有Coker86、龙江981、C151、秦烟201、云烟87等5份材料;表现中抗的材料是金星6007;表现中感的有CV91、RG11、Coker176、中烟90、K326、红花大金元、净叶黄、G80、G28等9份材料;表现感病的有秦烟98、云烟85、秦烟96、NC89、双抗70、云烟97、CV87、辽烟8号、吉烟5号等9份材料。其中兼抗TMV和CMV两种病毒病的材料有2份,分别是Coker86和C151。同时研究还发现,抗病性不同的烟草品种在受到病毒危害以后,对烟叶的产量和品质的影响也不同。明确了中国24个烟草品种的抗病性水平,为抗病品种的利用与品种合理布局提供科学依据,同时为烟草抗病毒病育种的亲本选择提供抗源信息。     

咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄产量和品质的影响

为探明咸水灌溉对土壤水盐分布及设施番茄植株生长、产量和品质的影响,本试验以南疆地区设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为2 g·L^-1（T1）、4 g·L^-1（T2）、6 g·L^-1（T3）和8 g·L^-1（T4）,并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展同一灌水定额条件下设施番茄适宜灌水矿化度的研究。结果表明：不同生育期阶段土壤含水率基本表现为20～60 cm土层较高,表层及深层土壤含水率相对较低,土壤含水率随着灌水矿化度的增大逐渐增加;0～80 cm土层平均土壤含水率在生育期内逐渐降低,且深层土壤降幅显著;生育期初始阶段土壤含盐量主要积聚在0～40 cm土层,随着生育期的推进土壤盐分呈累积趋势且向深层土壤运移,生育期末主要积聚在0～60 cm土层;灌水矿化度小于4 g·L^-1时0～20 cm土层整体呈脱盐状态,其中CK处理平均脱盐率达27.79%,T1处理平均脱盐率达17.07%;灌水矿化度2～4 g·L^-1促进了番茄植株生长,株高和茎粗相较CK分别...     

Symptom severity of cassava mosaic disease in relation to concentration of African cassava mosaic virus in different cassava genotypes

The concentration of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in relation to symptom severity among resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible cassava genotypes. Resistant genotype NR 8083 had significantly lower symptom severity scores ( P  < 0·05) than the susceptible genotype TMS 91934, but the two genotypes contained similar levels of virus concentration. The moderately resistant genotypes TMS 30572 and NR 8082 expressed significantly lower symptom severities ( P  < 0·05) than the susceptible genotypes TMS 91934 and TME 117, but they contained significantly higher virus concentrations ( P  < 0·05) than TMS 91934 and similar virus concentration as in TME 117. However, two other resistant genotypes, TME 1 and TME 8, had low symptom severity scores and virus concentrations. There was significant interaction ( P  ≤ 0·05) between cropping season and virus concentration in all the genotypes except TMS 30572. The resistant and moderately resistant genotypes that had high virus concentrations sustained storage root yield losses. The severity of symptoms expressed was not necessarily a reflection of the virus concentration in some of the genotypes. In addition to the use of symptom severity scores to group genotypes into resistant classes, it is recommended that virus concentration should also be considered. Genotypes displaying mild symptoms, but with high levels of virus accumulation, could be an important source of inoculum in the spread of ACMV by the whitefly vectors. This suggests that each genotype should be tested for virus accumulation prior to its release to the farmers.     

Variation in the pathogenicity of two Turnip mosaic virus isolates in wild UK Brassica rapa provenances

Brassica rapa can be infected with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a result of manual inoculation or aphid transmission, but infected plants have not been found in the field. In this study, B. rapa plants grown from seed collected from two field sites in southern England were mechanically inoculated with one of two distinct isolates (pathotypes) of TuMV under glasshouse conditions. These had either been isolated from Brassica oleracea growing wild in Wales, (GBR 83, pathotype 3) or Dorset (GBR 98, pathotype 1). Use of ELISA as an index of infection in manually inoculated B. rapa showed that although seed provenance had a small effect on the proportion of plants infected, the biggest factor was the virus isolate. Both virus isolates infected both lines of B. rapa , but invaded at different rates, although both resulted in easily discernible symptoms. The severity of symptoms was not related to amounts of virus in the infected plants. A significantly greater proportion of plants were infected with GBR 83 at 45 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.) than GBR 98. but GBR 98 caused significantly more severe and obvious symptoms as well as greater mortality at 119 d.p.i., in plants from both sites than GBR 83.     

