新牧4号紫花苜蓿原生质体游离和培养条件的研究

主要探讨影响苜蓿原生质体游离和培养的条件,为原生质体的培养体系的建立提供了依据。以‘新牧4号紫花苜蓿’的子叶、下胚轴和愈伤组织为材料,研究了酶液的pH值,酶解时间,酶液组合和不同培养方法对原生质体游离和培养效果的影响。结果表明：当酶液pH值为5.8时,有活力的原生质体的产量最高,同时细胞碎片少;子叶、下胚轴和愈伤组织适宜的酶解时间均为10 h;酶液组合为2%纤维素酶＋0.5%果胶酶＋0.3%或0.5%离析酶,游离出的有活力的原生质体产量较高;采用液体浅层培养和固液双层培养,均观察到原生质体发生分裂,但固液双层培养法更有利于‘新牧4号紫花苜蓿’原生质体的分裂和培养。     

小麦胚性细胞系的建立及原生质体的培养

近年来利用胚性细胞无性系游离原生质体,在禾谷类原生质体培养中已取得了重大进展。但从报道看,较多地注意原生质体游离前细胞状态的选择和对游离培养条件的优化,很少把组织培养和细胞状态的调控,与原生质体培养结合起来,而这正是解决那些原生质体难以培养的植物类型或基因型再生     

‘新牧4号’紫花苜蓿原生质体游离和培养因素的研究

主要探讨影响苜蓿原生质体游离和培养的因素,为原生质体培养体系的建立提供依据。以‘新牧4号’紫花苜蓿的子叶、下胚轴和愈伤组织为材料,研究了酶液的p H值,酶解时间,酶液组合和不同培养方法对原生质体游离和培养效果的影响。结果表明:当酶液p H 5.8时,有活力的原生质体的产量最高,同时细胞碎片少;子叶、下胚轴和愈伤组织适宜的酶解时间均为10 h;酶液组合为2%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.3%或0.5%离析酶,游离出的有活力的原生质体产量较高;采用液体浅层培养和固液双层培养,均观察到原生质体发生分裂,但固液双层培养法更有利于‘新牧4号’紫花苜蓿原生质体的分裂和培养。     

二倍体野生种马铃薯Solanum pinnatisectmum原生质体分离纯化与培养的研究

为获得较好的原生质体分离和原生质体纯度,试验以野生种马铃薯(S.pinnatisectmum)试管苗叶片为材料,进行了原生质体分离和纯化的研究。结果表明:培养3周左右的试管苗叶片均在含有0.4%纤维素酶+0.7%果胶酶+0.1%离析酶,渗透压为0.3 mol/L的酶解液中解离效果最好,原生质体产量为1.93×106/g FW;在(25±1)℃酶解温度条件下静置14 h,可促进叶片原生质体的大量释放。而且,外源激素组合0.5 mg/L IAA+2.5 mg/L Zeatin有利于S.pinnatisectmum叶片原生质体的分裂,原生质体一次分裂频率达到6.32%。研究获得了稳定的原生质体分离体系以及较好的原生质体培养条件,为马铃薯野生种Solanum pinnatisectmum的体细胞融合提供了依据。     

马铃薯细胞融合方法的研究

为了完善细胞融合技术,提高融合细胞的分化再生能力,对原生质体的游离、融合、培养条件进行了系统研究,筛选出了既简单又高效率的细胞融合方法多聚鸟氨酸法（poly –L-ornithine, PLO）以及初始、继代、分化培养基,获得了马铃薯花培后代Удача×Жуковский ранний细胞融合再生植株。     

大豆原生质体培养研究进展

大豆原生质体培养研究进展肖文言,王连铮(中国农业科学院100081)大豆原生质体培养诱导再生植株,一直为国内外学者所关注。栽培大豆(GｌycinemaxL,)原生质体培养,自Ｓchenk和hiｌｄebranｄt(1969)由大豆子叶愈伤组织细胞游离原……     

谷子高效原生质体培养及植株再生体系通过专家鉴定

河北省农科院谷子所以“冀谷11号”谷子品种为材料诱导愈伤组织,建立适合原生质体游离培养的细胞系,进而分离培养原生质体获得了高频率的细胞分裂和细胞团形成,并得到了大量的原生质体再生植株,这一研究具有以下特点:     

马铃薯叶片原生质体的培养

以马铃薯四倍体普通栽培种品系俄8和双单倍体品系讷16-3和讷16-14脱毒试管苗叶片为材料,通过对预处理、酶解时间及培养基激素配比等因素的研究,优化了原生质体游离纯化和培养体系。试验结果表明:低温预处理有助于提高原生质体的产量和质量,最适酶解时间分别为12.5h(四倍体栽培种)和12h(双单倍体),MS+NAA1.0mg/L+6-BA0.5mg/L为最佳愈伤增殖培养基,MS+ZT2.5mg/L+IAA0.5mg/L为最佳愈伤分化培养基。     

