Service-oriented approach for modeling and estimating reference evapotranspiration

Software used for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) has been developing in various directions. The main goal of this paper is to present an approach based on Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm for modeling and estimating ET₀. The FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM) and Hargreaves equation are used for estimating monthly ET₀.The weather data for this study were obtained from CIMIS for Davis weather station. The FAO-56 PM and Hargreaves ET₀ values estimated using ET Web service were compared to corresponding CIMIS PM ET₀ estimates. The proposed model based on Web services implemented to the FAO-56 PM and Hargreaves equations has good performances and can be used in estimating ET₀ and has ability to complete missing weather data.     

新疆塔里木盆地北缘日参考作物腾发量计算模型评价

采用4种常用的腾发量模型(Makkink模型,Turc模型,Priestley-Taylor模型以及Hargreaves模型)计算日腾发量,并以Penman-Monteith FAO 56公式计算结果为标准值进行对比,旨在寻找出建模数据少、模拟精度高以及适合研究区的腾发量计算模型。结果表明:Turc模型的日参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与Penman-Monteith FAO 56差异较小,其次是Makkink模型与Priestley-Taylor模型,Hargreaves模型的差异最大。     

The Ogallala Agro-Climate Tool

A Visual Basic™ agro-climate application capable of estimating crop evapotranspiration and irrigation demand over the Ogallala aquifer region is described here. The application's meteorological database consists of daily precipitation and temperature data from 141 U.S. Historical Climatology Network stations during 1976-2005. From that daily data the program calculates climate and crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) statistics over arbitrarily defined periods within summer or winter growing seasons at user-selected latitude-longitude coordinates. The statistics reported include: estimates of seasonal and sub-seasonal ET_c derived from the FAO-56 single crop coefficient algorithm, probabilities of exceedance of cumulative rainfall, irrigation demand and growing degree days, the probability that minimum and maximum daily temperatures will exceed user-defined temperature thresholds, and the probability of heat stress, cold stress and dry periods of varying duration.     

河套灌区参考作物蒸发蒸腾量估算方法研究

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）是计算作物需水量的基础,一般用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式（PM公式）计算。但是在河套灌区部分地区缺少辐射数据的观测,因而无法利用PM公式计算ET₀。本文选用河套灌区临河气象站1990—2012年的气象资料,分析了利用PM公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET₀与气象要素的关系,发现对ET₀影响最大的气象因素为净辐射,其次为饱和水气压差和平均温度。建立了基于饱和水气压差、温度和风速的ET₀估算公式,验证结算显示相关系数、纳什效率系数和总量平衡系数分别为0.96、0.92、1.00。在风速缺测的条件下,也建立了基于饱和水汽压差和温度的ET₀估算公式。以上两个公式为河套灌区缺资料条件下ET₀的估算提供了简单且准确的估算方法。     

Seasonal Variation of Moisture Availability at Water-wind Erosion Crisscross Region in Northern Loess Plateau China

The objectives of the current study were to estimate evapotranspiration（ET） over the grassland and assess seasonal variation of moisture availability at the wind-water erosion crisscross region in the northern Loess Plateau of China. The Liudaogou Catchment which has the representative climatic and hydrological characteristics of the wind-water erosion crisscross region was chosen as the study location. The reference crop evapotranspiration（ET 0） was estimated by Penmen method, which was recommended by FAO56 and the evapotranspiration over the grassland（ET） was estimated by Penmen-Monteith equation using the observed meteorological data with time unit of 1 h. The soil moisture availability factor was defined by m a =ET/ET 0. The calculated results for 2006 indicated that the total ET 0 was slightly more than the total yearly precipitation and ET accounted for 37 % of that, ET increased distinctly after the intensive rainfall event in the rainy season. Most of the m a was less than 0.4 and its annual mean was 0.34. It was expected that the results provided a basis for studies on dynamic functional analysis of soil moisture, relationship between soil water and crop growth at the wind-water erosion crisscross region in the northern Loess Plateau.     

