Effect of temperature,organic amendment rate and moisture content on the degradation of 1,3‐dichloropropene in soil

1,3‐Dichloropropene (1,3‐D), which consists of two isomers, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D, is considered to be a viable alternative to methyl bromide, but atmospheric emission of 1,3‐D is often associated with deterioration of air quality. To minimize environmental impacts of 1,3‐D, emission control strategies are in need of investigation. One approach to reduce 1,3‐D emissions is to accelerate its degradation by incorporating organic amendments into the soil surface. In this study, we investigated the ability of four organic amendments to enhance the rate of degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in a sandy loam soil. Degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D was well described by first‐order kinetics, and rates of degradation for the two isomers were similar. Composted steer manure (SM) was the most reactive of the organic amendments tested. The half‐life of both the (Z)‐ and (E)‐isomers in unamended soil at 20 °C was 6.3 days; those in 5% SM‐amended soil were 1.8 and 1.9 days, respectively. At 40 °C, the half‐life of both isomers in 5% SM‐amended soil was 0.5 day. Activation energy values for amended soil at 2, 5 and 10% SM were 56.5, 53.4 and 64.5 kJ mol^?1, respectively. At 20 °C, the contribution of degradation from biological mechanisms was largest in soil amended with SM, but chemical mechanisms still accounted for more than 58% of the (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D degradation. The effect of temperature and amendment rate upon degradation should be considered when describing the fate and transport of 1,3‐D isomers in soil. Use of organic soil amendments appears to be a promising method to enhance fumigant degradation and reduce volatile emissions. Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

揭膜对土壤温湿度及棉花根系发育的影响

为缓解残膜污染对棉田生态的影响,在新疆农垦科学院作物所1~2号试验地进行了棉田揭膜试验,研究头水后揭膜和2水后揭膜对土壤温湿度和棉花根系发育的影响,以期为新疆滴灌棉田揭膜工作的开展提供理论依据。本研究设置头水后(6月14日)和2水后(6月23日)揭膜两个处理,以正常覆膜为对照,连续测定头水后到灌溉结束棉田土壤温湿度的变化,同时测定棉花根系发育及干物质积累动态,成熟期进行产量测定。结果表明:7月5日之前,揭膜会降低土壤温度且幅度随着深度增加逐渐减少;4水前揭膜会降低土壤湿度,降低幅度随着浇水后天数增加逐渐变大。揭膜可促进棉花根系提前建成,增加干物质的积累量及侧根数的发生。揭膜处理地上部干物质积累线性增长期较CK缩短8.54~12.72 d,根系干物质积累时间缩短9.91~11.68 d。揭膜处理干物质积累量较CK增加12.34%和11.67%,产量较CK增加6.0%~8.3%。     

Spatial distribution of soil moisture,salinity and organic matter in Manas River watershed,Xinjiang,China

With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.     

旱地谷子渗水地膜覆盖栽培的土壤水温效应及其生长发育研究

为了给旱地谷子渗水地膜覆盖栽培技术的推广应用提供参考,在年降雨量400 mm的甘肃中部半干旱地区研究了旱地谷子渗水地膜覆盖种植的土壤水分、地温效应及对其生长发育的影响。试验设露地、普通地膜覆盖、渗水地膜覆盖3个处理,采用单因素随机区组设计,在谷子出苗期、抽穗期、成熟期分别测定各处理耕层含水量、温度,收获后记产。结果表明:渗水地膜的渗水作用使其比普通地膜能接纳更多的雨水(在抽穗期,渗水地膜下0~20、20~40、40~60 cm耕层的含水量分别为8.1%、10.3%、12.7%,而普通地膜为8.1%、9.3%、12.6%,在成熟期,渗水地膜覆盖0~20、20~40、40~60 cm耕层的含水量分别为7.4%、9.6%、10.7%,而普通地膜为5.8%、6.3%、9.1%,均是T1T2);渗水地膜和普通地膜都具有提高地温的作用,而且渗水地膜在温度较低时提高地温的效果更优于普通地膜(在谷子成熟期,当温度低于15℃时,T1T2),在温度较高时渗水地膜的微气孔张开,具有调温作用,使得在气温较高时渗水地膜覆盖下的地温明显低于普通地膜覆盖下的地温(在出苗期的12∶00和18∶00普通地膜下温度超过30℃时,T2、T1之间的差值明显增大);渗水地膜覆盖处理较普通地膜相比,具有改善谷子农艺性状的作用,且使谷子增产6.75%。     

