Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards

We investigated the association between a U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 applicant's self-identified race or ethnicity and the probability of receiving an award by using data from the NIH IMPAC II grant database, the Thomson Reuters Web of Science, and other sources. Although proposals with strong priority scores were equally likely to be funded regardless of race, we find that Asians are 4 percentage points and black or African-American applicants are 13 percentage points less likely to receive NIH investigator-initiated research funding compared with whites. After controlling for the applicant's educational background, country of origin, training, previous research awards, publication record, and employer characteristics, we find that black applicants remain 10 percentage points less likely than whites to be awarded NIH research funding. Our results suggest some leverage points for policy intervention.     

Front and back of the house: socio-spatial inequalities in food work

Work on farms and in restaurants is characterized by highly gendered and racialized divisions of labor, low wages, and persistent inequalities. Gender, race, and ethnicity often determine the spaces where people work in the food system. Although some research focuses on gendered divisions of labor in restaurants and on farms, few efforts look more broadly at intersectional inequalities in food work. Our study examines how inequality is perpetuated through restaurant and farm work in the United States and, specifically, how gender and race/ethnicity influence where people work, their tasks and responsibilities, and their work experiences. In describing restaurant work, people in the restaurant industry typically refer to the front and back of the house to distinguish between different working spaces, jobs, and workers. We use this spatial metaphor of front and back of the house to analyze intersectional inequalities of food work in restaurants and on farms. The data derive from conversations with 63 restaurant and farm owners, managers, and workers in California and Pennsylvania. Our findings suggest that gendered and racialized bodies often define who works in the front and back of the “house,” and that owners and workers often naturalize gender and racial divisions of labor in food work. Despite these patterns, we found evidence of attempts to reduce these inequalities on farms and in restaurants.     

What difference does income make for Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) members in California? Comparing lower-income and higher-income households

In the U.S. there has been considerable interest in connecting low-income households to alternative food networks like Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). To learn more about this possibility we conducted a statewide survey of CSA members in California. A total of 1149 members from 41 CSAs responded. Here we answer the research question: How do CSA members’ (1) socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds, (2) household conditions potentially interfering with membership, and (3) CSA membership experiences vary between lower-income households (LIHHs) and higher-income households (HIHHs)? We divided members into LIHHs (making under $50,000 annually) and HIHHs (making over $50,000 annually). We present comparisons of LIHHs’ and HIHHs’ (1) employment, race/ethnicity, household composition and education, use of food support, and enjoyment of food-related activities; (2) conditions interfering with membership and major life events; and (3) sources of information influencing decision to join, reasons for joining, ratings of importance of and satisfaction with various CSA attributes, gaps between importance of and satisfaction with various CSA attributes, valuing of the share and willingness to pay more, and impacts of membership. We find that LIHHs are committed CSA members, often more so than HIHHs, and that CSA members in California are disproportionately white, but that racial disproportionality decreases as incomes increase. We conclude by considering: (1) the economic risks that LIHHs face in CSA membership, (2) the intersection of economic risks with race/ethnicity and cultural coding in CSA; and (3) the possibilities of increasing participation of LIHH in CSA.     

Geneticists and the biology of race crossing

Geneticists in England and the United States clearly reversed their published remarks on the effects of race crossing between 1930 and 1950. The reversal occurred in two steps. First came the change in the 1930's from a condemnation of wide race crosses to an agnostic view. The second change, from the agnostic view to the belief that wide race crosses were at worst biologically harmless, took place during and shortly after World War II. The entire reversal occurred in the light of little new compelling data from studies of actual human race crosses. The lack of new data is unsurprising. Few geneticists wished to initiate experiments that took three human generations to complete. And controlled race crosses are hard to arrange, even with government grants. What might be more surprising was the willingness of geneticists to make such positive statements about race crossing when they had so little reliable genetic evidence. I interviewed or wrote to ten prominent geneticists who worked on human genetics between 1930 and 1950. Not one believed that new evidence on race crossing was the primary reason why geneticists changed their minds about the effects of race crossing. One plausible explanation, that the rise of "population thinking" (44) caused geneticists to change their minds, does not fit the evidence. Castle was no more of a "population" thinker than East, yet they differed radically in their conclusions about race crossing. What, then, did cause geneticists to change their minds? Most important was the revulsion of educated people in the United States and England to Nazi race doctrines and their use in justifying extermination of Jews. Few geneticists wanted to argue, as had the Nazis, that biology showed race crossing was harmful. Instead, having witnessed the horrible toll, geneticists naturally wanted to argue that biology showed race crossing was at worst harmless. No racist nation could misuse that conclusion. And geneticists did revise their biology to fit their feelings of revulsion. Geneticists' ideas about the related question of hereditary mental differences between races is perhaps undergoing a similar development to that seen earlier in their ideas about race crossing. In 1951, judging from the response to the Unesco second statement on race and comments in genetics literature, most geneticists agreed with Muller that races probably differed in significant average mental traits. By 1969, when Arthur Jensen advocated this view in his controversial article (45), most geneticists who spoke publicly on the issue had adopted an agnostic position. Knowledge of hereditary racial differences in IQ had scarcely changed since 1951, but society had changed considerably in racial attitudes. It will be interesting to see if during the next several decades geneticists will argue, on the basis of little additional evidence, that hereditary mental differences between races do not exist. I am not condemning geneticists because social and political factors have influenced their scientific conclusions about race crossing and race differences. It is necessary and natural that changing social attitudes will influence areas of biology where little is known and the conclusions are possibly socially explosive. The real danger is not that biology changes with society, but that the public expects biology to provide the objective truth apart from social influences. Geneticists and the public should realize that the science of genetics is often closely intertwined with social attitudes and political considerations.     

