中草药提取物在海兰蛋鸡生产中应用的研究

选用55周龄健康的海兰蛋鸡720只,随机分成4个处理,即对照组（饲喂基础日粮）,试验1组（基础日粮中添加0．015％土霉素）,试验2组（基础日粮添加0．1％中草药提取物）,试验5组（基础日粮添加0．2％中草药提取物）,研究中草药提取物对商品蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。试验表明：试验2组和3组料蛋此与对照组相比分别降低2．84％（P〈0．05）和2．56％（P〈0．05）;在蛋的品质方面,试验2组和5组蛋中胆固醇含量比对照组分别降低14．12％（P〈0．01）和17．25％（P〈0．01）,差异极显著;试验2组和5组鸡蛋中蛋白质含量分别比对照组高11．05％（P〈0．05）和14．07％（P〈0．05）,差异显著。综合各项指标以添加0．1％中草药提取物的试验2组效果为最佳。     

阴离子型日粮及补Ca对围产期奶牛代谢与健康及其生产性能的影响

将36头干奶后期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组（每组12头）．分别饲喂常规日粮、阴离子型日粮及在此基础上朴Ca日粮，探讨其对奶牛体内代谢状况、健康状况及生产性能的影响。与饲喂常规日粮相比，饲喂阴离子型日粮可降低奶牛尿液pH值（P〈0．01）和血液HCO2^-浓度（P〉0．05）；增加奶牛产后12h（P〈0．05）、2d（P〈0．05）血清总钙含量．对血清无机磷、镁含量没有显著影响；明显降低奶牛亚临床性低血钙率（33％）、胎衣不下率（33％）和乳房水肿率（17％）；增加牛奶乳糖率（P〈0．05），对其他奶成分和奶产量没有显著影响（P〉0．05）。在阴离子型日粮中补Ca后．与饲喂阴离子型日粮相比．除增加奶牛产后血清镁含量外（P〈0．05）．对其他各项指标没有明显影响。     

大蒜素对蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能的影响

将240只55周龄、健康的巴布考克（B380）蛋鸡随机分为5组,在其基础日粮中分别添加0、0．05、0．1、0．15、0．2g／kg的大蒜素,观察其对蛋鸡生产性能的影响。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,在蛋鸡日粮中加入0．1g／kg的大蒜素可极显著提高平均蛋重（P〈0．01）,极显著降低料蛋比（P〈0．01）,显著降低蛋黄比色值（P〈0．05）。在蛋鸡日粮中加入0．1g／kg的大蒜素可极显著提高蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能。     

大豆黄酮对奥利亚罗非鱼生长及相关激素水平、血液生化指标的影响

挑选体质量相近的奥利亚罗非鱼，随机放入网箱，分为对照组（基础日粮）、大豆黄酮（Da）组（基础日粮＋Da10mg／kg），并各设2个重复，试验期为32d。结果，与对照组比较，Da组雄鱼日增重提高14．9％（P〈0．05），体质量特定生长率增加15．2％（P〈0．05），生长激素（GH）水平提高29．1％，甲状腺激素（T3）水平提高13．2％，睾酮水平提高27．3％，雌二醇水平下降22．8％；雌鱼日增重及体质量特定生长率变化不大（P〉0．05），GH水平提高24．8％。T3、睾酮水平几无变化，雌二醇水平下降10．5％。Da组雄、雌鱼脲氨水平分别下降51．5％、17．3％（P〈0．05）；血清抗氧化能力分别上升79．5％、48．1％（P〈0．05）；肝抗氧化能力分别上升73．9％、33．3％（P〈0．05）；血钙、血糖水平变化不大。结论：Da可能通过提高生长激素和睾酮水平促进奥利亚罗非鱼雄鱼生长。     

β-甘露聚糖酶对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响

将240只36周龄健康罗曼蛋鸡随机分为4组,在其基础日粮中分别添加0g／kg、0．1g／kg、0．2g／kg、0．3g／kg的β-甘露聚糖酶,观察其对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,在蛋鸡日粮中加入．2g／kg的β-露聚糖酶可显著提高平均蛋重1．46％（P〈0.01）;显著降低破蛋率0．54个百分点（P〈0．05）;在蛋品质方面可显著增加蛋壳的厚度15．35％（P〈0．01）;增加蛋黄比色值8．54％（P〈0．05）。     

