干旱区山麓带植物群落特征指数与土壤因子关系初探

2007年10月,以干旱区山麓带新疆伊犁伊宁县金山地区28个样方调查资料为基础,选用Shan-non-Wiener和Si mpson综合多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Herlbert多样性指数(种间相遇几率PIE)以及Pielou均匀度指数和土壤电导率、土壤含水率、土壤pH、土壤全盐量以及各种盐分、土壤有机质、养分共19个土壤因子进行回归分析。结果表明:土壤平均含水率与Pielou均匀度指数二项式回归达显著相关(P=0.037),土壤平均pH与Shannon指数和Herlbert多样性指数的二项式回归均达显著水平(P=0.049,P=0.044),Herlbert多样性指数和Shannon指数与0-20cm土壤的全盐量直线回归有极显著相关性(P=0.003,P=0.005),与20-40cm土壤的全盐量直线回归有显著相关性(P=0.01,P=0.04),与土壤电导率的直线回归有极显著相关性(P=0.001,P=0.001),与0-20cm和20-40cm土壤HCO3-有显著相关性(P=0.03,P=0.015;P=0.047,P=0.05),与0-20cm Ca2+表现为极显著相关(P=0.001,P=0.001)与20-40cm Ca2+土壤显著相关(P=0.021,P=0.078),Shannon多样性指数与0-20cm土壤有机质含量有较显著相关性(P=0.048)。     

Spatial pattern of plant species diversity and the influencing factors in a Gobi Desert within the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Understanding the spatial pattern of plant species diversity and the influencing factors has important implications for the conservation and management of ecosystem biodiversity. The transitional zone between biomes in desert ecosystems, however, has received little attention in that regard. In this study, we conducted a quantitative field survey(including 187 sampling plots) in a 40-km~2 study area to determine the spatial pattern of plant species diversity and analyze the influencing factors in a Gobi Desert within the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 16 families and 39 genera were recorded. Shrub and semi-shrub species generally represented the major part of the plant communities(covering 90% of the land surface), while annual and perennial herbaceous species occupied a large proportion of the total recorded species(71%). Patrick richness index(R), Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H'), Simpson's dominance index(D), and Pielou's evenness index(J) were all moderately spatially variable, and the variability increased with increasing sampling area. The semivariograms for R and H' were best fitted with Gaussian models while the semivariograms for D and J were best fitted with exponential models. Nugget-to-still ratios indicated a moderate spatial autocorrelation for R, H', and D while a strong spatial autocorrelation was observed for J. The spatial patterns of R and H' were closely related to the geographic location within the study area, with lower values near the oasis and higher values near the mountains. However, there was an opposite trend for D. R, H', and D were significantly correlated with elevation, soil texture, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and total porosity(P0.05). Generally speaking, locations at higher elevations tended to have higher species richness and diversity and the higher elevations were characterized by higher values in sand and gravel contents, bulk density, and saturated hydraulic conductivity and also by lower values in total porosity. Furthermore, spatial variability of plant species diversity was dependent on the sampling area.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity are affected by host plant species and soil depth in the Mu Us Desert,northwest China

The vertical diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were investigated in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China. Soils were sampled to 50?cm in depth in the rhizospheres of Hedysarum laeve, Artemisia ordosica, and Psammochloa villosa and 44 AM fungal species belonging to 10 genera were isolated. Several of these species have peculiar morphological features, which are distinct from other habitats. AM fungal diversity and distribution differed significantly among the three host plants and the five soil layers. Spore density, species richness, and the Shannon-Wiener index of AM fungi were 0.55–4.3 spores g^?1 soil, 7–36 and 1.78–2.89, respectively. Spore density and species richness had a significant positive correlation with soil total phosphorus content (0.0377–0.1129?mg?g^?1), and a negative correlation with soil pH (7.19–7.64). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, PerMANOVA, and structural equation model analysis demonstrated that host plant species and soil depth significantly and directly influenced the structure of AM fungal communities. We concluded that diversity and distribution of AM fungi might be influenced by plant species, soil depth patterns, and soil nutrient availability in desert ecosystems. This research into AM fungal communities may lead to the development of AM fungi treatment for the mitigation of soil erosion and desertification using mycorrhizal plants, such as H. laeve, A. ordosica, and P. villosa.     

新疆鄯善种子植物物种多样性及区系分析

文中在形态分类学研究的基础上,对鄯善野生种子植物物种多样性与区系地理进行了分析。鄯善共有种子植物48科177属,296种2亚种1变种。科的组成中,就属水平而言,寡属科与多属科构成科结构的主体,所含属数占74.01%,而就种水平而言,则大科和寡种科为主体,所含种数占81.94%;属的组成中,单种属和寡种属构成属结构的主体,所含种数占88.63%。该区新疆特有种与中国新疆仅分布种占26.09%,比例较高。生活型以地面芽植物与一、二年生植物为主;生态型以旱生植物与中生植物占较大优势,占种数的77.92%,与其区系的温带干旱性质相吻合。属的分布区类型表明,该区系地理成分多样,有11个分布类型和10个变型,温带性质明显,约占72.3%,以北温带为主。     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响

选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部(一号点)、中部(二号点)、南部(三号点)3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素.结果表明:(1)不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著...     