基于FAO-56双作物系数法估算农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发研究——以西北干旱区黑河流域中游绿洲农田为例

【目的】确定中国西北干旱区黑河流域中游绿洲农田蒸散量并区分作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发,为制定合理的作物灌溉制度和提高区域水资源利用效率提供依据。【方法】本文利用中科院临泽内陆河流域研究站绿洲内部大田玉米地2009年的小气候和土壤蒸发等综合观测试验数据,运用FAO-56和ASCE推荐的两种时间步长的四种不同形式的Penman-Monteith模型估算了甘肃临泽绿洲玉米农田2009年参考蒸散量,并结合FAO-56双作物系数法估算了其实际蒸散量。【结果】4种P-M模型FAO-56-PM 24h、ASCE-PM 24h、FAO-56-PM 0.5h及ASCE-PM 0.5h和双作物系数法估算的实际蒸散量依次为672.1、766.2、991.2和805.6 mm。【结论】利用涡动相关数据及小型蒸渗仪实测数据对其进行了检验,结果表明,使用FAO-56-PM 24h模型估算参考作物蒸散量的参考作物蒸散-双作物系数法能够较好估算研究区的蒸散量并有效地区分农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发。2009年研究区域农田制种玉米的耗水量大约为671.2 mm,日均蒸散量为4.1 mm,其中作物蒸腾累积量为498.5 mm,土壤蒸发累积量为172.7 mm,分别占蒸散量的74.2%和25.8%。     

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity Coefficients to Climate Factors in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Climate change will have important implications in water shore regions, such as Huang-Huai-Hai (3H) plain, where expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand. Sensitivity analysis is important in understanding the relative importance of climatic variables to the variation in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀). In this study, the 51-yr ET₀ during winter wheat and summer maize growing season were calculated from a data set of daily climate variables in 40 meteorological stations. Sensitivity maps for key climate variables were estimated according to Kriging method and the spatial pattern of sensitivity coefficients for these key variables was plotted. In addition, the slopes of the linear regression lines for sensitivity coefficients were obtained. Results showed that ET₀ during winter wheat growing season accounted for the largest proportion of annual ET₀, due to its long phenological days, while ET₀ was detected to decrease significantly with the magnitude of 0.5 mm yr^?1 in summer maize growing season. Solar radiation is considered to be the most sensitive and primarily controlling variable for negative trend in ET₀ for summer maize season, and higher sensitive coefficient value of ET₀ to solar radiation and temperature were detected in east part and southwest part of 3H plain respectively. Relative humidity was demonstrated as the most sensitive factor for ET₀ in winter wheat growing season and declining relativity humidity also primarily controlled a negative trend in ET₀, furthermore the sensitivity coefficient to relative humidity increased from west to southeast. The eight sensitivity centrals were all found located in Shandong Province. These ET₀ along with its sensitivity maps under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system can be applied to predict the agricultural water demand and will assist water resources planning and management for this region.     

云南省低纬度高原季风气候条件下不同方法计算ET_0的对比研究

为了探求4种不同参照作物需水量(ET_0)计算方法在云南省低纬度高原季风气候区的适用性,根据云南省丽江气象站1980~2005年的气象资料,以Penman-Monteith公式计算结果为参照标准,通过Makkink公式、Hargreaves公式和Priestley-Taylor公式计算了ET_0,分别对每个公式所得的年值和月值的绝对偏差、平均偏差和相对偏差等进行分析对比。结果表明,3种公式的计算精度排序为Makkink公式Priestley-Taylor公式Hargreaves公式。为了探究出更适合该地区计算ET_0的方法,建立回归方程,提出了适合云南地区ET_0的计算公式。     