Surface application of ammonium thiosulfate fertilizer to reduce volatilization of 1,3‐dichloropropene from soil

Atmospheric emission of the soil fumigant 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) is of environmental concern because of its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Thiosulfate fertilizers have been found to rapidly transform 1,3‐D in soil to non‐volatile ions which are less toxic. We investigated the use of surface application of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) for reducing 1,3‐D volatilization. In packed soil columns, emission of 1,3‐D applied by sub‐surface injection decreased with increasing ATS application rate and the amount of water used for delivering ATS. When ATS was applied in 9 mm water at 64 g m⁻², total 1,3‐D emission was reduced by 61%. The reduction was 89% when ATS was applied at 193 g m⁻². Bioassays showed that ATS application did not affect the effectiveness of 1,3‐D for controlling citrus nematodes. In field plots where a 1,3‐D emulsified formulation was applied via sub‐surface drip, surface spray of ATS reduced 1,3‐D emissions by 50%, and by 71% when the surface was also covered with polyethylene film. ATS application had no effect on the efficacy of root‐knot nematode control or tomato yields. These results suggest that surface application of thiosulfate fertilizers may be a feasible and effective strategy for minimizing 1,3‐D emissions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

渗水地膜覆盖栽培的土壤水温效应及对糜子生育的调控研究

在甘肃会宁,以陇糜5号为指示品种,研究了渗水地膜覆盖(T1)、普通地膜覆盖(T2)、露地(T3)3种种植方式土壤水分、地温效应及对旱地糜子生长发育的影响。结果表明,渗水地膜的渗水作用使其比普通地膜能接纳更多的雨水(在出苗期、抽穗期和成熟期的20~40 cm及40~60 cm耕层,均是T1T2),微气孔蒸发作用使得其0~20 cm耕层水分含量略低于普通地膜(在出苗期、抽穗期和成熟期的0~20 cm耕层,均是T2T1);与露地相比,渗水地膜和普通地膜覆盖都具有明显的增温和保温效果,且增产显著,增产幅度分别是46.79%和67.13%,但渗水地膜和普通地膜处理之间产量差异不显著。     

不同覆膜栽培对玉米土壤水分温度及产量的影响

采用烘干称重法和地温计法测定了环县川旱地不同覆膜与露地栽培方式下全生育期内0~80 cm土层的土壤含水量和0~40 cm土层的土壤温度,成熟期随机测量不同处理方式下的株高、株重、茎粗、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒数、千粒重和单株叶面积等指标,计算经济产量和生物产量,分析不同覆膜与露地栽培对玉米土壤水热环境和产量的调控机制。结果表明,全膜双垄沟播栽培较全膜平铺穴播、半膜平铺穴播、半膜覆盖垄播和露地平播栽培,全生育期0~80 cm土壤水分分别提高了0.3%、1.0%、1.6%和2.4%,0~40 cm土壤温度分别提高了0.3℃、1.2℃、1.6℃和2.2℃,生育期分别缩短了0、3、5 d和13 d,生物产量分别提高了679.5、2 740.5、3 376.5 kg·hm-2和4 861.5 kg·hm-2,经济产量分别提高了424.5、1 729.5、2 032.5 kg·hm-2和2 971.5 kg·hm-2。因此,在相应的旱作农业区大力推广全膜双垄沟播栽培技术,能大幅提高玉米产量,有利于保障国家粮食安全。     

小型人工沙棘林对砒砂岩沟道土壤有机质与水分的影响

在内蒙古砒砂岩典型地区的准格尔旗东一支沟开展了小型人工沙棘植物林水保生态效应野外试验。根据试验数据,分析与研究了沙棘植物对沟道土壤有机质及土壤含水率的影响,揭示了沙棘植物对砒砂岩沟道土壤改良及对沟道土壤水分的调控效应,可为沙棘植物治理砒砂岩地区水土流失提供理论依据。结果表明：小型人工沙棘林的土壤剖面（0～100cm）有...     

