Pedologic and geomorphic impacts of a tornado blowdown event in a mixed pine-hardwood forest

Biomechanical effects of trees on soils and surface processes may be extensive in forest environments. Two blowdown sites caused by a November 2005 tornado in the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas allowed a case study examination of bioturbation associated with a specific forest blowdown event, as well as detailed examination of relationships between tree root systems, soils, and underlying bedrock. The sites occur within mixed shortleaf pine and hardwood forests. More than 95% of trees in the severe blowdown areas were either uprooted or suffered trunk break, with uprooting more common than breakage. Within the most heavily damaged areas all uprooted trees were pines, while all trees left standing were hardwoods. Root wads of uprooted trees had a mean surface area of about 3 m² and volume of about 2 m³, though individual sizes were quite variable. Nearly 4% of the ground surface area was affected by uprootings, with a soil volume equivalent to a disturbance of the entire surface area to a depth of 2.4 cm. Tree size (as measured by diameter at breast height) was significantly related to the area and volume of root wads (R² = 0.55, 0.71, respectively), with volume of uprooted soil varying as diameter to the ~ 3 power, suggesting that the timing of blowdown events relative to tree age or growth stage significantly influences the area of disturbance and the mass and volume of material involved. In 93% of cases the roots of the uprooted trees contacted or penetrated the underlying bedrock, and in all those cases bedrock was quarried by uprooting. Only 11% of the tree throws showed evidence of general lateral root turning at the soil–bedrock interface; in most cases roots penetrated bedrock along joints. The propensity for tree roots to penetrate bedrock joints, facilitate weathering, and excavate bedrock during uprooting supports the idea that tree roots play a predominant role in locally deepening soils.     

不同土表管理措施对梨树根系分布特征的影响

梨树根系在土壤中的分布状况直接影响施肥的效果,采用壕沟法研究不同土表管理措施下梨树根长、 根表面积、 根体积和不同径级根系特征指标的水平及垂直分布。结果表明, 1）梨树根系水平方向主要集中在距树干3090 cm范围内,垂直方向主要集中在2060 cm土层中; 2）行间种植三叶草与覆膜处理下梨树根长、 根表面积、 根体积均高于清耕对照; 3）3种土表处理下,不同径级根系间都以0~1 mm径级根长、 根数量最多,根体积最小,以1~3 mm径级根表面积最大。行间三叶草处理下总根长、 根表面积最大,根体积最小。因此建议梨树施肥在水平方向距主干3090 cm, 垂直深度2060 cm土层为宜,可促进梨树根系的生长,又可提高肥料利用率。     

Trees on farms and their contribution to soil fertility parameters in Badessa, eastern Ethiopia

Surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (30–45 cm) soil samples from under canopy, edge of canopy and away from canopy of isolated Cordia africana Lam. and Croton macrostachyus Del. trees and their leaves were examined to investigate leaf nutrient content, root biomass and the contribution of trees on farms to soil fertility parameters in Badessa area, eastern Ethiopia. Leaves of C. macrostachyus had 20% higher P and 25% lower K contents than those of C. africana. The studied species had comparable leaf N content. Both species produced shallow lateral roots that extended beyond the canopy zone. Typically, higher fine root biomass was observed in the surface soils than the subsurface soils. Both species did not affect soil organic C, pH and cation exchange capacity. Surface and subsurface soils under tree canopies had 22–26 and 12–17% higher N, respectively, than the corresponding soils away from tree canopies. Surface soil available P under tree canopies was 34–50% higher than the corresponding soil away from canopies. Available P content of subsurface soil was improved only under C. africana canopy. The available P of surface soil under C. macrostachyus canopy was more than double that for C. africana. Trees of both species increased underneath surface and subsurface exchangeable K by 18–46% compared with the corresponding controls. In conclusion, C. macrostachyus and C. africana trees on farms keep soil nutrient high via protection against leaching, translocation of nutrients from deeper to the surface layer and accumulation of litter, which create a temporary nutrient pool in the surface soils under their canopies.     