气象因素对民勤地区参考作物腾发量变化的贡献分析

利用世界粮农组织的Penman-Monteith方法以及敏感曲线分析法,对甘肃国家级地面站点民勤站1968—2018年来的参考作物腾发量和气象因素的变化规律及各气象因子对参考作物腾发量变化的贡献大小进行了研究。结果表明:1)民勤站参考作物腾发量ET0年内变化特征呈抛物线形式,在1—5月增加,8—12月递减,7月达到最大值为5.29mm/d,年际变化整体呈波动上升趋势;2)利用相关性分析与主成分分析发现ET0与平均最高气温Tmax、平均饱和水汽压差VPD的相关性最大,利用偏相关性分析发现ET0与平均风速U、平均净辐射与土壤热通量的差Rn-G的相关性最小,但ET0与U、Rn-G的偏相关性较大,说明ET0与U、Rn-G的关系受其他气象因素的影响较大;3)气象因素的年内变化与ET0对各气象因素的敏感系数在年内的变化趋势有一定的相似度。ET0对Rn-G的敏感系数不大,但是由于Rn-G自身的增长幅度较大,导致Rn-G对ET0增长的贡献率最大;平均气温T和VPD对ET0的增长也产生了一定的贡献;U对ET0的增长产生了较大的负贡献。     

不同参照作物腾发量计算模型在鄂西地区的适用性研究

鄂西地区地理环境复杂多样,气候季节差异性显著,准确估算各类作物的参照作物腾发量（ET₀）是进行灌溉管理的基础。为在气象资料缺测条件下鄂西地区选取ET₀的计算方法提供依据,通过宜昌气象站1951—2013年气象资料,以Penman-Monteith公式法计算ET₀结果为标准值,对Hargreaves、Priestley-Taylor、FAO-24 Radiation及Mc-Cloud 4种公式计算的ET₀结果进行对比分析。结果表明：FAO-24 Radiation公式的适用性较好,典型年平均相关系数为0.994,平均相对误差均为85.9%,可直接用于当地参照作物腾发量的计算; Hargreaves公式和Priestley-Taylor公式误差分析结果分别为189.8%、164.4%;Mc-Cloud的相关性最低,丰水年相关系数不足0.900,3种公式在鄂西地区参照作物腾发量计算时适用性较差。FAO-24 Radiation经过修正后,平均相对误差均处于6%左右,可直接用于鄂西地区参照作物腾发量的计算,特旱年（p=90%）、枯水年（p=75%）、平水年（p=50%）、丰水年（p=25%）的修正公式分别为ET′_{0 d}=0.616×ET_{0 d（F-R）}-1.936、ET′_{0 l}=0.583×ET_{0 l（F-R）}-2.532、ET′_{0 m}=0.580×ET_{0 m（F-R）}-1.928、ET′_{0 h}=0.589×ET_{0 h（F-R）}-1.209。     

"蒸发悖论"在秦岭南北地区的探讨

潜在蒸散量(ET0)是大气蒸发的估计值,已经广泛应用于灌溉管理和无实测蒸发资料地区的估算.分析ET0的时空变化是研究水资源对气候变化响应的基础工作,同时对于农业水资源的优化利用也具有重要意义.根据秦岭南北47个气象站1960-2011年逐日数据,利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算出各站的潜在蒸散量(ET0),研究了气温、降水与ET0之间的长期变化趋势关系,对导致ET0下降的主要原因进行了讨论,着重对秦岭南北地区是否存在“蒸发悖论”进行验证.结果表明:(1)秦岭南北整体气温经历了先降后升的变化过程,1993年为突变年份,1960-1993年的降温速率和1994-2011年的升温速率均表现出由南向北递减的规律,1960-2011年整体升温速率由北向南递减.(2)1979年和1993年是ET0变化的转折点,以1979和1993为界ET0经历了“升—降—降”的变化阶段.1960-1979年仅汉水流域和巴巫谷地存在“蒸发悖论”现象,1980-1993、1994-2011和1960-2011年3个时段区域整体和各子区均发现了“蒸发悖论”现象.秋季后18a和52a整体以及冬季前34a和52a整体均存在“蒸发悖论”现象,冬季最为明显.(3)近52年整体降水表现出不显著的下降趋势,相较于年尺度,夏季降水与ET0逆向变化趋势更为明显.(4)年尺度上,太阳辐射(日照时数)下降引起的潜热通量减少是造成ET0下降即“蒸发悖论”现象的主要原因.季节尺度,春季ET0下降的主导因素为风速,其它季节均为太阳辐射(日照时数).     

