Description of a detection model for oestrus and diseases in dairy cattle based on time series analysis combined with a Kalman filter

Sensor measurements can be used in dairy farming for the detection of oestrus and diseases. A new model has been developed to process the measured variables in a combined way. It is based on time series models for milk yield, milk temperature, electrical conductivity of quarter milk and the cow’s activity, and a probability distribution for the concentrates leftovers. The parameters of the time series models and the probabilities are fitted on-line for each cow after each milking by Kalman filters. This makes it possible to combine the variables and to generate cow-specific alerts. Global results on the detection of oestrus, mastitis and other diseases are given.     

Sensor measurements revealed: Predicting the Gram-status of clinical mastitis causal pathogens

Automatic milking systems produce mastitis alert lists that report cows likely to have clinical mastitis (CM). A farmer has to check these listed cows to confirm a CM case and to start an antimicrobial treatment if necessary. In order to make a more informed decision, it would be beneficial to have information about the CM causal pathogen at the same time a cow is listed on the mastitis alert list. Therefore, this study explored whether decision-tree induction was able to predict the Gram-status of CM causal pathogens using in-line sensor measurements from automatic milking systems. Data were collected at nine Dutch dairy farms milking with automatic milking systems and included 140 bacteriological cultured CM cases with sensor measurements of electrical conductivity, colors red, green, and blue and milk yield for analyses. In total, 110 CM cases were classified as Gram-positive CM cases and 30 as Gram-negative. Stratified randomization was used to divide the data in a training set (n = 96) for model development, and a test set (n = 44) for validation. The decision tree used three variables to predict the Gram-status of the CM causal pathogen; two variables were based on electrical conductivity measurements, and one on measurements of the color blue. This decision tree had an accuracy of 90.6% and a kappa value of 0.76 based on data in the training set. When only those CM cases were considered with extreme high probability estimates for their Gram-status (either positive or negative), 74% of all records in the training set could be classified with a stratified accuracy of 97.1%. When validated, the decision tree performed poorly; accuracy dropped to 54.5% and the kappa value to −0.20. The stratified accuracy calculated for 75% of all records in the test set was 66.7%. Predicting the CM causal pathogen showed a similar poor result; the decision tree had an accuracy of 27.9% and a kappa of 0.12, based on data in the test set. Based on these results, it is concluded that decision-tree induction in conjunction with sensor information from the electrical conductivity, color, and milk yield provide insufficient discriminative power to predict the Gram-status or the CM causal pathogen itself.     

奶牛乳腺炎病因分析及防治措施

[目的]探索奶牛乳腺炎病因及其防制措施。[方法]分析奶牛乳腺的免疫学机制,总结乳腺炎发病的原因,并提出奶牛乳腺炎的综合防制措施。[结果]奶牛乳腺存在体液免疫和细胞免疫的免疫学机制。其发病原因主要是病原微生物的感染。可采取加强卫生管理、实行干奶期治疗、疫苗免疫、选育高抗乳腺炎病的奶牛品种等方法进行防治。[结论]该研究为预防奶牛乳腺炎提供了理论依据。     

乳腺炎奶牛乳腺组织损伤的原因及防治

乳腺炎作为一种乳腺炎症反应,是奶牛场“最昂贵”的疾病。乳腺炎奶牛的乳腺组织在细菌因子和宿主免疫等作用下其上皮组织受到损伤,其相关机制有待深入研究。本文拟从细胞凋亡或坏死、细菌感染、中性粒细胞、血浆蛋白等方面总结奶牛乳腺炎乳腺组织损伤的原因,并提出防治措施,以期为有效防控奶牛乳腺炎提供科学理论基础和技术参考。     

中药复方制剂对奶牛免疫机能的影响

选取30头健康奶牛和30头隐性乳房炎奶牛进行中药复方制剂饲喂试验,对奶牛的B淋巴细胞EAC花环形成率、中性粒细胞吞噬率、中性粒细胞吞噬指数和T淋巴细胞转化率进行测定,观察中药复方制剂对奶牛免疫机能的影响.结果显示,健康奶牛的EAC花环形成率、中性粒细胞吞噬率、中性粒细胞吞噬指数、T淋巴细胞转化率均显著高于隐性乳房炎奶牛(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);中药复方制剂可以显著提高健康奶牛和隐性乳房炎奶牛的EAC花环形成率、中性粒细胞吞噬率、中性粒细胞吞噬指数、T淋巴细胞转化率(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).试验表明,中药复方制剂可以增强奶牛机体的体液免疫和细胞免疫功能,促使隐性乳房炎奶牛免疫机能的恢复.     