The effects of ryegrass roots and shoots on loess erosion under simulated rainfall

Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation coverage is very important to control soil erosion by water. However, the combined impacts of plant roots and shoots on soil erosion by water and the relative contributions of the roots and shoots are not clearly understood. Four rainfall simulation experiments with the rainfall intensity at 1.5 mm min^− 1 were conducted at an interval of 5 weeks to investigate the effects of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) shoots and roots on soil erosion and runoff reductions. Ten ryegrass planted pans and four fallow pans were prepared for the experiments. The first rainfall simulation experiment was conducted after ryegrass had been planted for 12 weeks. It showed that compared with the runoffs in the fallow pans, the runoff in the planted pans decreased 25% and 70% in the 12th week and the 27th week, respectively; and the sediment decrements amounted up to 95% in the 27th week. The results also indicated that the shoot effect on runoff reduction, accounting for over 50% except in the 27th week when the shoot affect also accounted for 44%, was relatively greater than the root effect. However, the roots contributed more to soil loss reduction than the shoots, and in particular accounted for 90% of soil loss reduction at the 27th week. Both the soil erosion rate and average infiltration rate were linearly correlated with root surface area density in cm² root surface area per unit soil volume. Ryegrass planting could improve soil physical properties, especially soil aggregate stability, which increased from 33.1% in the 12th week to 38.5% in the 27th week. The study results are probably useful in evaluating the effects of plant shoots and roots on soil erosion control.     

Tree roots in canopy soils of old European beech trees—An ecological reassessment of a forgotten phenomenon

The formation of adventitious roots in humus accumulations in tree canopies is widely acknowledged from tropical and temperate rainforests, while the occurrence of those canopy roots in temperate tree species under mesic climates has been largely disregarded for ca. 100 years. Moreover, almost nothing is yet known of the ecological growth conditions or the structure or morphology of such canopy root systems. This study reports on the occurrence of tree fine roots in crown humus pockets of old European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees. The aim was to compare these canopy roots with the fine roots in the terrestrial organic layer soil in terms of fine root biomass density, root morphological traits, ectomycorrhizal colonisation and chemical composition of the root tissue, and to relate these root traits to the chemical properties of the respective soils. Fine root biomass density in crown humus pockets was ca. 7 times higher than in the terrestrial organic layer, even though soil chemical properties of both rooting media were similar. Fine roots in the canopy differed from terrestrial fine roots by lower specific root tip abundance, specific root length, and specific root surface area, all of which points to a longer lifespan of the fine roots in the canopy. Moreover, canopy roots revealed a lower percentage of root tips colonised by ectomycorrhizal fungi than terrestrial roots (87% vs. 93%). Chemical composition of the root tissue in canopy and terrestrial soils was similar for most elements, but canopy roots showed lower P, Fe, and Al concentrations and a higher N/P ratio than terrestrial roots. Root P concentrations of both canopy and terrestrial fine roots were closely related to soil P concentration, but not to soil C/P or N/P ratios. On the other hand, tissue N of canopy roots, but not of terrestrial roots, revealed a clear dependence on soil N and C/N values, suggesting a more limited N availability in the canopy soil compared to the terrestrial organic layer. However, the overall small differences in soil chemical properties between canopy and terrestrial organic layer soil cannot explain the markedly higher volumetric root density in the crown humus and the differences in ecomorphological traits between canopy and terrestrial soil. Instead, it is speculated that these differences are more likely a result of temporarily high water availability in crown humus pockets due to high water flow along the surface of branches to the central crown parts of the beech trees.     