不同时间步长的Hargreaves公式修正式适用性研究

为比较不同时间步长的Hargreaves公式修正式的适用性,利用哈尔滨市气象台48年的逐日气象数据,应用Penman-Monteith公式和Hargreaves公式计算了哈尔滨市参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)的日、旬、月值,基于两公式计算的ET0数据,采纳FAO推荐的方法建立了Hargreaves公式修正式模型,通过分析...     

基于气象参数的内陆干旱区作物生育期ET0预测

为实现大田作物灌溉的精细化管理,研究了基于气象因素的生育期ET₀预测模型。采用灰色理论对ET₀与日均、日最高、最低温度,日均风速,相对湿度以及日照时数进行灰色关联度分析,结果表明ET₀与温度（包括日均、最高、最低温度）及相对湿度的灰色关联度较高。在分析ET₀与上述气象因素间的相关系数基础上,采用日均温度、日均风速以及日照时数作为模型的输入,ET₀作为输出,建立了BP神经网络（BPNN）预测模型;采用日均温度、日均风速、日照时数及灰色关联度作为输入,建立了模糊最小二乘支持向量机（FLSSVM）预测模型。研究结果表明,BPNN模型的训练值决定系数为0.8643,平均相对误差6.29%,预测值决定系数为0.8099,平均相对误差7.83%;FLSSVM模型的训练值决定系数为0.9684,平均相对误差2.89%;预测值决定系数为0.9663,平均相对误差3.43%。BP神经网络与FLSSVM模型的精度均较高,可以用来预测ET₀日值,这为大田作物的精细化灌溉管理提供理论与技术支持。     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算方法在拉萨的适用性对比分析

利用西藏拉萨站点1955—2006年的气象资料,以世界粮农组织推荐的Penman—Monteith方法作为计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（Ero）的标准,讨论Hargreaves公式、Priestley—Taylor方法和1948年修正Penman方程3种计算Ero方法在西藏高原的适用性。结果表明,3种Ero计算方法的优劣顺序为1948年修正Penman方程、Hargreaves公式、Priestley—Taylor方法。     

Estimating daily actual evapotranspiration of a rice–wheat rotation system in typical farmland in the Huai River Basin using a two-step model and two one-step models

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of three models for estimating daily evapotranspiration(ET) by employing flux observation data from three years(2007, 2008 and 2009) during the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice crops cultivated in a farmland ecosystem(Shouxian County) located in the Huai River Basin(HRB), China. The first model is a two-step model(PM-K_c); the other two are one-step models(e.g., Rana-Katerji(R-K) and advection-aridity(AA)). The results showed that the energy closure degrees of eddy covariance(EC) data during winter wheat and rice-growing seasons were reasonable in the HRB, with values ranging from 0.84 to 0.91 and R2 of approximately 0.80. Daily ET of winter wheat showed a slow decreasing trend followed by a rapid increase, while that of rice presented a decreasing trend after an increase. After calibrating the crop coefficient(K_c), the PM–K_c model performed better than the model using the K_c recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO). The calibrated key parameters of the R-K model and AA model showed better universality. After calibration, the simulation performance of the PM-K_c model was satisfactory. Both the R-K model and AA model underestimated the daily ET of winter wheat and rice. Compared with that of the R-K model, the simulation result of the AA model was better, especially in the simulation of daily ET of rice. Overall, this research highlighted the consistency of the PM-K_c model to estimate the water demand for rice and wheat crops in the HRB and in similar climatic regions in the world.     

三江源区人工草地蒸散量与气候因子的相关分析

该研究以小型自动气象站观测资料为基础,采用FAO Penman-Monteith方法估算三江源区人工草地参考作物蒸散量,并结合FAO-56推荐的综合作物系数值进行草地实际蒸散量的计算,分析了三江源区人工草地实际蒸散量的变化及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明,草地实际蒸散量的季节变化为单峰曲线,夏季日蒸散量明显大于冬季,在8月中旬达到年度最高值。蒸散与空气温度、太阳辐射和相对湿度均显著相关,但与风速的相关性不显著。各气象因子对人工草地蒸散量影响的大小顺序为:空气温度(T)>太阳辐射(Ra)>空气相对湿度(RH)>风速(u2)。     