原生质体载体技术在马铃薯育种中的应用

综述了原生质体载体技术在育种中的应用:体细胞杂交、以原生质体为受体细胞的DNA直接导入转化、体细胞无性系变异、胁迫耐受系的选择,同时针对马铃薯的生物学特性、育种现状及其原生质体方面的研究现状,提出利用原生质体载体技术进行马铃薯育种的优势和切实可行性。     

决明原生质体的分离与培养研究

用决明（ＣａｓｉａｏｂｔｕｓｉｆｏｌｉａＬ．）子叶和下胚轴为材料,游离和培养原生质体。结果表明,１５日龄无菌苗的子叶和下胚轴比较适于游离原生质体,每１ｇ材料的原生质体产量高达１．６×１０４个;ＰｅｃｔｏｌｙａｓｅＹ－２３是分离原生质体所必需的;用含２,４－Ｄ０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ（以下单位同）,ＮＡＡ１．０与ＫＴ０．１的ＫＭ８Ｐ漂浮培养利于原生质体的分裂。培养４ｄ后,原生质体开始分裂,１５ｄ后其植板率约为１９．２％,３０ｄ形成了细胞团或小愈伤组织。增殖愈伤组织在分化培养基上培养,可分化出芽。芽在生根培养基上培养１４ｄ生根,从而再生决明小植株。     

Isolation and culture of grape vine cv. Chardonnay leaf protoplasts

Summary Experimental conditions were established that resulted in high yields and good viability of the protoplasts obtained from leaves of Vitis vinifera, cv. Chardonnay regenerated in vitro by somatic embryogenesis. The effect of factors of the culture medium and various environmental conditions upon the frequency of cell division has been examined, and a method of culture is described by which protoplasts were induced to begin division. Most protoplasts obtained in this way regenerated cell walls within the first few days and cell division occurred after 10 days of culture in a liquid medium. Some cells have divided two or even three times. Nevertheless, the cells did not continue dividing beyond this stage.     

苹果原生质体培养再生愈伤组织

以苹果试管苗叶片为原生质体分离材料,对影响原生质体分离和培养的因素进行了研究。结果表明适合叶片酶解的酶液组成是Cellulase-Onzuka R-10 0.8% + Pectinase 0.5% + PVP 1% + 甘露醇 0.65 mol/L + MES0.1%;以改良MT + BA 1.0 mg/L + 2,4-D 0.2 mg/L + 甘露醇0.65 mol/L + Vc 5.0 mg/L + Glu 500 mg/L + CH 100 mg/L + ME 500 mg/L + Arg 50 mg/L为培养基对原生质体进行培养,固液双层培养效果较好,最适培养密度为1×105 (个/ml),培养1-2 d原生质体变形,3-4 d第一次分裂,2 w分裂3-5次。平邑甜茶原生质体一个月后形成微细胞团,两个半月形成肉眼可见的微愈伤组织。鲁加5号和M7均只形成7-10个细胞的细胞团,嘎拉未见细胞分裂。     

叶片的生理状态及添加物对大麦叶肉原生质体培养的影响

作为原生质体源的叶片的生理状态及培养基中的添加物对大麦叶肉原生质体培养均有明显的影响。试验中观察到叶片中、上段的原生质体比基部的具较强的感应力。叶片经黑暗预处理后，其原生质体培养时呈较好的稳定状态，并观察到添加１．０，２．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的抗坏血酸能提高原生质体的活力。在添加０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ２，４－Ｄ、１．０ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ及０．５ｍｇ／ＬＺＴ的ＲＭＳ培养基中，经微弱光照（１５０ｘ）诱导了细胞持续分裂并     

不同激素条件下大豆原生质体培养和植株再生

以栽培大豆(Glycine max(L.) Merr.)南农86-21、南农86-4、南农73-935为材料，用K8/K8p基本培养基比较了不同原生质体密度和不同激素种类、水平对未成熟子叶原生质体培养的影响，发现它们的差异表现在植板率、产生愈伤组织的速度和频率、愈伤组织的颜色和结构等几方面。对低激素来源南农73-935的愈伤组织的速度和频率、愈伤组     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Iris hollandica Hort.

The effects of glucose concentrations, different sugars and combinations of 2,4-D and kinetin on cell division and colony formation were examined in cultures of protoplasts isolated enzymatically from suspension cultures of Iris hollandica N6 medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D, 1 mg/l kinetin, 200 mg/l casein hydrolysate, 250 mg/l proline, 0.3– 0.5 M glucose and 20 g/l agarose was suitable for cell division and colony formation. When colonies formed were transferred to hormone-free MS medium, many shoots were induced. In addition, when induced shoots were transferred to MS medium with 1 mg/l NAA, root induction was observed. A plant regeneration system from protoplasts of I. hollandica was thus established.     