香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种的快速检测与鉴定

【目的】从香蕉枯萎病菌１号和４号生理小种特有的基因序列入手,建立一种快速可靠的分子检测技术,为防止香蕉枯萎病的传播蔓延、尽早采取防治对策、指导香蕉生产进行品种配置提供理论依据。【方法】根据研究室已经筛选到的4号生理小种候选致病相关基因序列设计引物,分别以来自海南、广东和广西的6个香蕉枯萎病菌1号生理小种菌株、7个4号生理小种菌株、7个尖镰孢其它专化型菌株以及2个外围菌株DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,筛选香蕉枯萎病菌1号、4号生理小种特异性引物及尖镰孢菌的通用引物。【结果】筛选到的特异性引物不仅可用于香蕉枯萎病菌DNA的检测,还可直接用于对罹病香蕉组织和土壤中的香蕉枯萎病菌的检测;筛选到的尖镰孢菌通用引物,可作为内参照以检测DNA的质量,以避免假阴性情况的出现。【结论】所建立的三重PCR检测方法实现了在一次PCR反应中快速、准确地同步检测香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号生理小种,对检测香蕉苗是否感染枯萎病及蕉园土壤是否受到香蕉枯萎病菌的污染具有重要意义。     

影响我校女生800米跑成绩因素的灰色关联分析

本文应用灰色理论和方法 ,以山西农大 1 984～ 1 997年历届女生 80 0m跑成绩较优者的身体形态 ,机能和素质为数据数列 ,分析影响我校女生 80 0m跑成绩的因素 ,为教学和训练提供依据。     

小麦条锈菌新小种流行预测研究

 1986-1990年，采用病菌致病性测定、毒性基因分析、相对寄生适合度测定和品种布局调查等方法，对小麦条锈菌新小种流行预测进行研究。结果指出：1987年，与流行小种25号（19.3%）相比，1985年新发现的小种29号的出现频率仅9.5%，但它的致病范围广、毒性基因谱宽、相对寄生适合度值高、哺育品种面积达7000万亩，预测29号小种将发展为主要流行小种，这与1988年鉴定结果为优势小种(28.0%)完全一致。1990年基于条中29号频率达40.3%，感病品种面积超过1亿亩，秋苗菌源多和气候条件适宜等因素，对该年条锈病大流行做了准确预报。为抗病育种、品种布局和条锈病流行的长期测报提供了科学依据。这在理论和实际上都有重大意义。     

细纤度三眠蚕“蜀细1号”和四眠蚕饲料转化率的比较

通过研究担桑产茧量、茧重和茧层量饲料效率，探讨四川省首对细纤度三眠蚕品种“蜀细1号”与四眠蚕的饲料效率的差异。试验结果表明，“蜀细1号”食下1 kg桑叶的产茧量为58.72 g,比四眠蚕的产茧量高20.72%。“蜀细1号”的茧重饲料效率为5.83%,茧层饲料效率为1.25%,分别比四眠蚕高33.11%,26.26%。以上研究为三眠蚕品种“蜀细1号”的推广应用提供了科学依据。     

The poverty of sustainability: An analysis of current positions

A short time ago the idea of sustainable agriculture was accepted only at the extreme margins of the U. S. agricultural systems. Although sustainability has now become a major theme of many U. S. agricultural groups, there remains much under-explored terrain in the meaning of sustainable agriculture. A thorough examination of who and what we want to sustain and how we can sustain them is critical if sustainable agriculture is to be a practical improvement over conventional agriculture. In order to begin this effort, this article analyzes contemporary sustainable agriculture discourse and suggests alternatives for reconceptualizing sustainable agriculture. In particular we look at three arenas of sustainable discourse—family farm/rural community preservation, food safety, and agricultural science—and address issues of class, race/ethnicity, and gender found in current sustainability positions. We find that while advocates of sustainability have succeeded in pushing agricultural researchers and policy makers to address environmental issues, we need to go much farther both in theory and practice in order to deal with equally important issues of social equity.Patricia Allen is senior analyst with the Agroecology Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her work concentrates on the political economic aspects of sustainability issues in food and agricultural systems. Her edited book,Food for the Future: Conditions and Contradictions of Sustainability, will be published this spring by John Wiley & Sons.     