芽孢杆菌对蛋鸡生产性能和相关生理生化指标的影响

为研究日粮中添加不同水平茅孢杆菌对蛋鸡生产性能和血清理化性质的影响,试验选用45周龄蛋鸡720只随机分成3个处理,分别饲喂5种日粮。处理1组、处理2组分别在基础日粮基础上添加80g／t、100g／t;芽孢杆菌。结果表明,处理组较对照组平均采食量降低了4．55％～9．09％（P〈0．05）,饲料转化效率提高了4．81～8．05％（P〈0．05）;处理组的产蛋率、蛋重分别比对照组高1．46％～4．07％、0．9;5％～1．24％,差异显著（P〈0．05;软破壳蛋率和死淘率有下降趋势（P〉0．05）;芽孢杆菌可以提高蛋鸡血清中甲状腺激素、生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子等激素含量高于对照组。     

姜黄粉对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能的影响

将128只72周龄、健康的罗曼蛋鸡随机分为4组,在其基础日粮中分别添加0g／k、1g／kg、2g／kg@3g／kg的姜黄粉,观察其对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能的影响。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,在蛋鸡产蛋后期日粮中加入2g／kg的姜黄粉可极显著（P〈O．01）提高产蛋率7．77％,极显著（P〈O．01）降低平均日采食量2．11％,极显著（P〈0．01）降低料蛋比10．12％。与对照组相比,在蛋鸡产蛋后期日粮中加入3g／k的姜黄粉可极显著（P〈0．01）提高平均蛋重2．58％,极显著（P〈O．01）提高蛋壳厚度15．79％。     

日粮添加碳酸氢钠对蛋鸡肠道菌群多样性的影响

900羽21周龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复30羽。分别在基础日粮中添加0、0．1％、0．5％、2．5％、5％NaHCO3,持续10周。结果显示,与对照组相比,0．1％组蛋鸡盲肠乳酸菌数量增加,大肠杆菌数量降低,菌群多样性指数提高（P〉0．05）。0．5％组蛋鸡粪便pH值显著提高（P〈0．05）,乳酸菌数量增加,菌群多样性指数提高（P〉0．05）。2．5％、5％组蛋鸡粪便pH值、水分含量极显著高于其他组（P〈0．01）。同时,2．5％、5％组盲肠乳酸杆菌数量降低（P〉0．05或P〈0.05）,大肠杆菌数量增高（P〉0．05或P〈0．05）,5％组菌群多样性指数亦显著降低前3组（P〈0．05）。结果表明,日粮添加NaHCO3超过2．5％,蛋鸡腹泻严重,肠道菌群平衡严重破坏。而当NaHCO3的添加量低于0．5％时,肠道有益菌数量和菌群多样性指数呈增加趋势,蛋鸡生产性能维持正常。因此,本试验提示蛋鸡生产中饲料添加剂NaHCO3最高耐受量为0．5％。     

营养水平对育肥后期三江白猪重长性能及胴体指标与肉质的影响研究

本试验通过饲喂不同能量、粗蛋白水平的日粮，研究其对育肥后期三江白猪的生产性能及胴体指标和肌肉品质的变化的影响。结果表明：高能高蛋白日粮组日增重最高；低能高蛋白日粮组取得理想的饲料报酬和较高的胴体瘦肉率（P〈0．05）；低能低蛋白日粮组与高能高蛋白日粮组屠宰率较高（P〈0.05）；高能低蛋白日粮组的背膘较厚（P〈0．05）；各组的pH1、pH24值间差异显著（P〈0．05），均没有劣质肉出现；高能低蛋白日粮组的肌肉嫩度较差（剪切力值较高）（P〈0．05）；高能高蛋白日粮组有较小的低水损失（P〈0.05）；肌肉大理石纹以低能高蛋白日粮组最丰富；、高能高蛋白日粮组的肉色L^＊值、a^＊值分别与其余各组存在显著性差异（P〈0．05），高能低蛋白日粮组与标准营养日粮组的b^＊值较其他三组偏低，差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