根际施肥空间大小对15N吸收利用及桃幼树生长的影响

【目的】探讨树盘施肥区域大小对氮素吸收与分配的影响以及适合桃园的施肥模式,以期为桃树栽培生产提供有益的参考。【方法】在大田栽培条件下,以2年生春雪桃为试材,以主干为中心,在水平方向把树盘均匀分为东西南北4个区,设置1/4、 2/4、 3/4、 4/4根区施肥以及固定根区施肥和根区交替施肥,以不施肥处理为对照,共7个处理。生长季定期测定桃树干茎,试验结束时,破坏性整株取样,解析为各施肥区与非施肥区对应的地上部和地下部,地上部解析为对应根区的枝、 叶和干; 地下部解析为对应根区的粗根（直径＞0.2 cm）和细根（直径0.2 cm）,烘干后测定各部分干重。应用15N同位素示踪技术,研究树盘施肥区域大小对15N吸收利用及桃幼树生长的影响。【结果】4/4根区（全树盘）施肥氮肥吸收利用率为4.16%,分别为1/4、 2/4、 3/4根区施肥的3.62倍、 1.65倍和1.24倍; 固定根区施肥氮肥吸收利用率是根区交替施肥的1.24倍。局部施肥处理,施肥区根系的Ndff值高于非施肥区根系的Ndff,差异显著; 施肥区根系的15N分配率高于非施肥区根系的15N分配率,差异显著; 施肥区对应的地上部新生器官的15N分配率和Ndff值与非施肥区对应的地上部新生器官的15N分配率和Ndff值均无显著差异。施肥区的根系总干重均小于非施肥区根系的总干重。总体以全树盘施肥处理植株生长速率最大,4/4根区（全树盘）施肥植株生长速率为0.57 cm/month,分别为1/4、 2/4、 3/4根区施肥的1.19倍、 1.14倍和1.04倍; 根区固定施肥与根区交替施肥处理植株生长速率无显著差异。【结论】全树盘施肥氮肥吸收利用率最高,植株生长速率最大,即均匀施肥有利于桃幼树对养分的吸收利用,利于桃幼树形态建成,促进树体生长发育。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地人工刺槐混交林细根分布研究

为研究黄河三角洲盐碱地人工刺槐混交林及纯林细根空间分布格局,选取绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林、臭椿刺槐混交林、刺槐纯林,采用土柱法取样,从细根生物量密度、表面积密度、体积密度、根长密度等方面研究盐碱地中不同林分中树木细根的垂直分布情况,从细根生物量分析不同林木细根垂直分布情况,研究不同人工林细根分布差异及土壤影响因子。结果表明:绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林在细根的生物量、表面积、体积、根长等方面都显著高于臭椿刺槐混交林和刺槐纯林;绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林95.77%细根生物量分布在0~60 cm土层,臭椿刺槐混交林85.37%细根生物量分布在0~40 cm土层,而刺槐纯林的细根在土壤中分布则比较均匀,0~40 cm土层细根占生物量总量的66.38%。绒毛白蜡细根生物量最高,显著高于其他林木。绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林细根表面积密度、体积密度、根长密度显著高于刺槐纯林;臭椿刺槐混交林高于刺槐纯林,差异不显著。绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林、臭椿刺槐混交林细根总根尖数分别是刺槐纯林的2.34倍、1.23倍,总分叉数分别为刺槐纯林的6.15倍、1.66倍。绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林、臭椿刺槐混交林、刺槐纯林树木细根生物量与土壤有效磷、速效钾含量呈显著正相关关系;绒毛白蜡刺槐混交林细根生物量碱解氮、有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系。适当的混交模式在一定程度上提高了人工林细根生物量,增强植物吸收土壤营养物质的能力,混交使人工林在盐碱立地条件下适应能力提高。     

The establishment of winter wheat root system architecture in field soils: The effect of soil type on root development in a temperate climate

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop in the temperate climates of western Europe. Root system architecture is a significant contributor to resource capture and plant resilience. However, the impact of soil type on root system architecture (RSA) in field structured soils is yet to be fully assessed. This work studied the development of root growth using deep cultivation (250 mm) during the tillering phase stage (Zadock stage 25) of winter wheat across three soil types. The three sites of contrasting soil types covered a geographical area in the UK and Ireland in October 2018. Root samples were analysed using two methods: X-ray computed tomography (CT) which provides 3D images of the undisturbed roots in the soil, and a WinRHIZO^™ scanner used to generate 2D images of washed roots and to measure further root parameters. Important negative relationships existed between soil bulk density and root properties (root length density, root volume, surface area and length) across the three sites. The results revealed that despite reduced root growth, the clay (Southoe) site had a significantly higher crop yield irrespective of root depth. The loamy sand (Harper Adams) site had significantly higher root volume, surface area and root length density compared with the other sites. However, a reduction in grain yield of 2.42 Mt ha⁻¹ was incurred compared with the clay site and 1.6 Mt ha⁻¹ compared with the clay loam site. The significantly higher rooting characteristics found in the loamy sand site were a result of the significantly lower soil bulk density compared with the other two sites. The loamy sand site had a lower soil bulk density, but no significant difference in macroporosity between sites (p > 0.05). This suggests that soil type and structure directly influence crop yield to greater extent than root parameters, but the interactions between both need simultaneous assessment in field sites.     