广西香蕉枯萎病病原菌4号生理小种的分子检测与鉴定

[目的]明确在广西个别香蕉产区发现的香蕉枯萎病病原种类,为防控该病害提供科学依据.[方法]从广西不同香蕉产区采集香蕉枯萎病病株样本,分离纯化获得6株菌株,以香蕉枯萎病1号和4号生理小种为阳性对照,采用特异PCR的方法,对分离到的6株菌株进行分子检测,并用盆栽香蕉和西贡蕉小苗接种进行菌株致病性鉴定.[结果]经ST1/ST2特异引物扩增,1号菌株与香蕉枯萎病菌1号生理小种扩增到约200 bp片段;2~6号菌株和香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种扩增到约250 bp片段.与标样对比结果表明,1号菌株为香蕉枯萎病1号生理小种,2~6号菌株为香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种;盆栽接种致病性鉴定结果与分子检测结果相同.[结论]广西个别蕉区已遭受香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种侵染,各级部门应高度重视.     

大豆胞囊线虫抗性位点Rhg1和Rhg4优异等位变异在黄淮育成品种中的分布

【目的】大豆胞囊线虫（soybean cyst nematode,SCN）病是一种重要的世界性大豆病害,种植抗病品种是防治SCN最经济有效的措施。黄淮地区SCN发生普遍,通过对该地区育成大豆品种中抗SCN的基因型分析,为指导抗病品种的合理有效利用提供依据。【方法】利用针对抗SCN主效位点Rhg1和Rhg4开发的4个KASP标记,先对已知抗性表型的ZDD2315、中黄57、山西小黑豆等16份抗病材料和Willams、Lee等3份感病材料进行基因分型,验证所选用KASP标记的有效性;然后对黄淮海育成的豫豆系列、商豆系列、周豆系列等170份大豆品种进行基因型鉴定;选择含有多个优异等位变异的品种,通过温室接种黄淮地区分布较广的2号、4号、5号以及强致病力小种X12,对这些品种进一步进行表型抗性鉴定。【结果】含Rhg1-2(CC) 和Rhg1-5(CC) 优异等位变异的品种分别有5份和6份,含Rhg4-3(TT) 和Rhg4-5(CC) 优异等位变异的品种分别有6份和7份。同时含2个优异等位变异的品种有6份,分别为：开豆4号、商豆1201、鲁0305-2、漯4903、潍豆12和潍豆91861,占所检测品种的3.53%。通过接种鉴定,发现这6个品种对2号、4号、X12号小种均表现不同程度的感病,而鲁0305-2和潍豆91861对5号小种表现高抗（FI分别为（10.00±0.48）和（7.00±0.63））,商豆1201对5号小种表现抗病（FI=（26.20±0.91））,开豆4号、漯4903和潍豆12 对5号小种表现感病或高感（FI分别为（35.00±2.48）、（64.80±3.91）和（58.20±2.19））。【结论】黄淮育成品种中,含Rhg1或Rhg4优异等位变异的品种偏少,育种中应注重优异等位变异位点的引入,结合黄淮地区大豆胞囊线虫发生情况,培育兼抗多个生理小种的大豆品种;这些KASP标记可用于中国大豆资源表型鉴定、抗源的快速筛选。     

新疆维吾尔族、汉族学生体质状况的比较分析

本文应用文献资料法、体质测试法、体育与医学统计法、逻辑分析法和数理统计法等研究方法,对新疆18-20岁维、汉学生的身体形态、机能及部分身体素质指标进行了系统的比较、分析。为新疆民族体质的研究,民族教育方针、政策的制定,提供基础资料和科学依据。     

"刘翔现象"给中国田径的思考与启迪

从刘翔的成功,论述了中国田径运动的发展不能受"人种论"思想的束缚,人种与体育之间的关系服从"人体工效学"的原理。"刘翔现象"为中国田径市场开发、青少年田径运动科学化训练、田径后备人才的培养实行"体教结合"诸方面提供了可借鉴经验和深层次的思考。     