基于高通量测序技术分析奶牛乳房炎关联微生物群落结构及多样性

[目的]研究奶牛乳房炎主要病原微生物及乳汁中微生物群系分布.[方法]对CJ和HZS 2个牛场的奶牛进行乳房炎检查,视觉和触觉等临床检查奶牛乳房及乳汁后,将2个场中确诊为临床乳房炎的奶牛随机采集乳汁样本各3份,并将非临床型奶牛的乳汁样本随机采集各1份,通过对乳房炎奶牛和非临床型奶牛乳样中细菌的16S rRNA基因V3-V...     

中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的研究概况

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病之一,严重制约着奶牛业的发展。对我国应用中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的一些方法和防治机理进行综述,对中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的前景进行了展望,认为中草药在治疗奶牛乳房炎方面具有巨大的潜力。     

奶牛乳腺炎调查及病因分析

对佳木斯市4所奶牛场进行流行病学调查,研究临床型乳腺炎和隐性乳腺炎的发病率以及病因。对4所奶牛场的390头泌乳牛进行检测,其中218头患有隐性型乳腺炎,头发病率为55.90%;17头患有临床型乳腺炎,头发病率为4.43%;乳腺炎的头发病率为60.26%。在被检的1416个有效乳区中,患有隐性型乳腺炎的乳区有792个,乳区阳性率为55.93%;患有临床型乳腺炎的乳区有20个,乳区阳性率为1.41%。对牛场圈舍条件和生产、管理诸环节调查分析表明,引起奶牛乳腺炎的主要原因为饲养管理水平较低、饲料品质较低、挤奶工不能严格遵守无菌操作、高产奶牛乳头未开展干奶期预防工作等。     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为弄清中国不同地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌种类、分布情况及其药物敏感特性,并为奶牛乳房炎的综合防治提供依据,对在内蒙古、甘肃、四川和上海4地部分奶牛场采集的472份临床型或亚临床型乳房炎乳样进行细菌分离鉴定,并对主要病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明,检测奶样中检出细菌482株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌149株,占30.91%;表皮葡萄球菌91株,占18.88%;无乳链球菌60株,占12.45%;停乳链球菌60株,占12.45%;乳房链球菌35株,占7.26%;大肠杆菌33株,占6.85%。各个地区优势菌群存在差异,药敏试验结果也不相同,分离出的细菌绝大部分对环丙沙星、左氟沙星、氧氟沙星和先锋霉素V高度敏感,但对青霉素、红霉素和万古霉素有较强耐药性。     

中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的研究概况

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛最常见的疾病之一,严重制约着奶牛业的发展。对我国应用中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的一些方法和防治机理进行综述,对中草药防治奶牛乳房炎的前景进行了展望,认为中草药在治疗奶牛乳房炎方面具有巨大的潜力。     

Oestrus detection in dairy cows from activity and lying data using on-line individual models

Automated monitoring and detection of oestrus in dairy cows is attractive for reasons of economy in dairy farming. While high performance detection has been shown possible using high-priced progesterone measurements, detection results were less reliable when only low-cost sensor data were available. Aiming at improving detection scheme reliability with the use of low-cost sensor data, this study combines information from step count and leg tilt sensors. Introducing a lying balance for the individual animal, a novel change detection scheme is derived from observed distributions of the step count data and the lying balance. Detection and hypothesis testing are based on generalised likelihood ratio optimisation combined with time-wise joint probability windowing based on the duration of oestrus and oestrus intervals. It is shown to be essential that cow-specific parameters and test statistics are derived on-line from data to cope with behaviours of individuals. Performance is validated on 18 sequences of data where definite proof of prior oestrus was available in form of subsequent pregnancy. These data were extracted from data sequences from 44 dairy cows over an 8 months period. The results show sensitivity 88.9% and error rate 5.9.%, which is very satisfactory when only cheap sensor data are used.     