Effects of soil moisture, organic matter and grass mulching on the carpogenic germination of sclerotia and infection of bean by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Microplot experiments were carried out during the autumn and winter of 1995 to determine the effects of soil moisture and levels of organic matter on the carpogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and subsequent infection of Phaseolus vulgaris . Soil moisture treatments were established by irrigation to field capacity: (a) when soil had dried to − 25 KPa, (b) when soil had dried to − 54 KPa, and (c) eight days after the soil had dried to − 54 KPa. Three levels of organic matter were established by mixing compost and yellow-red latosol in the following proportions (by volume): (a) 0% compost and 100% soil, (b) 50% compost and 50% soil, and (c) 100% compost and 0% soil. More apothecia and diseased plants were observed in the plots with higher moisture levels. Drier treatments resulted in a reduction in number (in the winter experiment) or elimination (in the autumn experiment) of apothecia. Other experiments were designed to examine the effect of grass mulching and organic matter levels on the carpogenic germination of S. sclerotiorum . In one experiment, grass mulching was compared with no mulching, and in another, the effects of different depths of mulch on the soil surface (0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 9 cm) were examined. Fewer apothecia were formed in mulched soil and the effect was most pronounced with 6 and 9 cm of mulch. The highest level of mulch (9 cm) impaired the vigour and yield of bean plants. In these experiments, carpogenic germination was increased by high soil organic matter content. Control of soil moisture and grass mulching may reduce the production of apothecia of S. sclerotiorum even in soils rich in organic matter.     

Distribution and efficacy of drip-applied metam-sodium against the survival of Rhizoctonia solani and yellow nutsedge in plastic-mulched sandy soil beds

The effects of metam-sodium application rate on soil residence time, spatial and temporal distributions of methyl isothiocyanate and pest control efficacy were studied in a Georgia sandy soil. Metam-sodium 420 g L(-1) SL was drip applied at rates of 147 and 295 L ha(-1) in plastic-mulched raised beds. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in soil air space were monitored from four preselected sites: 10 and 20 cm below the emitter, and 20 and 30 cm laterally away from the emitter at 3, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 240 h after chemigation. A higher rate of metam-sodium application resulted in higher methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil. Highest methyl isothiocyanate concentrations were found at 20 cm below the emitter, and lowest at 30 cm laterally away from the emitter. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations decreased with time and distance from the emitter. Lower methyl isothiocyanate concentration x time product values at 20 and 30 cm away from the emitter resulted in lower mortalities of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). The results demonstrated that methyl isothiocyanate can be delivered at lethal doses with drip-applied water downward within the beds. Lateral diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate from the point of application did not reach biologically active concentrations to affect the survival of R. solani or yellow nutsedge. Further studies on the lateral distribution of methyl isothiocyanate in sandy soils are needed to circumvent this limitation.     