半胱胺在育肥猪饲养中的应用效果

在育肥猪饲料中添加不同剂量的半胱胺．探讨半胱胺对育肥猪生产性能的影响。试验选择健康的（杜X长X大）三元杂交育肥猪30头，体重58kg左右，随机分为3组。对照组饲喂基础日粮．试验1组为基础日粮＋130mg／kg半胱胺．试验2组为基础日粮＋200mg／kg半胱胺。结果表明。试验1组和2组与对照组相比。平均日增重分别提高7．13％和7．74％（P〈O．05）差异显著：料重比分别下降2．11％和2．41％（P〈O．05）差异显著；毛利收入增加6．66％和5．4％。试验1组和试验2组相比。试验2组日增重提高O．57％、料重比下降O．31％，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）；而经济收入减少1．16％。表明在育肥猪饲粮中添加130mg／kg和200mg／kg的半胱胺，均可显著提高育肥猪的日增重和饲料转化率，增加经济收入。而以添加130mg／kg半胱胺的综合效果较好。     

大豆黄酮对余干乌骨鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

试验旨在研究大豆黄酮对余干乌骨鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能和蛋品质的作用。选择产蛋率相近的60周龄余干乌骨鸡180只,分为大豆黄酮组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。大豆黄酮组在基础饲粮中添加30g/t的大豆黄酮,对照组饲喂基础饲粮。试验共8周。结果表明:与对照组相比,大豆黄酮组的产蛋率提高了11.67%(P<0.05),料蛋比降低了8.1%(P<0.05);大豆黄酮组的哈氏单位提高了7.7%(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加30 g/t的大豆黄酮能提高余干乌骨鸡产蛋后期的产蛋性能和蛋品质。     

饲养方式对产蛋前母鸡肉质、肌肉物理特征和感官评价的影响

文章旨在研究不同饲养方式对产蛋前蛋鸡胸肌和腿肌化学成分、物理特征和感官评价的影响。试验选择1日龄海兰褐壳蛋鸡900只,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复60只。蛋鸡在1~10周龄和11~20周龄时分别饲喂相同的生长前期和生长后期日粮,3个组蛋鸡分别通过笼养、平养(稻谷粉作为垫料)和散养。试验结束后,对蛋鸡屠宰,收集胸肌和腿肌进行分析。结果:平养和笼养组蛋鸡胸肌粗脂肪含量较散养组分别显著提高114.81%和74.07%(P<0.05),但散养组蛋鸡胸肌铁含量较平养组显著提高37.99%(P<0.05),同时胶原含量较笼养组显著提高25.28%(P<0.05)。散养组蛋鸡腿肌粗脂肪和能量含量最低(P<0.05),但散养组粗蛋白质、铁、锌含量分别较笼养组显著提高8.85%、40.26%和17.16%(P<0.05)。散养组蛋鸡胸肌硬度和韧性较笼养组分别显著提高42.69%和27.76%(P<0.05)。笼养组腿肌蒸煮损失较平养组显著提高8.01%(P<0.05),散养组腿肌硬度和韧性分别较平养组显著提高35.24%和133.25%(P<0.05)。与笼养组相比,散养组胸肌风味和咀嚼性显著高于笼养组(P<0.05),同时散养组胸肌总可接受度显著高于平养组(P<0.05)。散养组腿肌风味、多汁性和咀嚼性均显著高于笼养和平养组(P<0.05),同时该组总可接受度较平养组显著提高6.72%(P<0.05)。结论:散养产蛋前蛋鸡的感官指标表现最佳,同时腿肌和胸肌粗脂肪含量最低,粗蛋白质和胶原蛋白含量高,可以改善肌肉口感。     

Effect of daidzein on production performance and serum antioxidative function in late lactation cows under heat stress

Forty Chinese Holstein cows were randomly divided into 4 groups according to birth, milk yield, and close lactation. The cows in 4 groups were fed with basic diet, basic diet plus 200, 300, 400 mg/day daidzein, respectively; and the experimental period was 60 days. The milk yield in all cows was monitored everyday and the quality of milk was examined regularly. Blood was collected on days 0, 10, 30, 60 of experiment to isolate serum, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the serum were measured. Results showed that the milk yield and the percentage of milk fat were significantly higher after feeding daidzein (P<0.01), and the percentage of milk protein was significantly elevated on day 60 in three daidzein groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), especially in 400 mg/day daidzein group (P<0.01). Compared with the control group (basic diet), the TAC and activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT were markedly elevated in three daidzein groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the MDA content was significantly reduced in three daidzein groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). All data suggest that daidzein has positive effects on increasing the production performance and antioxidative activity in late lactation cows, and enhancing the body adaptability and resistance to heat stress.     