国内研究生科学数据素养能力评价及高校图书馆培养体系构建研究

[目的/意义]在调研国内研究生用户科学数据素养能力基础上,构建高校图书馆科学数据素养能力培养体系,为开展针对性、系统性教育提供建议。[方法/过程]基于国内外科学数据素养评价研究,设计国内研究生科学数据素养能力调查问卷,以江南大学研究生用户为对象,采用问卷调查的方式对国内高校研究生科学数据素养能力进行调研。[结果/结论]国内高校研究生的数据意识和数据伦理呈现出乐观趋势,但数据收集、数据组织与管理、数据分析、数据利用与保存能力需要提高,尤其是数据分析能力急需加强。针对目前国内高校研究生用户科学数据素养能力现状,从素养培养目标、内容、方式和评价4个方面构建符合中国高校研究生科学数据素养能力现状的培养体系。     

中国农业科学数据共享分析与展望

农业科学数据是农业科技领域的宝贵资源,实现农业科学数据共享具有重要的意义。在阐述农业科学数据内涵的基础上,对中国农业领域科学数据共享的现状和存在的问题进行了深入分析,指出农业科学数据的管理与共享仍将是今后科技界的一个重要议题,并提出了促进农业科学数据共享的对策和建议。     

The role of social groups in the persistence of learned fear

Classical fear conditioning investigates how animals learn to associate environmental stimuli with an aversive event. We examined how the mechanisms of fear conditioning apply when humans learn to associate social ingroup and outgroup members with a fearful event, with the goal of advancing our understanding of basic learning theory and social group interaction. Primates more readily associate stimuli from certain fear-relevant natural categories, such as snakes, with a negative outcome relative to stimuli from fear-irrelevant categories, such as birds. We assessed whether this bias in fear conditioning extends to social groups defined by race. Our results indicate that individuals from a racial group other than one's own are more readily associated with an aversive stimulus than individuals of one's own race, among both white and black Americans. This prepared fear response might be reduced by close, positive interracial contact.     

The Ortega Hypothesis: Citation analysis suggests that only a few scientists contribute to scientific progress

Let us consider, then, some general conclusions that may be drawn from the findings reported in this study. The data allow us to question the view stated by Ortega, Florey, and others that large numbers of average scientists contribute substantially to the advance of science through their research. It seems, rather, that a relatively small number of physicists produce work that becomes the base for future discoveries in physics. We have found that even papers of relatively minor significance have used to a disproportionate degree the work of the eminent scientists. Although the conclusions of this paper may be reasonably clear, the implications of these data for the structure of scientific activity, at least in physics, need careful consideration.     

区块链技术在高校科研诚信建设中的应用探索

[目的/意义]区块链技术的发展给科研诚信建设带来了新的契机。利用区块链的不可篡改,不可伪造等特性有效解决科研成果的可信度和真伪辨别等问题。链上数据的有序模式和固定格式也为统一各平台参差不齐的数据提供解决方案。[方法/过程]笔者在区块链严谨的层级结构上,设计符合科研诚信系统特点的架构模型,应用开源技术平台进行数据分类存储及上链操作,基于图书馆机构知识库及毕业生论文平台,分析科研不端行为被记录及数据追踪的过程。[结果/结论]利用区块链分布式存储等特点让图书馆管理平台中的科研成果公开透明,保障科研版权的同时,也让抄袭、伪造数据等学术不端行为得以显现,从而有效提高科研诚信主动意识,为科研机构和科研人员提供了理论和实践的帮助。     

The ASYST Software for Scientific Computing

The acceptance of ASYST by the scientific community could dramatically change the way scientific data are handled and reduce the need for extensive in-house software development for many applications. However, there is no substitute for a well-conceived use of any software. We feel that the full acceptance of the ideas and concepts pioneered by Adaptable Laboratory Software and other software houses will depend on the ability of the scientific community to fully test and verify the procedures used by such products. Only then can the results produced by these software packages be subjected to confirmation which is crucial to rigorous scientific endeavor.     

本体构建理论在林业科学数据共享中的应用研究

随着林业科学数据共享工程的不断深入,科学家们在实际应用中积累了大量的科学数据,而这些数据并没有被充分利用。如何有效的从海量林业科学数据中快速地查询出所需要的数据,是一个亟待解决的问题。针对林业科学数据检索遇到的问题,本文从本体的构建理论出发,构建林业科学数据本体,对林业科学数据进行语义形式化描述,成为人和机器都可以理解的表达形式。并对基于该本体的林业科学数据检索进行了案列分析,为本体的构建为语义层次上的林业科学数据共享提供前提条件。