Spatial and temporal distributions of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil under drip and shank application and implications for pest control efficacy using concentration–time index

A field experiment was conducted to study the spatial and temporal distributions of (EZ)-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in the soil and effects on pest control efficacy. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation of 1,3-D (Telone EC) was applied with drip irrigation at 47 kg AI ha⁻¹ to two different depths (2.5 and 20.3 cm, respectively). Comparisons were made between the two drip treatments and a direct shank injection of 1,3-D (Telone II) at 112 kg AI ha⁻¹. Concentrations of 1,3-D in soil air were measured at several locations over time to determine the spatial and temporal characteristics, and to calculate the concentration–time index (CT). Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) were placed in the fumigated soil at 25 cm depth and their mortality rates were compared to the calculated CT. Distributions of 1,3-D were found to be relatively uniform in both the drip irrigation and the shank injection treatment. An application rate of 47 kg ha⁻¹ with drip irrigation was sufficient to achieve significant concentration levels in soil beds. Applying 1,3-D with direct shank injection at 112 kg ha⁻¹ extended the measurable concentration levels to the furrows between the soil beds and to a depth of 1 m below the soil surface. Effective control of T. semipenetrans was achieved with both the drip irrigation and the shank injection. A threshold soil 1,3-D CT value of 12 μg h cm⁻³ was needed to reach a 100% efficacy for T. semipenetrans. The study indicates that 1,3-D fumigation may be carried out with drip irrigation at very low rate, and a CT index may be derived to aid in the determination of a minimum effective dosage. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

河西绿洲区保护性耕作对土壤微生物量C和有机质的影响

试验设20 cm留茬压倒(NPS20)、40 cm留茬压倒(NPS40)、40 cm立秆(NS40)、20 cm立秆(NS20)、6 750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB40)和3750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB20)和传统耕作(CT)7个处理,研究了不同秸秆覆盖量、留茬高度和秸秆处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C和作物产量的影响.结果表明:土壤微生物量C含量随季节变化表现为播种前最高,收获后最低;不同时期土壤操作措施对土壤微生物量C的影响不同.从播种期开始,保护性耕作土壤有机质含量大于传统耕作,且保护性耕作各处理土壤有机质随土层深度的增加而递减,而传统耕作各层次之间无差异;保护性耕作提高了春小麦的产量:NPS20、NPS40、NS40、NS20、NSB40和NSB20较CT分别增产53.08%、46.59%、40.81%、19.93%、17.33%和4.34%.     

Impacts of soil moisture level and organic matter content on growth of two Juncus species and Poa pratensis grown under acid soil conditions

The abundance of Juncus effusus (soft rush) and Juncus conglomeratus (compact rush) has increased in coastal grasslands in Norway over recent decades, and their spread has coincided with increased precipitation in the region. Especially in water‐saturated, peaty soils, it appears from field observations that productive grasses cannot compete effectively with such rapidly growing rush plants. In autumn–winters of 2012–2013 and 2013–2014, a four‐factor, randomised block greenhouse experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different soil moisture regimes and organic matter contents on competition between these rush species and smooth meadow‐grass (Poa pratensis). The rush species were grown in monoculture and in competition with the meadow‐grass, using the equivalent of full and half the recommended seed rate for the latter. After about three months, above‐ and below‐ground dry matter was measured. J. effusus had more vigorous growth, producing on average 23–40% greater biomass in both fractions than J. conglomeratus. The competitive ability of both rush species declined with decreasing soil moisture; at the lowest levels of soil moisture, growth reductions were up to 93% in J. conglomeratus and 74% in J. effusus. Increasing water level in peat–sand mixture decreased competivitiveness of meadow‐grass, while pure peat, when moist, completely impeded its below‐ground development. These results show that control of rush plants through management may only be achieved if basic soil limitations have been resolved.     

