世界松树名录

松树广泛分布于北半球，在欧亚大陆从７２°Ｎ到２°６＇Ｓ，１４１°Ｅ到１８°Ｗ，分布纬度占７４°６＇，经度１５９°；在南半球没有松树的天然分布，但经过人工引种栽培，目前在南美洲、大洋洲、非洲等国家，松树已逐渐成为重要造林树种之一．松树对土壤要求不严，适应性强，繁殖容易，生长迅速，成材早，材质好，富含松脂．用途广，世界各地广泛种植．     

施用化肥对松树造林成活率的影响*

施用化肥对松树造林成活率的影响胡炳堂，蔡宏明，肖齐绪关键词马尾松，湿地松，造林成活率，氮肥（尿素）马尾松（ＰｉｎｕｓｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａＬａｍｂ．）、湿地松（ＰｉｎｕｓｅｌｌｉｏｔｔｉｉＥｎｇｅｌｍ）属主根发达、侧根和须根较少树种，提高其造林成活率是...     

日本的抗松材线虫育种研究

经历20世纪六七十年代松树大面积枯死威胁之后,日本在不断探索对该病的防治方法的同时,寄希望于培育抗松材线虫的松树苗木。始于1973年的抗松材线虫育种,从松树造林材料的遗传改良、国内外松树对松材线虫的抗性、抗性检测方法以及抗性育种的可行性等方面进行了大量的研究。文中从抗松材线虫育种的历史背景、抗性判定方法、树种变异、选择育种、杂交育种等方面叙述了日本抗松材线虫育种的情况。     

澳大利亚主要造林树种的遗传改良及种子园经营技术

澳大利亚在松属杂交育种等的研究和开发应用方面居世界领先水平 ,其经验和技术值得我们学习和借鉴。文章介绍了澳大利亚主要造林树种湿地松×加勒比松、南洋杉、辐射松的遗传改良及种子园经营技术     

我国南方松树杂交育种研究进展及发展趋势

经过近 30年的努力 ,广东、广西松树杂交育种和引种方面取得了较为显著的成果。选育的 PEE× PCC F1具有母本湿地松的树干通直圆满、抗风力强、分枝习性好、耐水渍和父本加勒比松的速生、树皮薄等优点。除适应性广 ,材质好外 ,其遗传增益比亲本增加 30 %以上。本文详细介绍我国南方松树杂交育种研究进展状况 ,阐明了杂交松研究今后的发展趋势     

松树开花的生物学特性介绍

我省松树种类较多,除已普遍作为山地造林的马尾松、黑松外,又陆续从国外引进了火炬松、湿地松、晚松、短叶松、等松树,特别是火炬松和湿地松具有生长快、适应性强、病虫害少等优良特性,已逐步成为我省淮河以南丘陵山区的主要用材树种之一.因此,研究掌握火炬松、湿地松等松树开花的生物学特性,以便人工促进开花结实,开展人工杂交育种,不断提高种子产量,以及选育良种具有十分重要的意义.近几年未,我省正在进行火炬松、湿地松的人工辅助授粉试验.为了进一步搞好这一项工作,特将有关松树开花的生物学特性作些介绍,供有关单位参考.     

日本与我合作培育抗性树种

据日本《林业新闻》报道:日本和中国经过协商已正式决定联合培育对小蠹具有较强抵抗力的松树品种。1982年10月,林野厅向中国派遣了以造林科长谷口纯平为团长的日本农业技术交流团,并商定从1983年开始,采集到的中国马尾松花粉将被送往日本,并用两年时间与日本黑松进行杂交育种,打算     

松树菌根土育苗造林技术

森林菌根土接种法,简便易行,菌根化程度高,接种效果明显。用菌根土接种的云南松、马尾松、加勒比松幼苗长势好、抗性强,苗高、冠幅、全苗重分别是对照苗木的1.7～2.9倍;用以造林,不仅可使造林困难地区松树的成活率由以往平均不足20％提高到85％以上,且可提前2～3年郁闭成林。本文介绍了松树菌根土育苗造林的技术。     

选择合适的造林季节和造林方法可提高造林成活率

据生物新闻网2005年5月报道：根据美国德克萨斯州开展的研究，选择合适的造林季节和造林方式，能够大大提高松树的造林成活率。     

松树菌根土育苗造林技术推广

红河州林科所的天然菌根土育苗造林技术研究成果，经实践证明，对培育松树壮苗、促进幼苗生长、提高造林成活率具有显著效果。此项技术１９９３年初在云南省世行贷款造林项目中推广应用。本文介绍了天然菌根土育苗造林技术和推广后所取得的效益。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.