Inhibition of different cowpea viruses by non-virulent cowpea mosaic virus is dependent on the type of immunity of the plant to the inhibitory virus

Samenvatting In cowpea-planten die onvatbaar zijn voor het cowpea-mozaïekvirus (CPMV) kan dit virus, mits infectieus, infectie door vier andere, onderling geheel verschillende virussen remmen. Dit vermogen tot aspecifieke remming komt tot uiting in cowpea-planten met onvatbaarheid die bepaald wordt door één dominant gen, maar niet in planten met onvatbaarheid op basis van één recessief gen. De beide typen van onvatbaarheid laten dus in verschillende mate expressie van de genetische informatie van CPMV toe.     

云南甘蔗花叶病病原检测及一个分离物的分子鉴定

 调查表明甘蔗花叶病在云南发生普遍。电镜检测采自云南6个蔗区主栽品种上的28个甘蔗花叶病病样(分离物),其中25个病样的病叶汁液中观察到弯曲线状的病毒粒体,病叶组织中有风轮状和卷筒状内含体;对这25个分离物进行间接ELISA检测,16个与马铃薯Y病毒属抗血清呈阳性反应,其余呈阴性反应。根据蔗区及其主栽品种的不同,挑选7个分离物进行鉴别寄主测定,结果显示不同分离物鉴别寄主范围和致病性存在明显差异,分离物HH-1有范围最广的鉴别寄主和较强的致病性。克隆并测定HH-1基因组3'末端序列,序列分析发现HH-1的外壳蛋白(CP)基因共864个核苷酸,编码287个氨基酸,与高粱花叶病毒(Sorghum mosaic virus,SrMV)余杭分离物CP氨基酸序列的同源性最高,为97.7%;因此推定HH-1属于SrMV的一个新分离物。     

Persistence and translocation of a benzothiadiazole derivative in tomato plants in relation to systemic acquired resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato

A reproducible and accurate procedure, based on HPLC analysis, has been developed to determine simultaneously acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (CGA 245 704) and its acid derivative (CGA 210 007) in tomato leaves. The limit of detection and quantification of the method are 0.015 and 0.15 mg litre^?1 for CGA 245 704 and 0.030 and 0.30 mg litre^?1 for CGA 210 007. In tomato plants treated with 250 µM CGA 245 704, it was found that the inducer rapidly translocates from treated leaves (cotyledons, 1st and 2nd) to untreated leaves (3rd to 5th), with the maximum translocation (40% of the total quantity found) occurring 8 h after the treatment. CGA 245 704 residues decreased as time elapsed in both treated and untreated tomato leaves, reaching negligible values 72 h after treatment. The acid derivative, CGA 210 007, was formed in tomato plants as early as 2 h after CGA 245 704 treatment, albeit only in the treated leaves. CGA 210 007 residues decreased in treated tomato leaves with a trend similar to that observed for CGA 245 704. Treatment of tomato plants with CGA 245 704 or CGA 210 007 at 250 µM systemically protected the plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato attacks, the causal agent of bacterial speak disease. Evidence of this were reductions in the degree of infection, the bacterial lesion diameter and the bacterial growth in planta. Since neither CGA 245 704 nor CGA 210 007 inhibited bacterial growth in vitro and the protection against bacterial speak of tomato was observed when the two compounds were completely degraded, the protection must be due to the activation of the plant's defence mechanisms. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

南芥菜花叶病毒单克隆抗体的研制及检测应用

将纯化的南芥菜花叶病毒(Arabis mosaic virus,ArMV)制剂免疫Balb/c小鼠,末次免疫后第3天取其脾细胞与SP2/0细胞融合,采用选择性培养基、有限稀释法克隆和间接ELISA方法进行筛选,成功获得了2株稳定分泌ArMV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株并分别命名为3F7,4G10。用间接ELISA方法对所获得的2个杂交瘤细胞株进行亚型鉴定分别为IgA(3F7)、IgG1(4G10)。间接ELISA效价测定结果:3F7为1:106,4G10为1:108。以单克隆抗体为包被抗体、多克隆抗体为检测抗体的TAS-ELISA检测试剂盒能检测感染ArMV的昆诺藜病汁液的灵敏度为1:1600。     

甘蔗花叶病毒在玉米种子中的分布及其与种子传毒的关系

 采用免疫学、电镜观察、RT-PCR、组织培养及生物学测定等方法,针对引起玉米矮花叶病的甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV)在高感自交系Mo17的乳熟期、蜡熟期、成熟期和室温贮存的成熟干种子上的分布部位及其各部位病毒的侵染性进行了研究。结果表明:病毒存在于种皮、胚乳的糊粉层和胚内,糊粉层和胚内的病毒具有侵染活力,胚内的可侵染性病毒可以通过发芽传递给下一代幼苗,完成病毒的种子传播过程。在种皮内没有检测到具有侵染活力的病毒,在胚乳的淀粉层内未检测到病毒。在种子成熟过程中,种子内的病毒不断得到积累,随着种子的脱水、干燥又被部分钝化,使得种子传毒率降低。