有机无机肥配施对科尔沁沙地衬膜稻田沙土理化特性的影响

有机无机肥配施对培肥地力,提高土壤有机质含量有重要作用。研究有机无机肥配施对沙地衬膜稻田沙土理化性质的影响,旨在为科尔沁沙地衬膜水稻合理施肥提供科学依据。本试验样品采自未开垦沙地(衬膜前沙土)和采用有机无机肥配施1年(A1)、5年(A2)、10年(A3)衬膜稻田的沙土,研究沙地衬膜稻田沙土的物理性质(容重、孔隙度及机械组成)和沙土的化学性质(全量、速效养分及阳离子交换量等)的变化。结果表明:与CK相比,A1、A2和A3处理沙土容重下降了0.63%~3.80%,孔隙度上升了2.15%~7.89%;沙粒(2~0.02 mm)含量下降了1.33%~7.72%,粉粒(0.02~0.002 mm)和粘粒(0.002 mm)含量分别上升了4.44%~21.53%和0.28~1.76倍,其中沙土孔隙度、粉粒和粘粒含量各处理间差异达到了极显著水平(P0.01),沙粒各处理间差异达显著水平(P0.05)。A1、A2和A3处理沙土全氮、全磷和全钾的含量分别比CK处理增加了85.42%、12.00%和27.91%,除CK处理外,各处理间这三项指标之间的差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。衬膜稻田沙土有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾和沙土阳离子交换量分别比CK处理增加了0.12~4.06 g·kg~(-1),0.74~3.21 mg·kg~(-1)、0.25~9.21 mg·kg~(-1)、0.11~1.10 mg·kg~(-1)、2.49~16.30 mg·kg~(-1)和0.22~6.31 cmol(+)·kg~(-1),其中有机质和速效磷各处理之间的差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。有机无机肥配施使衬膜稻田沙土有机质、速效养分和全量养分的含量显著增加,CEC含量提高,沙土容重下降,孔隙度上升,土壤颗粒细化(粘化),有机无机肥配施是改良沙土理化性状,提高科尔沁沙地衬膜稻田沙土肥力的有效途径。     

半干旱区不同秋覆膜方式对土壤水分及春玉米光合特性的影响

为了提高旱作农区降雨利用效率,并解决春旱问题,在西北半干旱地区设置了秋季地膜全覆盖(PA)和秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖(RH)两种覆膜方式,以裸地不覆盖(CK)为对照,对土壤水分、春玉米功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,不同秋覆膜方式显著增加了春玉米播前0~100 cm土壤储水量,2013年春旱严重,PA和RH处理分别提高了26.15%和13.40%;2014年春季有雨雪,两种覆膜方式分别提高了10.44%和11.20%。不同秋覆膜处理的春玉米净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/F_0)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)较对照有不同程度提高,且2014年增幅高于2013年。2013年PA和RH处理的籽粒产量较CK分别提高了40.98%和25.83%,水分利用效率增加了29.70%和22.87%;2014年两个处理春玉米籽粒产量分别提高了74.60%和48.64%,水分利用效率增加了64.87%和47.08%。试验表明,不同秋覆膜方式在西北半干旱地区均可提高春玉米叶片的光合性能,并显著提高春玉米籽粒产量及水分利用效率,在偏旱的年份效果尤为明显,且秋季地膜全覆盖优于秋季沟垄集雨半膜覆盖,是西北半干旱区春玉米一种高效的栽培模式。     

宁夏盐池沙地不同密度人工柠条林土壤水分时空变化分析

对宁夏盐池退化沙地不同密度的人工柠条林地的土壤水分时空特征进行分析。结果表明:1)林下土壤体积含水量随着深度的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势,在垂直剖面上可分为土壤水分速变层(0-20cm)、活跃层(20-80cm)、相对稳定层(80-100cm);2)土壤水分季节动态变化可划分为:积累期(4-5月);消耗期(6-9月);稳定期(10月至次年4月)3个时期;3)土壤体积含水量随人工林密度增加呈下降趋势,2490丛/hm2和1665丛/hm2可作为该区人工柠条林调控密度的参考依据。     

土地利用对陕北水土流失区土壤有机碳、水分的影响

通过实地调查和采样,结合室内分析,研究了当地四种土地利用方式(果园、林地、草地、坡耕地)下土壤有机碳分布特征.结果表明:流域内所有土样土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的均值为13.13g·kg-1.其中,坡耕地的土壤有机碳均倩为12.93g·kg-1,与坡耕地相比,果园土壤有机碳均值(12.97g·kg-1)略有升高;草地和林...