Analysis of protoplast-derived plants of Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl

Of 3272 plants regenerated from protoplasts of 10 Saintpaulia ionantha genotypes, 98.4% survived transfer to the greenhouse. The frequency of regenerants with chlorophyll deficiencies, i.e. variegated leaves or albinos, was low (1.5%). There was a higher number of polyploid, in most cases tetraploid plants, regenerated from protoplasts (16%) which were identified by their altered morphology. Measurements of stomatal length and counting the number of chloroplasts per guard cell also allowed a clear differentiation between diploid and polyploid plants. The classification was confirmed by DNA content determination using flow cytometry. Mechanisms leading to polyploidization included spontaneous protoplast fusion as well as chromosome doubling during callus growth and shoot regeneration. Two genotypes with instabilities in flower colour showed completely altered flower colours in plants regenerated from protoplasts as well as in plants regenerated on leaf explants in vitro.     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from primary calli using mature embryos of two Brazilian rice cultivars

A plant regeneration system from rice protoplasts using calli derived from mature embryos was established for the two Brazilian modern rice cultivars IAC-201 and IAC-165. After 30 to 40 days of in vitro culture it was possible to obtain on average 6 million protoplasts per gram of callus. Microscopic selection of embryogenic calli was a key step for protoplast isolation. The production of embryogenic calli increased when L-proline and casein hydrolysate were used in the callus induction medium. The Oc or IR52 nurse cell lines were essential for protoplast division. Different regeneration media were studied and 139 plants were regenerated which set seed. Some of the regenerated plants showed morphological variation such as the presence of awns in spite of the short time of the in vitro culture. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

光敏核不育水稻（31301s）原生质体培养再生成株

从光敏核不育水稻３１３０１ｓ胚性细胞悬浮系分离培养原生质体，成功地实现了植株再生，原生质体在ＫＰＲ培养基中植板率达２．４％，在ＳＫＰＲ（除去ＫＰＲ中复杂的有机成分，以及葡萄糖以外的糖类）中获得了较高的植板率（１．８％），在高压灭菌取代过滤除菌的ＳＫＰＲ中也能培养成功。３１３０１ｓ原生质体再生细胞团直接分化的分化率达１０％，再生细胞团在含３％蔗糖和５００ｍｇ／Ｌ脯氨酸的Ｎ６培养基上增殖后再分化，可明     

A comparison of somaclonal variation in rice plants derived and not derived from protoplasts

To clarify the effect of the type of in vitro culture on the generation of somaclonal variation, protoplast-derived rice plants were compared with rice plants derived from suspension culture or primary calli (not derived from protoplasts). Regenerated plants showing polyploid-like phenotypes appeared at a higher frequency (33–70%) in plants derived from protoplasts than in those not derived from protoplasts (3–6%). In the first progeny (R₁) generation of all regenerated plants, 120 of 368 lines (33%) segregated plants with mutated characters such as albino, dwarf and sterile. In quantitative traits, 62 (21%) and 144 (50%) of 290 Rj lines showed shorter culm and lower seed-fertility, respectively, compared with the control line derived from the selfed seeds of the original cultivar. The frequency of the mutant-possessing R₁ lines among lines derived from protoplasts was not significantly different from those not derived from protoplasts. These results indicate that isolation and culture of protoplasts does not enhance genetic changes other than cytogenetical changes.     

茶树叶片和胚根原生质体的分离及PEG诱导融合

植物原生质体是细胞培养和体细胞融合等细胞水平研究及植物遗传育种的重要材料。本研究用福鼎大白茶茶树的幼嫩叶片及胚根, 分析了原生质体分离过程中的材料、酶解液组成及酶解时间、纯化方法等影响因子, 建立了最佳原生质体分离体系, 为茶树体细胞杂交等细胞水平的研究提供了高效获取大量高活力原生质体的方法。结果表明, 23°C恒温黑暗或遮光培养的茶树实生苗的5周叶龄以内的幼嫩叶片是茶树原生质体分离的最佳材料, 其次是茶树种子萌发后的幼嫩胚根; 而以茶园健康生长的5周叶龄以内的幼嫩叶片为材料时, 只能获得混有大量细胞碎片的少量具有活力的原生质体。以茶树幼嫩叶片为分离材料的酶解液组成为1.5%纤维素酶+0.1%离析酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.4 mol L^-1甘露醇+20 mmol L^-1 MES; 以茶树幼嫩胚根为分离材料的酶解液组成为1.5%纤维素酶+0.3%离析酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.4 mol L^-1甘露醇+20 mmol L^-1 MES。分离茶树幼嫩叶和幼嫩胚根原生质体时, 宜采用低速(分别为55 r min^-1和50 r min^-1)恒温(23°C)摇床振荡酶解培养, 时间分别为7 h和8 h; 最适宜采用15×g的转速, 离心4 min可纯化获得高产量和活力的原生质体。用40% PEG-6000诱导20 min后可使茶树原生质体融合, 融合率达10%。