日粮添加大豆黄酮对去势仔猪生长性能及有关内分泌的影响

断奶仔猪 (公母均去势 )随机分为对照组和实验组 ,分别饲喂基础日粮和基础日粮添加 5mg/kg日粮的大豆黄酮 ,试验期持续一个月。与对照组相比 ,实验组的增重和饲料利用率均有所改善 ,但存在明显的性别差异 :雄性去势仔猪增重提高 5 9.15 % (P <0 .0 1) ,但雌性去势仔猪低 2 6 .39% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;血液胰岛素样生长因子 (IGF I)含量平均提高 2 6 .6 0 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,公、母分别为提高 5 0 .91%和降低 9.6 6 % ;睾酮含量提高 17.4 6 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其中雄性提高 18.4 1% ,而雌性降低 6 .86 % ;血钙含量提高 11.78% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其中雄、雌分别提高 17.92 % (P <0 .0 5 )和 6 .4 7%。上述实验结果表明 ,大豆黄酮对去势仔猪生长和有关激素状态表现明显的性别差异性。能够显著促进去势仔公猪生长和睾酮、IGF I分泌 ,而对雌性去势仔猪则起抑制性影响     

Effect of Feed Structure on Performance and Welfare in Laying Hens Housed in Conventional and Furnished Cages

A small-scale experiment was conducted to examine layers' selection pattern of whole wheat (WW), protein concentrate (PC) and coarse shell meal (SM) throughout the light day. Consumption of all feed components increased prior to darkness. However, an interaction between SM and the other feed components was found (P<0.05), caused by a greater increase in SM consumption prior to darkness than WW and PC. This interaction is probably related to the requirement for calcium for eggshell formation. Energy (WW)/ Protein (PC) consumption ratio did not vary throughout the light day. In a large-scale experiment, a diet with 40% whole wheat incorporated into 3 mm pellets was compared with a complete diet, also as 3 mm pellets, but containing no whole wheat. Coarse shell meal was added in the feed trough for the experimental diet. These diets were examined in conventional 3-hens cages and two furnished cage systems. The hybrids LSL and Shaver 2000 were used. A tendency towards a lower (P=0.07) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found in the experimental diet relative to the control diet. This may be a result of a better plumage condition for birds fed the experimental diet. Weight of gizzard and gizzard contents was higher among birds on the experimental diet. Self-selection of shell meal did not affect eggshell strength and legbone strength. Birds housed in furnished cages with 16 birds per cage unit showed higher (P<0.05) feed consumption than birds housed in furnished cages with 8 hens per cage and birds housed in conventional 3-hens cages. Egg production was similar in all cage systems, except for a tendency for lower (P=0.06) egg production in the 8-hens cages in the second half of the experiment period. Plumage condition was generally poorer (P<0.05) in the furnished cages than in the conventional 3-hens cages. Fewer comb lesions were found among birds in furnished cages, which may indicate less aggression in layers housed in furnished cages compared with conventional barren 3-hens hen cages.     

Effect of including whole oats into pellets on performance and plumage condition in laying hens housed in conventional and furnished cages

In an experiment including 2400 layers, a diet with 40% whole oats incorporated into 3 mm pellets (experimental diet) was compared with a complete diet, also as 3 mm pellets, but containing no whole oats (control diet). These diets were examined in conventional 3-hens cages and two furnished cage systems with 8 or 16 birds per group including nest, perches and litter. The effects of diet, rearing condition and cage system on performance, plumage condition, comb lesions and rear body wounds were studied. Furthermore, the effect of feed structure on gizzard characteristics and interactions with access to litter during rearing and laying periods were examined. The hybrids LSL and Shaver 2000 were included in the experiment. Egg production was lower (P<0.05) in furnished cages than in conventional cages. No difference in plumage condition was found between diets, but a significantly poorer plumage condition (P<0.05) was observed with increasing group size. Also, the frequencies of rear body (P<0.05) wounds increased as the group sizes increased, while no such effect was observed for comb lesions. Higher (P<0.05) feed consumption was observed in furnished cages than in the conventional, causing a corresponding increase (P<0.05) in feed conversion rate (FCR). Higher (P<0.05) FCR was observed for birds fed pellets with whole oats than the control. Whole oats also increased (P<0.05) the weight of gizzard and gizzard contents. For LSL, better (P<0.05) plumage condition was found for birds reared on a deep litter floor compared to cage rearing. It was concluded that no beneficial effect of replacing high amounts of ground oats with whole oats was observed. Genotype and rearing method may interact with housing system.     