极度干旱区设施蔬菜地土壤硝态氮的分布特征

设施农业中过量施肥和灌溉不仅降低肥料利用率,且容易引发硝酸盐污染风险.以库尔勒英下乡露天菜地为参照,对该地大棚菜地年度氮素输入量、土壤剖面硝态氮累积特征,以及地下水硝态氮含量进行了研究.结果表明:氮素年度输入量大棚菜地＞露天菜地;两种种植方式0-180cm土壤均出现了硝酸盐的明显累积,大棚菜地硝态氮累积量随种植年限的增...     

荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)的保育效应及其对群落物种多样性的影响

红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)是我国北方温带荒漠的主要先锋植物,也是一种潜力巨大的水土保持和荒山绿化物种,但是该乡土物种是否具有保育植物的特征,目前尚未有这方面的研究。文中通过研究生长于半干旱区的荒漠植物红砂群落不同分布格局和群落特征,分析红砂盖度变化对群落多样性的影响,探究保育效应的发生条件及其对群落物种多样性影响机理。研究结果表明:群落的植物物种多样性随着红砂植被盖度和地上生物量增大而逐渐增大,然而,当红砂总盖度超过48.73%(地上生物量为35.62g/m2)时,虽植被盖度和地上生物量继续增大,目标物种碱蓬(Suaeda glauca),蓍状亚菊(Ajania achilleoides)多度明显增加,但植物物种多样性并没有显著的变化。这些说明在干旱区,当红砂的盖度增加到一定程度之后,才能通过冠层遮阴产生保育效应。因此,在植被稀疏、物种多样性较低的干旱地区,可以充分利用红砂物种的保育效应,促进和加快植被自然恢复进程,调控物种多样性和群落结构。     

Contents of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates in abandoned agricultural lands in an arid ecosystem of Northwest China

Soil organic matter content in water-stable aggregates(WSA) in the arid ecosystems(abandoned agricultural lands especially) of China is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the WSA sizes and stability, and soil organic carbon(OC) and nitrogen(N) contents in agricultural lands with abandonment ages of 0, 3, 12, 20, 30 and 40 years, respectively, in the Minqin Oasis of Northwest China. The total soil OC and N contents at depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm in abandoned agricultural lands were compared to those in cultivated land(the control). Agricultural land abandonment significantly(P0.05) influenced the distribution of MWD(mean weight diameter), and OC and N contents. There were significant increases in MWD and the proportion of macroaggregates(sizes 0.25 mm) as the age of agricultural land abandonment increased. The effect of abandonment ages of agricultural lands on MWD was determined by the changes of OC and N accumulation in WSA sizes 2 mm. The total OC and N contents presented a stratification phenomenon across soil depths in this arid ecosystem. That is, both of them decreased significantly at depths of 0–20 and 40–60 cm while increased at the depth of 20–40 cm. The WSA sizes 0.053 mm had the highest soil OC and N contents(accounting for 51.41%–55.59% and 42.61%–48.94% of their total, respectively). Soil OC and N contents in microaggregates(sizes 0.053–0.25 mm) were the dominant factors that influenced the variations of total OC and N contents in abandoned agricultural lands. The results of this study suggested that agricultural land abandonment may result in the recovery of WSA stability and the shifting of soil organic matter from the silt+clay(0.053 mm) and microaggregate fractions to the macroaggregate fractions. However, agricultural land abandonment did not increase total soil OC and N contents in the short-term.     

Using sequential Gaussian simulation to assess the uncertainty of the spatial distribution of soil salinity in arid regions of Northwest China

Accurately mapping and monitoring the spatial distribution pattern of soil salinity is essential for sustainable soil management and decision-making. The kriging-based interpolation technique is generally used to map the spatial distribution of soil salinity; however, this technique neglects the variation caused by interpolation for each unsampled location. The sequential gaussian simulation (SGS) is an effective tool to collect mapping uncertainties at several locations simultaneously, which is not possible in the kriging-based technique. Soil electrical conductivity has been widely used as an index for soil salinity. Based on 0–100?cm soil profile from 117 locations in the Manas River basin, Northwest China, the SGS algorithm was used to assess the uncertainty of the spatial distribution of soil electrical conductivity. It was found that the SGS algorithm was reliable in reproducing the spatial distribution of soil electrical conductivity. The SGS algorithm reproduced the sample statistics reasonably well. The standard deviations of the samples generated by the SGS algorithm (0.463–0.508 (dS m^?1)) were closer to the actual samples (0.675 (dS m^?1)) than those generated by kriging (0.454 (dS m^?1)). Most of the study area was lightly affected by salinity. Around 30% of the study area was moderately affected, and the heavily affected areas were sporadically scattered across the study area. The spatial uncertainty at multiple point presented a declining trend as the critical probability at a single point increased. The spatial estimation of the soil electrical conductivity in multiple point was more robust than that in the local location because of the low uncertainty.     

