Regulation of microtubule dynamics by reaction cascades around chromosomes

During spindle assembly, chromosomes generate gradients of microtubule stabilization through a reaction-diffusion process, but how this is achieved is not well understood. We measured the spatial distribution of microtubule aster asymmetry around chromosomes by incubating centrosomes and micropatterned chromatin patches in frog egg extracts. We then screened for microtubule stabilization gradient shapes that would generate such spatial distributions with the use of computer simulations. Only a long-range, sharply decaying microtubule stabilization gradient could generate aster asymmetries fitting the experimental data. We propose a reaction-diffusion model that combines the chromosome generated Ran-guanosine triphosphate-Importin reaction network to a secondary phosphorylation network as a potential mechanism for the generation of such gradients.     

Role of importin-beta in coupling Ran to downstream targets in microtubule assembly

The guanosine triphosphatase Ran stimulates assembly of microtubule asters and spindles in mitotic Xenopus egg extracts. A carboxyl-terminal region of the nuclear-mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA), a nuclear protein required for organizing mitotic spindle poles, mimics Ran's ability to induce asters. This NuMA fragment also specifically interacted with the nuclear transport factor, importin-beta. We show that importin-beta is an inhibitor of microtubule aster assembly in Xenopus egg extracts and that Ran regulates the interaction between importin-beta and NuMA. Importin-beta therefore links NuMA to regulation by Ran. This suggests that similar mechanisms regulate nuclear import during interphase and spindle assembly during mitosis.     

Translation of polarity cues into asymmetric spindle positioning in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos

Asymmetric divisions are crucial for generating cell diversity; they rely on coupling between polarity cues and spindle positioning, but how this coupling is achieved is poorly understood. In one-cell stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, polarity cues set by the PAR proteins mediate asymmetric spindle positioning by governing an imbalance of net pulling forces acting on spindle poles. We found that the GoLoco-containing proteins GPR-1 and GPR-2, as well as the Galpha subunits GOA-1 and GPA-16, were essential for generation of proper pulling forces. GPR-1/2 interacted with guanosine diphosphate-bound GOA-1 and were enriched on the posterior cortex in a par-3- and par-2-dependent manner. Thus, the extent of net pulling forces may depend on cortical Galpha activity, which is regulated by anterior-posterior polarity cues through GPR-1/2.     

On the mitotic movements of chromosomes

My conclusions, which, I confess, are tentative and based mainly on studies of one kind of cell, the grasshopper neuroblast, may be summarized as follows. The late prophase orientation of the chromosomes is a carry-over from the late telophase orientation. It is apparently maintained by means of the centromeres, which appear to be attached within a limited region of the nucleus throughout telophase, interphase, and prophase. Metaphase orientation of the chromosomes may be explained as the resultant of two forces: a force involving the centromere and spindle, which is responsible for keeping the centromeres in the equatorial plane of the spindle, and a repulsion force involving the noncentromeric portion of the chromosomes, which results in a tendency toward uniform spacing of the chromosomes outside the spindle. Anaphase separation of sister chromatids and their subsequent movement toward the poles of the spindle involves at least four distinct phases: (i) the initial poleward movement of the centromeres, which may be due to intrinsic repulsion or to a force acting between spindle and centromeres that produces an angle of almost 90 degrees between the separated and unseparated portions of the chromatids; (ii) the autonomous separation of the noncentromeric part of the chromosome; (iii) elongation of the spindle, beginning just after the sister chromatids are separated proximally and ending when the longer chromatids are about to lose contact distally; and (iv) the later movement apart of the daughter chromosomes, probably resulting from a pushing force exerted by elongation of the interzonal fibers.     

植原体翠菊黄化组分类研究进展

本文介绍了植原体翠菊黄化组分类研究概况及最新进展,四个遗传进化参数16S rRNA、rp、tuf、secY基因应用于翠菊黄化组植原体的分类,基于16S rRNA、rp、tuf、secY序列的RFLP分析,分别可将翠菊黄化组植原体划分为15个、8个、10个、8个亚组,国际比较菌原体学研究计划署(IRPCM)提出将暂定种‘CandidatusPhytop lasm a asteris’作为翠菊黄化植原体的分类参考标准。     

Monoclonal antibodies against the aster yellows agent

Hybridoma clones secreting specific monoclonal antibodies against the aster yellows agent, a mycoplasma-like organism, were produced by using partially purified salivary gland preparations from infected leafhopper vectors as the immunogen. After 3947 hybridomas from 20 independent fusions were screened for specific antibody against the aster yellows agent, two table clones were obtained. With these monoclonal antibodies the aster yellows agent in diseased lettuce, periwinkles, and inoculative insects was specifically identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The aster yellows agent was serologically differentiated from the mycoplasma-like organisms associated with ash yellows, loofah witches'-broom, paulownia witches'-broom, sweet potato witches'-broom, peanut rosette, maize bushy stunt, and elm phloem necrosis.     