Cadmium in Fagus sylvatica L. trees and seedlings: Leaching,uptake and interconnection with transpiration

Most of the airborne Cd-polluted particles which eventually precipitate in forest regions remain on the surface of the tree leaves and do not penetrate into the plants' live tissues. Such pollutions can be removed from the leaves by cation exchange or can be washed off with water of low pH. Acid rains and acid soils have contributed very much to the solubilization of Cd and to its transformation into an available ionic form which is later absorbed by tree roots. ^115mCd uptake by young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) seems to be positively correlated with the concentrations of the applied solutions as well as with the duration of the exposure. Low environmental pH increases the rate of ^115mCd uptake. High or low transpiration had no apparent effect on root absorption of Cd, but exposure of beech trees to a Cd(NO₃)₂ solution reduced their rates of transpiration after very few days of treatment.     

Evidence of short-term belowground transfer of nitrogen from Acacia mangium to Eucalyptus grandis trees in a tropical planted forest

The short-term belowground transfer of nitrogen from nitrogen-fixing trees to companion trees has never been studied in the field. A ¹⁵N pulse-labeling study was conducted in a mixed plantation of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis at the peak of leaf area, 26 months after planting. ¹⁵N–NO₃⁻ was injected into the stem of one big Acacia tree in three plots. ¹⁵N was traced over 2 months in the labeled Acacia tree as well as in neighboring Eucalyptus trees. For both species, young leaves were sampled, as well as fine roots and the rhizosphere at a distance of 0.75 m and 2.25 m from the labeled tree. The ¹⁵N atom% was also determined in the wood, bark, branches and total foliage of the 3 labeled Acacia trees and 9 Eucalyptus trees, 60 days after labeling. Most of the leaves, fine roots and rhizosphere samples of both species were ¹⁵N enriched from 5 days after labeling. The δ¹⁵N values were higher at a distance of 0.75 m than at 2.25 m in Acacia roots, but were similar at both distances in Eucalyptus roots and the rhizospheres. The wood and bark of Eucalyptus trees sampled at a distance of 6.2 m from the labeled Acacia trees were ¹⁵N enriched. This shows belowground N transfer from Acacia to Eucalyptus trees in the field during the first few days after labeling. This facilitation process may provide a significant amount of the nitrogen requirements of trees close to N-fixing trees in mixed forests.     

A soil catena on schist in northwestern California

Soil characteristics in a small steepland watershed underlain by schist in a rainy, tectonically active area in northwestern California show close associations with drainage-basin position and slope characteristics. Five soil-topography units based on these associations are defined in the study watershed. Spatial relationships of soil series, and patterns of soil development as indicated by B-horizon clay content and redness, reflect interactions between pedogenesis and erosion. General soil-topography patterns include: (1) decreases in soil-development moving from low-order to higher-order stream vallyes; and (2) more developed soils on north-facing as opposed to south-facing slopes. Decreases in soil-profile development moving from slopes near low-order streams to slopes near higher-order streams approximately correlate with increases in gradient, vertical relief, and drainage density, and reflect a more vigorous stripping of regolith by erosion on the slopes near the higher-order streams. The larger percentage of area covered by the more developed soils on north-facing as opposed to south-facing slopes appears to reflect a contrast in the way dominant erosional processes interact with pedogenic processes.Roadcuts on middle and upper slopes show soil discontinuities indicative of disturbance by block slides or slumps or both. Roadcuts on lower slopes show disrupted soils in small bedrock hollows that could have been created by rapid, shallow landslides or by the pulled-up root wads of toppled trees. Soil-profile characteristics and soil-topography patterns in the study area demonstrate that both erosional and pedogenic processes need to be considered when interpreting characteristics of hillslope soils.     