新疆精河流域土壤质量空间分异规律分析

以新疆精河流域为研究对象,运用GIS和地统计学的原理与方法.对该区域的pH、水溶性盐分、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮、有机质等土壤质量要素的空间分异规律进行了定量分析.结果表明:1)流域内土壤质量要素的空间异质性明显,人类的干预程度严重影响土壤的空间异质性;各土壤质量要素的空间变异程度不同,其排列顺序依次为有效磷＞有机质＞碱...     

新疆野生动植物物种丰富度的分布格局

新疆野生动植物种类丰富,有野生维管束植物3 637种、鸟类425种和哺乳动物154种.在广泛收集这些植物和动物分布资料的基础上,绘制了新疆动植物物种丰富度分布图,分析这些物种丰富度分布之间的关系,并得到物种丰富度分布的热点地区.新疆动植物丰富度北疆高于南疆,西部高于东部;阿尔泰山、天山西部和准噶尔西部山地是物种丰富度分...     

An over review of desertification in Xinjiang,Northwest China

Desertification research in arid and semi-arid regions has always been actively pursued. In China, the problem of desertification in Xinjiang has also received extensive attention. Due to its unique geography, many scholars have conducted corresponding research on the desertification status of Xinjiang. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed desertification in Xinjiang, and compared the underlying mechanisms of desertification and the status of desertification conditions after the implementation of ecological control projects. On a larger scale, desertification in Xinjiang can be divided into soil salinization inside oases and sandy desertification on the edges of oases. Human activities are considered the main cause of desertification, but natural factors also contribute to varying degrees. Research on the mechanisms of desertification has effectively curbed the development of desertification, but unreasonable use of land resources accelerates the risk of desertification. For desertification control, there are several key points. First, desertification monitoring and the early warning of desertification expansion should be strengthened. Second, monitoring and reversing soil salinization also play an important role in the interruption of desertification process. It is very effective to control soil salinization through biological and chemical methods. Third, the management of water resources is also essential, because unreasonable utilization of water resources is one of the main reasons for the expansion of desertification in Xinjiang. Due to the unreasonable utilization of water resources, the lower reaches of the Tarim River are cut off, which leads to a series of vicious cycles, such as the deterioration of ecological environment on both sides of the river and the worsening of desertification. However, in recent years, various desertification control projects implemented in Xinjiang according to the conditions of different regions have achieved remarkable results. For future studies, research on the stability of desert-oasis transition zone is also significantly essential, because such investigations can help to assess the risk of degradation and control desertification on a relatively large scale.     

海南岛西南干旱区土壤中稀土元素含量及其空间分布特征

对海南岛西南干旱区发育典型的5个土壤剖面的稀土元素组成特征及其垂向变化规律进行研究,结果表明:成土母质决定着土壤中稀土元素的最初含量,同一土壤剖面上下层之间的稀土元素具有一定的继承性。由花岗岩风化而成的土壤的稀土元素含量大于砂页岩风化而成的土壤,土壤表层强烈的淋溶作用又导致由土壤剖面深部至浅部∑REE逐步减少。成土母质决定了土壤中呈现的轻稀土富集的特点。区内特殊的自然地理条件、Eu自身的地球化学特性及成土母质决定了Eu亏损的特点。土壤剖面表层氧化和水解作用导致Ce在土壤表层中的富集,并导致由剖面深部至浅部,Ce呈现出由负异常向正异常演化的趋势。     

Effects of irrigation on precipitation in the arid regions of Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is an important parameter for the interaction between soil and atmosphere.It is the second important factor that influences climate change,next to sea surface temperature(SST).Most previous studies focused on the monsoon regions in East China,and only a few laid emphases on arid environments.In Xinjiang, which is located in Northwest China,the climate is typically arid and semi-arid.During the past 20 years,the precipitation in Xinjiang has shown a significant increasing trend,and it is closely related to oasis irrigation.This paper aims at discussing whether abnormal soil moisture in spring can be the signal to forecast summer precipitation.The effects of abnormal soil moisture due to farm irrigation in spring in arid environments on regional climate are investigated by using a regional climate model(RegCM3).The results indicate that positive soil moisture anomaly in irrigated cropland surface in May led to an increase in precipitation in spring as well as across the whole summer. The impact could last for about four months.The effects of soil moisture on the surface air temperature showed a time-lagging trend.The summer air temperature declined by a maximum amplitude of 0.8oC.The increased soil moisture could enhance evaporation and ascending motion in the low troposphere,which brought in more precipitation.The soil moisture affected regional weather and climate mainly by altering the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.     