Month-Wise Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows in Guangdong Province,China

To evaluate the month-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SM) and its relations with climatic temperature and humidity, and to provide references for control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows in Guangdong, China, California mastitis test method was used to determine the monthly prevalence of SM (MPSM, %) of lactating Holstein cows from 11 dairy farms in Guangdong Province, China, including about 516 cows per monthly examination. The average MPSM on a cow and a quarter basis were 30 and 13% respectively, and there was a positive linear correlation between monthly mean air temperature (MT, ?C) and MPSM on a cow basis (r=0.763, P=0.004) or a quarter basis (r=0.577, P=0.049), but there were no correlations between MT and MPSM on a cow or a quarter basis (P>0.05). There was a shift in MPSM trend that the highest MPSM (38.4%) was not for the hottest July with MT at 30.8?C, but for the later September at 27.9?C. The farms need to develop new housing conditions to control cowshed temperatures in the hot season to reduce the mastitis prevalences in the posthot months.     

乳房炎奶牛乳汁体细胞数与乳汁HP、SAA和AGP水平关系的研究

对8头正常奶牛和22头自发性乳房炎奶牛的混合乳汁中血清淀粉样蛋白(SAA)、结合珠蛋白(HP)、α1-酸性糖蛋白(AGP)水平和乳汁体细胞数(SCC)的关系进行了研究.结果表明:乳房炎奶牛与正常奶牛乳汁中HP水平差异显著(P<0.05),与乳汁SCC存在极显著正相关关系(P=0.000,r=0.406);乳房炎奶牛与正常奶牛乳汁中SAA和AGP的差异不明显(P>0.05),而且与乳汁SCC的相关性也均不显著,说明乳汁HP水平能反映奶牛乳腺感染的严重程度.     

可穿戴设备技术在奶牛养殖中的应用及发展趋势

奶牛生理监测是未来奶牛养殖产业化的发展方向,使传统奶牛模式转变为以信息网络为中心的精准管理模式。可穿戴设备技术可实时获取动物生命本体信息,应用于奶牛养殖中可有效监测奶牛身体健康指数和预防疾病疫病的发生,能较大幅度提高奶牛养殖的生产效率与经济效益。围绕可穿戴设备技术在奶牛生理信息监护中的应用,分别介绍了奶牛体温、活动量、心率、呼吸频率4个参数的检测方法,阐述了国内外奶牛可穿戴设备技术的研究现状及发展趋势,以期为可穿戴设备技术在畜牧养殖中的进一步应用与研究提供参考。     

奶牛乳房炎乳腺膜蛋白的比较蛋白质组学研究

【目的】通过分析临床健康和乳房炎奶牛乳腺组织膜蛋白的差异表达,以期在蛋白质水平探索奶牛乳房炎的发生机理。【方法】采用二维凝胶电泳技术分离了临床健康和乳房炎奶牛的乳腺组织膜蛋白,经考马斯亮蓝染色后PDQuest 7.4软件匹配、检测凝胶中差异表达的蛋白点,对12个差异蛋白点采用高效液相色谱串联离子阱质谱分析,SEQUEST软件搜索NCBInr数据库。半定量RT-PCR分析差异表达蛋白的mRNA水平。【结果】12个差异蛋白点鉴定为11种蛋白质,其中9个蛋白点在临床型乳房炎奶牛乳腺组织膜蛋白中表达量上调而3个蛋白点表达量下调,主要涉及细胞膜骨架系统、信号转导、物质结合和传递等生物学功能。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,乳房炎奶牛乳腺组织中钙粒蛋白B的mRNA表达水平是健康奶牛的1.6倍。【结论】推测这些差异蛋白的表达变化与奶牛乳房炎发生相关,为从蛋白质水平揭示奶牛乳房炎的发生机理以及发现潜在的治疗目标蛋白提供了理论依据。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断新指标研究进展

乳房炎是造成奶牛业损失最严重的传染性疾病。目前应用于奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断的常用方法有加州乳房炎试验(CMT),乳汁体细胞计数(SCC)等,但在常规使用中都存在一定的局限性。奶牛乳汁中一些酶活性和急性期蛋白量的变化是监测隐性乳房炎很有价值的指标,可用于泌乳早期感染乳区的检测和选择感染奶牛进行干乳期治疗。结合珠蛋白(HP)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)是奶牛最为敏感的急性期蛋白,它们在急性炎症时大量增加。概述了乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、N-乙酰基--βD-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、乳过氧化物酶(LP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、结合珠蛋白(HP)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)等指标在奶牛乳房炎诊断中的应用研究进展。     