Nutrient and water uptake by roots of forest trees

Although per growing season nutrient uptake of adequately growing forest trees is less than the nutrient uptake of annual crop species, nutrient uptake per unit root length in trees is considerable. Because of high heterogeneity of soil conditions and root growth in forest soils, modelling of uptake processes is even more difficult for forest than for crop stands. Detailed studies show that white lips of growing tree roots have a high nutrient uptake capacity. However, most root tips are usually colonised by mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi can participate substantially in tree nutrient uptake, in particular in the utilisation of organically-bound phosphorus and nitrogen in soils. Mycorrhizal hyphae, root tips, and older root zones can all absorb water, but their actual contribution is difficult to assess. In this review, experimental results from our laboratory and literature data are used to describe the potential activity of tree roots and mycorrhizas in nutrient and water uptake. Methodology for in situ measurements must be developed to quantify at different forest sites the actual contribution of mycorrhizas and different root parts.     

A numerical investigation into factors affecting the anchorage of roots in tension

The arrangement of a plant's roots in the soil determines the ability of the plant to resist uprooting. We have investigated the influence of root morphology on anchorage using simple patterns of root systems and numerical simulation. The form and mechanical properties of roots were derived from results found in the literature. Major parameters determining soil characteristics, root patterns and strength were varied so that their influence could be evaluated. The design of the experimental method we used generated an optimal number of configurations of different root systems, the tensile resistances of which were calculated by two‐dimensional finite element analysis. We could quantify the influence of specific parameters, e.g. branching angle, number of lateral roots and soil cohesion, as well as global parameters such as total contact area, basal diameter and volume of the whole root system. We found that the number of roots and the diameter of roots were major components affecting the resistance to uprooting. The combination of topology and biomass explained 70% of the variation of tensile resistance.     

Soil mixing and genesis as affected by tree uprooting in three temperate forests

The purpose of this study was to identify general patterns of pedoturbation by tree uprooting in three different, forested landscapes and to quantify post‐disturbance pedogenesis. Specifically, our study illustrates how the effects of ‘tree‐throw’ on soils gradually become diminished over time by post‐uprooting pedogenesis. We studied soil development within 46 pit‐mounds in two regions of the Czech Republic, one on Haplic Cambisols and one on Entic Podzols. A third study site was in Michigan, USA, on Albic Podzols. Uprooting events were dated by using tree censuses, dendrochronology and radiometry. These dates provided information on several chronosequences of pedogenesis in the post‐uprooting pits and mounds, dating back to 1816 AD (dendrochronological dating, Haplic Cambisols), 322 AD (median of calibration age, ¹⁴C age = 1720 ± 35 BP, Entic Podzols) and 4077 BC (¹⁴C age = 5260 ± 30 BP, Albic Podzols). Post‐uprooting pedogenesis was most rapid in pits and slowest on mounds. Linear chronofunction models were the most applicable for pedogenesis, regardless of whether the soils were in pit or mound microsites. These models allowed us to estimate the time required for horizons in such disturbed sites to obtain the equivalent thicknesses of those in undisturbed sites. These ranged from 5 (O horizon in pits on the Haplic Cambisols) to > 16 000 years (E horizon on mounds on the Albic Podzols). On the Albic Podzols, development of eluvial and spodic horizon thicknesses suggested that pathways involving divergent pedogenesis may occur at these small and localized spatial scales.     

A method for dendrochronological assessment of medium-term gully erosion rates

A method based on dendrochronology to estimate gully erosion rates was developed as an alternative of traditional methods for assessing medium-term gully retreat rates, such as field monitoring of headcuts or aerial-photo interpretation of gully retreat. The method makes use of trees or parts of a tree affected by gully erosion revealing information on the history of the erosion process by datable deviations of their normal growth pattern, hence defined as ‘datable objects’. These include roots exposed by erosion; browsing scars made by ungulates on exposed roots or on above-ground parts of fallen trees; exposed and dead root ends; root suckers; stems, branches and leading shoots of fallen trees; and a sequence of trees within a gully. The method is based on the differentiation between three main conditions depending on the relation between the dynamics of the datable object (part of the tree) and the development of the gully. The first condition implies that the datable object was created before erosion of the gully volume to be dated, e.g. exposed tree roots. According to the second condition, the datable object developed as an immediate consequence of the erosion event, e.g. growth reactions of a fallen tree. The third condition implies that the datable object was created some time after the erosion event took place, e.g. trees colonising the gully bed. Each principle has consequences for the accuracy and the correct interpretation of the estimated erosion rate, i.e. whether the true erosion rate is underestimated, exact or overestimated. In spite of methodological limitations and dendrochronological dating problems, the method was successfully applied in southeast Spain. Conservative estimations of gully-head retreat rate resulted in an average medium-term (3–46 years) value of 6 m³ year⁻¹ (n=9). For gully sidewall processes, the average minimum erosion rate per unit sidewall length amounted 0.1 m³ year⁻¹ m⁻¹ (n=9). A strong correlation was found between the headcut retreat rate (v_m(ortho), m³ year⁻¹) and the drainage–basin area (A, m²) of the gullies, expressed by v_m(ortho)=0.02A^0.57 (R²=0.93, n=9). Comparing the findings from this study with those obtained by short-term headcut retreat monitoring suggests a high reliability of the estimated retreat rates, supporting the applicability of the developed dendrochronological method.     