新疆若羌县土壤微量营养元素的空间分布特征及影响因素

基于若羌县2015年143组0~20 cm土层土壤6种微量营养元素(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo和B)的实测含量,运用多元统计分析、地统计学和Arc GIS技术相结合的方法,对研究区土壤微量营养元素的含量和空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Mo和B变异系数介于18.2%~47.4%,均属于中等变异。Fe、Mn、Zn、Mo和B的块金效应均小于25%,空间相关性较强,空间变异主要受到土壤母质等结构性变异主导;Cu的块金效应介于25%~75%之间,属于中等空间相关,空间变异受到人为活动等随机因素和结构性因素的共同影响。Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu的空间分布格局相似,总体呈现出从研究区四周向中心含量逐渐增大的趋势;Mo和B的空间分布格局相似,总体呈现出从南向北含量逐渐增大的趋势。土壤有机质、pH值和不同的成土母质、土壤类型、土地利用类型对土壤微量营养元素均有不同程度的影响。     

寡营养细菌对古尔班通古特沙漠土壤环境的影响

利用从古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮中分离的1株寡营养细菌制成的菌剂,喷洒在流沙表面,分析寡营养细菌对沙漠土壤微生物、酶活性、土壤养分及生物结皮形成的影响。结果表明：①喷洒寡营养细菌菌剂,提高各层土壤主要微生物数量,其中显著（P〈0.05）提高了0～2 cm土层的细菌和放线菌数量及2～5 cm层的寡营养细菌数量;②对不同土壤...     

青海都兰绿洲-荒漠交错带植物特征值及多样性研究

采用样方调查法对察汗乌苏绿洲-荒漠交错带五个不同封育区植被的群落结构和特征值进行调查分析,并运用α-多样性指数(shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、群落均匀度指数E)分析生物多样性变化.对比2008和2009年不同封育区植被盖度,密度,生物量等植物特征值表明,到2009年,2003年荒滩造林封育区、安...     

Interactions between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors in the Great Salt Desert of central Iran

Investigating the relationships between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors provide management insights into factors affecting the growth and establishment of plant species and vegetation communities in saline areas.The aim of this study was to assess the spatial variability of various vegetation communities in relation to edaphic factors in the Great Salt Desert,central Iran.Fifteen vegetation communities were identified using the physiognomy-floristic method.Coverage and density of vegetation communities were determined using the transect plot method.Forty soil samples were collected from major horizons of fifteen profiles in vegetation communities,and analyzed in terms of following soil physical and chemical characteristics:soil texture,soluble Na+concentration,sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,organic matter content,soluble Mg2+and Ca2+concentrations,carbonate and gypsum contents,and spontaneously-and mechanically-dispersible clay contents.Redundancy analysis was used to investigate the relationships between vegetation dynamic and edaphic factors.The generalized linear method(GLM)was used to find the plant species response curves against edaphic factors.Results showed that plant species responded differently to edaphic factors,in which soluble sodium concentration,EC,SAR,gypsum content and soil texture were identified as the most discriminative edaphic factors.The studied plant species were also found to have different ecological requirements and tolerance to edaphic factors,in which Tamarix aphylla and Halocnemum strobilaceum were identified as the most salt-resistant species in the region.Furthermore,the presence of Artemisia sieberi was highly related to soil sand and gypsum contents.The results implied that exploring the plant species response curves against edaphic factors can assist managers to lay out more appropriate restoration plans in similar arid areas.     

阜康北部梭梭荒漠早春物种多样性研究

通过对梭梭荒漠2种植物群落早春的物种组成、垂直结构及物种多样性的对比研究发现:梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落和白梭梭(Haloxylon persicum)群落具有结构简单、群落优势度高、均匀度和物种多样性较低、旱生性植物占绝对优势及短生植物成为群落重要组成部分等特征。同时,二者存在以下差异:①物种多样性差异, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数梭梭群落(0.74,0.08和0.81)均高于白梭梭群落(0.61, 0.06和0.77);②主要伴生种不同,前者以草本植物为主要伴生种,后者以灌木为主要伴生种;③短生物种丰富度差异分别占前者的64.7%(11种)及后者的60%(15种)。2种梭梭群落的特点与差异可能与古尔班通古特沙漠南缘早春适宜的水热配置、群落生境的沙土含水量、沙面稳定程度及物种本身的生物学特性等因素有关。     

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.