动物常用中草药方剂的组成与功效

目前,消费者对动物制品的要求越来越严格,动物源性食品安全越来越受到人们的关注。低毒、无残留和不产生抗药性的新型兽药产品及制剂,是确保动物源性食品安全生产的两大要素之一。我国中草药资源丰富,是中华民族几千年的实践和经验的智慧结晶,具有纯天然性、低毒、无残留和不产生抗药性等优点,而抗生素和化学合成抗菌药物的大量使用,除可导致畜产品中药物残留外,还可导致细菌耐药性或抗药性问题,所以,临床上常表现为用药量很大,却收不到理想的治疗效果。因此,中草药可以作为现阶段生产绿色畜产品的首选药物之一,对改善畜产品品质和增强机体抗病力有重要作用。     

发展绿色畜产品生产的问题与对策

现代养殖业已日趋规模化、集约化。抗生素、维生素、激素、微量元素等的使用 ,大大提高了畜牧业的生产水平。然而 ,在养殖业中滥用药物 ,导致兽药、饲料添加剂在动物性食品中残留 ;未经处理直接排污的现象普遍存在 ,导致严重环境污染。本文总结了当前畜产品生产安全方面存在的主要问题 ,提出了发展绿色生产的对策。1　畜产品生产的不安全因素1 .1　兽药残留与危害　兽药残留主要由于不合理使用药物治疗动物疾病和作为饲料药物添加剂而引起的。1 .1 .1　抗生素残留　抗生素残留是因动物在接受抗生素治疗或食入抗生素饲料添加剂后 ,抗生素及其…     

草本生物调理剂对育肥猪生长性能的影响

研究证实人类常见的很多疾病与畜产品中抗生素、化学合成药物的残留有关;同时抗生素、化学合成药物的大量使用,也导致畜产品风味、品质下降.随着人们生活水平的提高,开发能替代抗生素和化学合成药物的绿色饲料、预混料或生物调理剂,生产绿色风味动物食品,已成为国内外动物营养研究领域的热点.     

当前影响畜产品安全的原因及控制措施

畜产品是人类饮食结构重要的组成部分,我国畜产品市场正在从只重视畜产品数量,向重视畜产品品质尤其是其安全性转变,因此解决畜产品中抗生素、激素与其他合成药品的滥用和残留及养殖环境污染等问题,已经成为全人类关注的焦点。如何提高畜产品品质,减少药残,逐渐降低甚至禁止抗生素等药物作添加剂使用,保护环境,生产绿色的畜产品已成为我国畜牧业最迫切需要解决的问题。     

提高肉质，收获高利的“路标”——中草药添加剂对猪肉品质影响研究进展

导读：研制无公害猪用饲料添加剂是生产无公害猪肉的重要环节，是发展安全、高效和优质绿色养猪业及全面提高我国猪肉产品的质量的重要途径，对促进养猪业可持续发展具有重要意义。国内外大量的研究表明，中草药添加剂具有天然性、多功能性，无毒副作用和无抗药性的特点兼优点，是替代抗生素类和激素类药物的理想饲料添加剂，不仅可提高动物的生产性能，且能显著改善其产品的品质。中草药添加剂作为替代抗生素及化学合成药物的绿色饲料添加剂，能解决畜产品的药物残留问题及其风味、品质下降问题，已成为国内外研究开发的热点。中草药作为一种提高动物生产性能，及改善畜禽产品品质的绿色饲料添加剂应用于实际生产已成为必然趋势。 可以预测，随着不断出现的抗生素药残等问题及人们对绿色食品的呼唤，中草药添加剂在畜牧业生产中必将有良好的发展趋势。作者在文中结合评价猪肉品质的指标，如肌肉pH、肉色、嫩度、系水力、肌内脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成和风味等方面，详细阐释了中草药添加剂的作用。[编者按]     

微生物添加剂饲喂生长肥育猪效果观察

畜产品的安全与饲料密切相关。研究表明,饲料中长期添加抗生素、化学合成药物,会造成畜产品中药物残留,污染环境,产生抗药性,危害人类健康。因此,开发环保型饲料添加剂、生产绿色动物食品,已成为国内外动物营养学家研究开发的重点。本研究根据微生物的作用机理,经反复     

畜产品安全呼唤绿色养殖业

我国加入世贸组织以后,畜产品在国际市场上有较大的价格优势,出口增加。同时市场上对肉类产品质量要求更加严格。但由于药物残留问题,市场前景并不乐观。所以我国畜牧业最迫切需要解决的问题之一是：如何提高品质,减少药物残留,逐渐降低甚至禁止抗生素等药物作饲料添加剂使用。开发使用高品质的无毒、无害和无污染残留的绿色饲料添加剂已成为目前我国饲料工业面临的一个紧迫问题。在畜产品养殖中应用饲用微生态制剂和酶制剂既能提高饲料的消化率和利用率,提高畜产品的生产性能,不存在药物添加剂的药物残留和产生耐药性等不良影响,又能减少畜产品排泄物中的氮、磷的排泄量,保护水质和土壤免受污染,并且在很大程度上还避免了由于添加抗生素、激素和高铜等物质所产生的负面影响。因而饲用微生态制剂和酶制剂作为高效、无毒副作用和环保型的“绿色”饲料添加剂具有明显的经济效益和积极的环保意义。     

"味儿美"中药添加剂对猪肉风味和品质的影响

抗生素、化学合成药物的大量使用,导致畜产品的风味、品质极度下降。因此,开发出替代抗生素和化学合成药物的绿色饲料添加剂,生产绿色动物食品,已成为国内外的研究热点。试验对中药进行科学配伍,制成了“味儿美”中药复合组方,用其代替抗生素加到育肥猪饲料中,研究其对猪胴体品     

生产绿色畜产品是畜牧业发展的必然趋势

绿色代表着生命和活力,然而绿色食品的概念则是指在特定的技术标准下生长、生产加工出来的产品,其标准涵盖了产地环境质量标准,生产过程标准、产品标准、包装标准及其他相关标准,是一个从“生产到餐桌”的严格全过程质量控制标准体系,由绿色食品的概念衍生绿色畜牧业。我国生产的畜产品由于药物残留问题,阻碍了向国际市场拓展的步伐,所以21世纪我国畜牧业持续发展迫切需要解决的问题是:如何提高畜禽生产质量,使药的残留降到安全指标以下,安全使用抗生素等药物饲料添加剂,为广大消费者生产出绿色畜产品,已成为社会各界,特别是畜牧兽医行业的…     

绿色饲料添加剂的开发现状

我国饲料添加剂的研究和应用推广的时间较晚,但随着饲料工业和养殖业规模经营的迅速兴起而得到了较快发展,并对畜牧业的发展起到了巨大的促进作用.与此同时,也带来了一些无法回避的现实问题,即饲料添加剂的使用还产生了许多负效应.人们发现:人类常见的癌症、畸形、抗药性和某些中毒现象与肉、奶、蛋中的抗生素、激素及其他合成药物的残留有关.而且长期使用这些添加剂还会产生抗药性,使畜产品的风味、品质下降等.鉴于此,许多国家对抗生素、化学合成药品的使用、淘汰、畜产品中的药物残留作了非常严格的限定,并致力于开发和推广无害的绿色(纯天然)饲料添加剂,以生产出安全可靠的食品——"绿色畜产品",来满足人们的需求.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.