Estimation of Fine Root Biomass of Alders Growing on Technosols Using Two Different Methods

Fine roots play an important role in organic matter accumulation in reclaimed mine soils. However, estimation of the increment of fine root biomass is difficult and none of the existing methods is universal. The paper examined two methods for measurement of fine roots biomass increment (FRBI): i) with using the root-ingrowth core method (RIC) and ii) the monolith sampling method (MSC). The study was conducted under alder plantings (Alnus incana, A. glutinosa and A. viridis) introduced on technosols at a combustion waste disposal site and a former open-cast sand mine. The FRBI determined using MSC method was significantly lower (33–481 g m^?2 yr^?1) and less variable than the FRBI measured with RIC (85–2317 g m^?2 yr^?1). However, the results obtained with both methods were correlated (r = 0.70, P = 0,05). Consequently, MSC is better to qualitatively compare the habitats of tree species in terms of their ability to produce fine roots. However, in the initial soils where plants very often produce more fine roots, RIC seems to be more suitable. This method shows the actual ability of trees to produce roots in order to satisfy their life needs when acquiring a new habitat on reclaimed soils. Such information is particularly important in oligotrophic soils where nutrient deficiency may be balanced only by the efficient circulation and decomposition of organic matter (SOM) including the fine roots that die off after each growing season.     

沙培条件下磷、 钾、 钙亏缺对枳（Poncirus trifoliata）幼苗根系形态及营养吸收的影响

【目的】根系是吸收水分和养分的主要器官,对于多年生木本果树的生长发育尤为重要。由于果树根系庞大、 分布错综复杂,对根系构型和空间分布等的研究相对较少。本文利用计算机扫描系统及其图像分析软件观测根系二维形态参数,并用原子吸收法测定植株养分含量,以探索养分亏缺对枳根系形态的影响,以及根系形态变化与植株养分吸收的关系。【方法】本试验在沙培条件下,以柑橘砧木枳(Poncirus trifoliata)实生苗为试材,研究了缺磷、 钾和钙对其根系形态以及植株体内营养元素含量的影响。利用爱普生数码扫描仪（Expression 10000XL 1.0, Epson Inc. Japan）扫描根系,并用WinRhizo Pro (S) v. 2004b软件(Regent Instruments Inc., Canada)分析获取根系总长、 总体积和总表面积等二维形态参数。利用原子吸收光谱仪(SPECTR AA220)测定样品K、 Ca、 Mg、 Fe、 Cu、 Zn等元素含量。【结果】从扫描数据可知,3 种缺素处理对枳幼苗根系形态结构有较大的影响,即在缺素时根系总长、 表面积和体积均显著降低,缺P处理使枳实生苗粗根的根系长度、 表面积、 体积显著降低,但是增加了中等粗根的表面积和体积; 缺K和缺Ca处理的中等粗根根系长度、 表面积和体积均显著低于对照; 3种缺素处理均显著降低了细根和粗根的根系长度、 表面积和体积。不同缺素处理对植株根系和地上部生长的影响也存在差异,缺P对地上部的抑制作用显著强于根系,缺K处理对根系生长的抑制作用较强,缺Ca对根系和地上部生长的抑制作用均较小。缺Ca处理植株体内Zn和Fe浓度均显著增加但Ca浓度降低,缺P时植株体内Ca和地上部Zn浓度增加,而缺K时植株体内Ca、 Zn浓度增加但Fe和K浓度均显著降低。【结论】不同缺素条件下枳实生苗根系形态各异,导致根系对不同养分的吸收能力不同,从而使植株体内K、 Ca、 Zn、 Fe等养分含量发生改变,最终影响整个植株根系和地上部的生长,表现出各缺素环境所特有的树体特征。     