大豆黄酮对肉种鸡产蛋和繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在探索添加大豆黄酮后对肉种鸡产蛋和繁殖性能的影响。选取43周龄体况接近一致(体重、产蛋率)的肉种鸡S2系母鸡240只,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只:选取1组作为对照组,饲喂无大豆黄酮的基础饲粮,其余3组分别在基础饲粮基础上添加5、10、20 mg/kg大豆黄酮。再挑选20只强健的S2系公鸡采集精液,混精对试验鸡进行人工授精,试验期为15周。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)添加大豆黄酮对S2系母鸡体增重、采食量及死亡率无显著影响(P0.05)。2)添加大豆黄酮后能显著提高产蛋率(P0.05),其中10 mg/kg组产蛋率提高了4.1%(P0.05),日产蛋量提高了3.5%(P0.05),为3组最佳。5、10 mg/kg组料蛋比分别降低了8.0%和11.2%(P0.05)。3)10 mg/kg组受精率、孵化率和健雏率分别提高了13.1%、20.5%和5.8%(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加大豆黄酮能显著影响肉种鸡产蛋和繁殖性能,其中10 mg/kg组综合效果最佳。     

Daidzein enhances immune function in late lactation cows under heat stress

Heat stress decreases natural immunity making cows more vulnerable to diseases. A previous study reported that daidzein can enhance animal resistance to heat stress and regulate animal immunocompetence. However, it is unclear whether daidzein regulates the immune performance of late lactation cows under heat stress. In this study, late lactation cows in four groups were raised in hot weather and fed with basic diet, basic diet plus 200, 300, 400 mg/day daidzein, respectively, and the experimental period was 60 days. Blood was collected to examine the changes of serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), immunoglobulin G (IgG), interferon alpha (IFN‐α), and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). We found the levels of serum IgG and INF‐α were significantly higher in late lactation cows after 300 and 400 mg/day daidzein treatment compared to those in the control group and 200 mg/day daidzein treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Moreover, 300 and 400 mg/day daidzein treatment markedly increased serum IL‐2 (P < 0.01), while the levels of serum TP and ALB were not changed by any concentration of daidzein treatment (P > 0.05). Daidzein can enhance the immunocompetence of late lactation cows and strengthen cow resistance to heat stress.     

日粮中添加大豆黄酮对大鼠抗热应激能力的影响

日粮中添加大豆黄酮,研究其对大鼠抗热应激能力的影响。结果显示,添加大豆黄酮组大鼠平均增重稍有提高,料重比略有下降,表明大豆黄酮在一定程度上促进了大鼠生长。与正常对照组相比,热应激组大鼠血清GSH-Px活性极显著下降(P<0.01),血清葡萄糖含量显著上升(P<0.05);血清丙二醛(MDA)、尿素氮有所升高,IL-2水平有所降低,但差异均不显著。与热应激组相比,大豆黄酮热应激组血清MDA、尿素氮含量极显著下降(P<0.01);GSH-Px活性、IL-2水平有所升高,但差异均不显著。3组间胰岛素水平均无显著差异。结果提示,大豆黄酮一定程度上可增强大鼠抗热应激能力。     

异黄酮对蛋鸡生产性能和脂类代谢的影响

选择400羽40周龄伊莎产蛋鸡来研究大豆黄酮、伊普异黄酮和染料木素3种异黄酮对蛋鸡生产性能以及脂类代谢的影响。试验随机分为4个处理,对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组日粮分别添加6 mg/kg的大豆黄酮、伊普异黄酮和染料木素,试验为6周。结果表明:(1)大豆黄酮组产蛋率显著提高5.1%(P<0.05),料蛋比下降6.3%(P<0.05),其余2组有改善趋势;(2)大豆黄酮显著降低血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸含量,分别较对照组降低27.97%(P<0.01)、43.41%(P<0.05)、44.96%(P<0.01);染料木素显著降低血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯,降幅分别为24.80%(P<0.05)、33.72%(P<0.05);(3)大豆黄酮显著降低血清T3和FT3,显著升高血清T4、FT4和雌二醇水平,伊普异黄酮显著升高血清T4水平;(4)大豆黄酮有降低蛋黄中总胆固醇的趋势。