中西药结合治疗奶牛临床性乳房炎的疗效观察

为选择有效防治奶牛乳房炎的方法,选取100头确诊患临床型乳房炎的奶牛,随机分为4个处理组,试验Ⅰ、试验Ⅱ、试验Ⅲ组各30头,对照组10头,试验Ⅰ组采用中药治疗,试验Ⅱ组采用西药治疗,试验Ⅲ组采用中西药结合治疗,对照组不使用任何药物,试验期为15d。结果表明:①试验Ⅲ组共治愈25头,治愈率为83%;好转2头,治疗有效率达90%;试验Ⅲ组分别比试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组多治愈10头和14头,治疗有效率分别高出30个百分点和47个百分点(P<0.01);②3个试验组和对照组试验前产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05);用药15d后,试验Ⅲ组提高较为明显,平均日产奶量为(32.16±5.68)kg,分别比试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组提高了6.79kg和7.01kg(P<0.01);③试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组有效治疗数分别为18头、13头和27头,头均日产奶量为25.37kg、25.15kg和32.16kg,日总产奶量分别为456.66kg、326.95kg和868.32kg,试验Ⅲ组分别比试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组多产411.66kg和541.37kg,收入增加1 812元和2 382元(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,中西药结合治疗奶牛乳房炎是目前最有效的方法,应大力推广。     

自拟中药组方对隐性乳房炎奶牛血液生化指标影响的研究

选择蒲公英、连翘等中药组成方剂对隐性乳房炎检测在+++以上的10头奶牛进行治疗,探讨治愈率,采集血液分离血清,对奶牛治疗前后的T淋巴细胞、血中总蛋白、谷丙(GPT/ALT)转氨酶、谷草(GOT/AST)转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶的含量进行测定,分析中药复方制剂对奶牛血液指标的影响。结果显示,中药组方能够促进淋巴细胞的增殖,使T淋巴细胞在治疗后维持高水平而发挥细胞免疫作用,同时机体白细胞总数也显著低于治疗前,说明机体炎症程度趋于缓解。血清中总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)含量及谷草转氨酶(ACT-GPT)、谷丙转氨酶(GOT)活力均与用药前后含量差异显著。结果表明本复方对治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎有显著疗效。     

宁夏奶牛不同饲养模式下多发性疾病发病情况调查

文章对宁夏银川、吴忠和银北的14个规模化养殖场、14个奶牛养殖园区和23家中小规模养殖散户,3种饲养模式下饲养的18 909头奶牛,按不同饲养模式进行分组调查,并对不同饲养模式下的奶牛多发性疾病发病情况进行分类调查。结果表明规模化养殖场、养殖园区和中小散户的:①奶牛日单产分别为:29.31 kg、21.74 kg、22.43 kg;②繁殖障碍分别为:26.85%(2 385/8 884)、18.15%(274/1510)和19.64%(98/499);③乳房炎分别为:21.26%、23.00%、23.47%;④消化系统疾病分别为:1.91%、3.33%、11.65%;⑤围产期疾病分别为:13.81%、15.92%、23.20%;⑥犊牛疾病分别为:10.84%、27.33%、21.43%;⑦外科、呼吸和寄生虫等疾病分别为:10.99%、10.83%、10.73%。由调查结果可知:目前宁夏奶牛乳房炎、繁殖障碍、围产期疾病、犊牛疾病多发,而传统多发的消化系统疾病的发病率明显降低。     

检测牛奶中结合珠蛋白的电流型免疫传感器的研制

为构建可定量检测牛奶中结合珠蛋白(Hp)含量的电流型免疫传感器,以三电极系统中的金电极为工作电极,采用层层自组装技术将L-半胱氨酸、纳米金颗粒和抗牛Hp抗体依次组装在工作电极上,制成免疫传感器。制成的免疫传感器对Hp的线性检测范围为15～100 mg.L-1,最低检测限为0.63 mg.L-1,并具有较好的重现性和稳定性。分别采用该传感器和ELISA检测试剂盒对隐性乳房炎患牛乳样中的Hp含量进行检测的结果表明,两种检测结果间无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:制备的免疫传感器可定量检测牛奶中的结合珠蛋白(Hp)。