防风固沙灌木花棒沙柳根系生物力学特性

为了揭示花棒和沙柳的根系生物力学特性,该文选取毛乌苏沙地5 a生人工种植花棒、沙柳的根系为研究对象,通过室内单根拉伸试验,得到沙柳(直径0.78~7.44 mm)的平均最大拉力、抗拉强度和杨氏模量分别比花棒(直径0.91~6.46 mm)高42.07%、44.52%和90.00%。花棒、沙柳单根根系的最大拉力随直径增大以幂函数增大,抗拉强度和杨氏模量随直径增大以幂函数减小。花棒与沙柳单根根系的平均抗拉强度能达到Ⅰ级钢筋(370MPa)的6.86%和9.91%,对土壤有一定的加筋作用。采用自制根系拉力测试系统进行野外原位整株根系垂直拉拔试验,得到花棒(地径17.65~42.68 mm)和沙柳(地径20.35~48.07 mm)的整株根系最大垂直拉拔力为(1.71±0.16)k N和(1.18±0.16)k N,花棒比沙柳高出44.92%。花棒整株根系的生物力学特性要优于沙柳,整体固沙能力更强。该研究可为根系固土作用理论研究和防风固沙树种的筛选提供参考。     

Processes responsible for the development of a pit and mound microrelief

Hummocky ground is a conspicuous feature of some cultivated pastures in the mountain forests of the Alps. In the German scientific literature, this pit and mound microrelief is termed “Buckelwiese” (literally: “hummocky meadow”) and is commonly interpreted as a fossil, Late Glacial relief of cryogenic origin. This paper suggests an alternative hypothesis, namely that relief formation was initiated by the uprooting of trees during storms. In the rootstock-pits, karst processes gradually amplified the initial relief. This alternative hypothesis is tested in a Buckelwiesen area of the Northern Limestone Alps, where pit-to-mound vertical relief amounts to 52 cm and mounds are 250–510 cm long and 170–270 cm wide, and the density of pits and mounds is 400 ha⁻¹. Field investigations included a ground survey using a tacheometer and the excavation of a trench to check the internal structure of one pit-mound couple. The trench was subsequently used to estimate solution rates in the subsurface material of pits and mounds. Based on the results of the field measurements and two radiocarbon dates from the test site, the paper concludes that in the study area a treethrow event occurred between 1120 and 1280 AD. Subsequently, the pits created by the uprooted trees were deepened by limestone solution at a rate of 77.2 mm/1000 years. The reconstructed formation history of the microrelief of the study area is consistent with a Holocene origin, with rates of limestone dissolution as measured in the field and with the morphometry of the features themselves.     

畦灌条件下樱桃树根系的空间分布特征

在对北京市永乐店农业节水灌溉试验站内的樱桃树根系进行详细调查的基础上,该文对樱桃树根系在根区范围内的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,定植12a樱桃树的根系分布在以树干为中心250cm半径范围内,最大垂直深度为100cm。根系干质量、体积、表面积及根长各主要参数的总体分布是从表层开始随着土层深度的增加逐渐减少,从树干开始沿半径方向随着离树干距离的增加逐渐减少。根系各主要参数在各土层深度的分布百分比与其相应的土层深度均存在良好的指数相关关系。按照相关系数进行评价,相关程度按表面积(R2=0.9342)、根长(R2=0.9261)、体积(R2=0.9136)及干质量(R2=0.9050)的顺序逐渐减小。各采样单元内直径小于2mm的吸水根比例在35%～100%(平均68%)范围内分布。吸水根主要分布在以树干为中心200cm半径范围内,垂直方向从树干下方的60cm开始,逐渐减少到距树干水平200cm处的20cm左右,在树干周围半径为50cm和80～160cm范围是两个分布密集区。