木塑复合材料铣削加工表面粗糙度及其预测模型的研究

在木塑复合材料（WPC）的加工过程中,加工精度低、切削表面质量差等问题时有发生,而切削力和切削温度对刀具的寿命和加工表面质量有着非常重要的影响。采用硬质合金单齿柄铣刀对木塑复合材料进行铣削试验,研究主轴转速、进给速度、切削深度等切削参数对切削力、切削温度、加工表面粗糙度的影响。在试验数据的基础上,采用BP神经网络建立了WPC加工表面粗糙度的预测模型。结果表明,随着主轴转速增大,WPC的切削力减小,切削温度增大,表面粗糙度减小;随着进给速度增大,WPC的切削力增大,切削温度减小,表面粗糙度增大;随着铣削深度增加,WPC的切削力增大,切削温度增大,表面粗糙度逐渐增大。建立的预测模型具有较高的精度,能够用于WPC铣削加工表面粗糙度的预测,为提高WPC加工表面质量、刀具使用寿命提供了理论和实践指导。     

A centrosome-independent role for gamma-TuRC proteins in the spindle assembly checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint guards the fidelity of chromosome segregation. It requires the close cooperation of cell cycle regulatory proteins and cytoskeletal elements to sense spindle integrity. The role of the centrosome, the organizing center of the microtubule cytoskeleton, in the spindle checkpoint is unclear. We found that the molecular requirements for a functional spindle checkpoint included components of the large gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC). However, their localization at the centrosome and centrosome integrity were not essential for this function. Thus, the spindle checkpoint can be activated at the level of microtubule nucleation.     

高速加工HSK工具系统的精度

运用弹性力学和材料力学理论,通过理论分析和试验方法研究了HSK工具系统静态和动态的定位精度,给出了夹紧力和刀柄锥度的关系,并进一步指出合适的夹紧力是保证HSK工具系统在高速加工时轴向和径向定位精度的必要条件.分析结果表明:HSK工具系统能在高速情况下保证高精度,是由于实际的轴向夹紧力能保证刀柄的锥面和端面时刻与主轴保持接触.     

吸湿-回干处理对人工老化翠菊种子活力的影响

[目的]研究人工老化及吸湿一回干处理对翠菊种子活力的影响,旨在为合理的贮存与使用翠菊种子提供科学依据。[方法]供试种子在45℃、100％RH下进行老化处理。老化后种子在20℃条件下进行吸湿,25℃下回干及发芽测定。[结果]试验结果表明,在45℃、100％RH高温高湿条件下处理翠菊种子,对翠菊种子有快速老化的作用,其主要的活力指标呈明显降低趋势,随着老化处理时间的延长,种子的发芽指数（F=1257．73〉F0.01=4.82）与活力指数（F=385614.42〉F0.01=4.82）明显下降。老化处理时间达到60h后,翠菊种子的发芽率只剩下50％。对经过人工老化后吸湿一回干处理的翠菊种子进行发芽率（F=600．06〉F0.01=4．82）和发芽势（F=543．44〉F0.01=4．82）的测定显示,经吸湿-回干处理后可以明显缓解高温对种子劣变的影响,不同程度地提高发芽率与发芽势。[结论]吸湿-回干处理可部分消除高温高湿对翠菊种子所造成的伤害,明显提高翠菊种子的活力。     

Asymmetric inheritance of mother versus daughter centrosome in stem cell division

Adult stem cells often divide asymmetrically to produce one self-renewed stem cell and one differentiating cell, thus maintaining both populations. The asymmetric outcome of stem cell divisions can be specified by an oriented spindle and local self-renewal signals from the stem cell niche. Here we show that developmentally programmed asymmetric behavior and inheritance of mother and daughter centrosomes underlies the stereotyped spindle orientation and asymmetric outcome of stem cell divisions in the Drosophila male germ line. The mother centrosome remains anchored near the niche while the daughter centrosome migrates to the opposite side of the cell before spindle formation.     

Chromosomes can congress to the metaphase plate before biorientation

The stable propagation of genetic material during cell division depends on the congression of chromosomes to the spindle equator before the cell initiates anaphase. It is generally assumed that congression requires that chromosomes are connected to the opposite poles of the bipolar spindle ("bioriented"). In mammalian cells, we found that chromosomes can congress before becoming bioriented. By combining the use of reversible chemical inhibitors, live-cell light microscopy, and correlative electron microscopy, we found that monooriented chromosomes could glide toward the spindle equator alongside kinetochore fibers attached to other already bioriented chromosomes. This congression mechanism depended on the kinetochore-associated, plus end-directed microtubule motor CENP-E (kinesin-7).     