Using data on soil ECa,soil water properties,and response of tree root system for spatial water balancing in an apple orchard

The study aims at spatial analysis of water deficit of fruit trees under semi-humid climate conditions. Differences of soil, root, and their relation with the spatial variability of crop evapotranspiration (ET_a) were analyzed. Measurements took place in a six hectare apple orchard (Malus x domestica ‘Gala’) located in fruit production area of Brandenburg (latitude: 52.606°N, longitude: 13.817°E). Data of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) in 25 cm were used for guided sampling of soil texture, bulk density, rooting depth, root water potential, and volumetric water content. Soil ECa showed high correlation with root depth. The readily available soil water content (RAW) was calculated considering three cases utilizing (i) uniform root depth of 1 m, (ii) measured values of root depth, and (iii) root water potential measured during full bloom, fruit cell division stage, at harvest. The RAW set the thresholds for irrigation. The ET_a was calculated based on data from a weather station in the field and RAW cases in high, medium and low ECa conditions. ET_a values obtained were utilized to quantify how fruit trees cope with spatial soil variability. The RAW-based irrigation thresholds for locations of low and high ECa value differed. The implementation of plant parameters (rooting depth, root water potential) in the water balance provided a more representative figure of water needs of fruit trees Consequently, the precise adjustment of irrigation including plant data can optimize the water use.

     

Soil moisture estimation from inverse modeling using multiple criteria functions

Soil hydraulic parameters are essential inputs to agricultural and hydrologic models for simulating soil moisture. These parameters however are difficult to obtain especially when the application is aimed at the regional scale. Laboratory and field methods have been used for quantifying soil hydraulic parameters but they are proved to be laborious and expensive. An emerging alternative of estimating soil hydraulic parameters is soil moisture model inversion using remote sensing (RS) data. Although soil hydraulic parameters could not be derived directly from remote sensing, they could be quantified by the inverse modeling of RS data. In this study, we conducted a multi-criteria inverse modeling approach to estimate the rootzone soil hydraulic parameters in a rainfed rice field at depths 3, 12, 28 and 60 cm, respectively. The conditioning data used in the inverse modeling are leaf area index (LAI) and actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) from satellite imageries, and soil moisture (SM) data from in situ measurements. The performances of all the model inversion experiments were evaluated against observed soil moisture in the field, and measured LAI during the growing season. The results showed that using remotely sensed LAI and ET_a in the inverse modeling provided a good matching between observed and simulated soil moisture down to 28 cm depth from the soil surface. With the addition of soil moisture information from the site, the model inversion significantly improved the soil moisture simulation up to a depth of 60 cm.     

韩江流域可能蒸散发的模型估算对比

利用1901-2000年CRU数据,采用桑斯威特公式及FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式分别计算了韩江流域及10个观测站点20世纪可能蒸散发量,将它们相互比较分析。     

基于天气预报的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量预测模型

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET_0)是计算作物需水量和进行灌溉预报的基本要素。本文利用天气预报可测因子和Penman Monteith(PM)公式ET_0计算值作为基础数据,分别建立BP神经网络模型和ANFIS自适应模糊神经推理系统模型,两种模型的估算值与PM公式的计算值没有明显差异,均表现出显著的相关性以及整体吻合度。本文对两种模型取相同的数据样本进行比较,BP-ET_0预测结果的MRE值为32.13%,RMSE为0.134 mm,而R2达到了0.971,说明模型预测精度高,稳定性良好。相较于ANFIS-ET_0的检验结果,BP-ET_0模型的均方根误差更小(0.134mm/d0.188 mm/d),表明其预测精度更高;而ANFIS-ET_0模型估算值的平均相对误差明显小于BP-ET_0模型估算值(16.92%32.13%),显示出ANFIS-ET_0模型更高的稳定性。两种预测模型的输入项完全可以从当前短期天气预报因子中取得而不需要专用测量设备,程序操作简单,具有实用价值,为实时灌溉预报提供了理论基础。