Anaphase inactivation of the spindle checkpoint

The spindle checkpoint delays cell cycle progression until microtubules attach each pair of sister chromosomes to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle. Following sister chromatid separation, however, the checkpoint ignores chromosomes whose kinetochores are attached to only one spindle pole, a state that activates the checkpoint prior to metaphase. We demonstrate that, in budding yeast, mutual inhibition between the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and Mps1, an essential component of the checkpoint, leads to sustained inactivation of the spindle checkpoint. Mps1 protein abundance decreases in anaphase, and Mps1 is a target of the APC. Furthermore, expression of Mps1 in anaphase, or repression of the APC in anaphase, reactivates the spindle checkpoint. This APC-Mps1 feedback circuit allows cells to irreversibly inactivate the checkpoint during anaphase.     

The centromeric protein Sgo1 is required to sense lack of tension on mitotic chromosomes

Chromosome alignment on the mitotic spindle is monitored by the spindle checkpoint. We identify Sgo1, a protein involved in meiotic chromosome cohesion, as a spindle checkpoint component. Budding yeast cells with mutations in SGO1 respond normally to microtubule depolymerization but not to lack of tension at the kinetochore, and they have difficulty attaching sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle. Sgo1 is thus required for sensing tension between sister chromatids during mitosis, and its degradation when they separate may prevent cell cycle arrest and chromosome loss in anaphase, a time when sister chromatids are no longer under tension.     

Molecular biology. The mad ways of meiosis

Reproductive cells that are destined to become sperm or egg undergo meiotic division during which the chromosome number is halved. As Sluder and McCollum explain in their Perspective, new findings (Shonn et al.) in yeast show that there is a spindle checkpoint that operates during meiosis to ensure that an equal number of replicated chromosomes arrives at each pole of the cell. One of the components of this meiotic spindle checkpoint turns out to be Mad2, which gives the signal to halt meiosis if it looks like unequal chromosome segregation is taking place.     

两种周期型遥测数据建模模型及其初始化算法

在中国经济发展进入新常态阶段，原来主要依靠投资和出口拉动的经济增长模式难以为继，消费不仅要成为中国经济增长的重要拉动力，而且也要成为促进产业结构调整的重要力量.当前中国存在的问题是，需求结构失衡导致产业结构失衡，拉动经济发展的消费比重偏低从而导致第三产业发展不足.解决问题的应对之策是，通过扩大消费比重、促进消费结构升级来提高第三产业比重并发展该产业，通过升级消费结构从而优化调整产业结构.     

Spatial coordination of spindle assembly by chromosome-mediated signaling gradients

During cell division, chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells by the mitotic spindle. This system requires spatial cues to reproducibly self-organize. We report that such cues are provided by chromosome-mediated interaction gradients between the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ran and importin-beta. This produces activity gradients that determine the spatial distribution of microtubule nucleation and stabilization around chromosomes and that are essential for the self-organization of microtubules into a bipolar spindle.     

The mitotic spindle: a self-made machine

The mitotic spindle is a highly dynamic molecular machine composed of tubulin, motors, and other molecules. It assembles around the chromosomes and distributes the duplicated genome to the daughter cells during mitosis. The biochemical and physical principles that govern the assembly of this machine are still unclear. However, accumulated discoveries indicate that chromosomes play a key role. Apparently, they generate a local cytoplasmic state that supports the nucleation and growth of microtubules. Then soluble and chromosome-associated molecular motors sort them into a bipolar array. The emerging picture is that spindle assembly is governed by a combination of modular principles and that their relative contribution may vary in different cell types and in various organisms.     

移动式枝桠材锯末机切削原理及力学分析

移动式枝桠材锯末机主要针对林间采伐以及城市园林修剪过程中遗留的树枝树叶等小径级枝桠材进行粉碎切削。通过对移动式枝桠材锯末机的切削原理进行分析,计算出主轴锯片的切削力F_u≈260 N,可以实现对小径级枝桠材的粉碎切削。同时找出底刀与锯片间的间隙、切削遇角θ等影响物料切削质量的主要影响因素,为整机设计提供理论依据。     

高速、超高速磨床机械安全设计框架研究

高速、超高速磨床在加工过程中由于主轴速度高、切削力大、进给速度快、砂轮旋转速度高，其危害性极大。本文根据机械安全设计的方法，针对影响高速、超高速磨床安全的各个子系统的危险情况和风险，探讨高速磨床的安全设计总体技术方案和技术路线，为寻求建立适合于高速、超高速磨削工况下的风险评价体系和寻找出最优的风险评价数学模型探路，为高速加工机床的机械安全设计提供理论依据和设计方法。