芦头林场森林景观格局随地形分异特征研究

以湖南省平江县芦头林场为研究区,通过数字高程模型（DEM）与森林资源调查数据叠加,分析林场范围内森林景观格局随地形变化特征。结果表明：①研究区内森林景观分异的主要因素是地形因素;②芦头林场森林植被景观类型垂直地带性分布明显,各森林景观组主要分布在海拔400-800 m和坡度10°-30°的地区,杉木、马尾松、灌木林在海拔400 m以上和25°以上范围内分布较多,占有绝对优势;③林场内森林景观类型以人工林形式为主要,对于林场的森林经营方案,应增加保护森林生态系统自然更新和森林景观类型多样性的措施。     

福建省森林公园落界“一张图”与景观空间格局分析

利用空间信息技术,获取福建省森林公园落界"一张图",通过分析森林公园内各森林景观与地形因子之间的关系,揭示福建省森林公园景观空间格局分布特征。研究结果表明:全省现有156个省级以上森林公园,三明、南平和福州等5个设区市的森林公园个数占全省73.72%,漳州、三明和泉州森林公园面积列全省前三,少部分县市区无森林公园分布。研究区以有林地为主,针叶林景观占整个研究区森林生态景观总面积的46.05%。研究区内各森林景观随着海拔的变化呈现出有规律的垂直分异特征,主要分布在海拔800 m以下。主要森林景观分布在缓坡至陡坡之间,非林地景观随着坡度升高分布面积逐渐减少,其他森林景观均呈现先增后减的趋势。各森林景观在不同坡向趋于均匀分布但又略有差异。总体来看,森林景观在海拔和坡度上存在显著的分异特征,而在坡向上的分异特征不明显。     

川西亚高山道孚林区森林景观格局地形分异研究

利用四川省道孚林区1∶100000地形图及2003年夏季时相的ETM卫星遥感照片,结合野外森林经理调查资料进行景观制图,并与数字高程模型(DEM)数据进行图层叠加分析,研究川西典型林区内不同景观组分随地形变化呈现的分异特征。结果表明:①在较大尺度上,地形因素是本区景观分异的首要因素;②研究区森林植被景观类型垂直地带性分布明显;③区域人为景观类型主要以农耕地形式出现,受居住方式的影响有明显的规律性;④森林景观组分集中分布在林区高程3 600 m~4 800 m、坡度25°~40°的人工生态恢复困难地区,应结合近年来天然森保护工程,采取相应措施,促进森林生态系统的自然更新,严格保护现有森林景观类型,尽量减少负面的人为干扰。     

广西里骆林场森林景观格局分析

为了解里骆林场森林景观空间分布特征,科学指导林场森林经营与管理,以SPOT5遥感影像及野外调查资料为数据源,应用景观空间格局理论和方法,对里骆林场森林景观格局的现状进行了分析,探讨不同森林景观随地形变化的分异特征。结果表明,构成森林景观的主体为杉木林、阔叶林和灌木林,整体景观破碎化程度较高,景观异质性较强,人为干扰严重,景观类型丰富度较低;景观格局随地形分异特征明显,随着高程的变化呈现出明显的垂直分异,而坡度在15~35°之间的森林景观类型最为丰富。     

北京明长城沿线森林景观斑块地形梯度分布特征

北京境内的明长城依山就势,多位于分水岭或山脊地带,或断层崖顶部。长城本体与其沿线森林景观共同构成长城景观。在不同地形梯度上分析长城森林景观的分布特征,对于掌握森林植被对长城的潜在影响,保护长城历史文化遗产具有重要的作用。以DEM数据、北京市长城普查数据以及森林资源规划设计调查数据为数据源,借助GIS技术,分别从高程、坡度、坡向3个地形因子上,在北京明长城沿线两侧设置3000 m缓冲区,定量分析该区域森林景观斑块的分布特征。同时,利用地形位指数综合分析景观斑块在地形梯度上的分异情况。结果显示：(1)研究区1500 m以下中低山中,混交林和灌木林地受海拔影响较小,适宜性广;阔叶林趋向分布在海拔700 m以上区域,而其余景观则倾向分布在700 m以下区域。(2)在坡度梯度上,经济林、农地和其他用地倾向分布在坡度小于15°区域,阔叶林、疏林地和灌木林地趋向分布在坡度大于15°区域,而其余景观则倾向分布在5～25°区域;(3)各景观斑块空间分布受坡向变化影响显著,表现出不同的坡向选择倾向,其中,半阳坡和半阴坡区域景观多样性较高。(4)地形位指数显示,阔叶林、针叶林、混交林、灌木林地以及未成林林地...     

珠三角居住区4种地形的园林植物景观营造探析

以珠三角地区12个居住区的12个景观单元为研究单位,通过调研地形高差园林植物景观的植物组成和地形高差的常见类型,分析与评价4种地形高差园林植物景观的植物配置与应用情况,论证地形高差与园林植物要素的密切关系。植物和地形的空间形成具有互补性,植物是稳定地形最有效的方法,植物可软化地形,为珠三角地区生态园林景观营造提供参考。     

动物掠影

近年来微地形景观广泛应用于道路、公园和住宅小区绿化,微地形景观越来越受人们的喜爱。本文论述了微地形的概念、历史和类型,分析了微地形景观设计中的特点,并对华南地区的公共绿地、居住区绿化的微地形景观处理手法及其相应的植物配置进行探讨。     

基于ENVI的甘肃祁连山哈溪保护站景观斑块空间分布规律研究

利用祁连山自然保护区哈溪所在区域的Landas TM遥感影像,以及DEM影像,以ENVI4.8软件为工具,采用监督分类法得到该区的景观斑块分布图并计算景观斑块面积,景观斑块的分布面积大小为:灌木林乔木林特灌林高山草甸草地裸岩冰雪区。利用GIS空间分析功能,研究了祁连山哈溪自然保护区内各景观斑块类型空间分异规律。定量统计了景观斑块与海拔、坡向、坡度叠置分析结果,总结了研究区内景观斑块类型的空间分布规律,结合实际给出了理论解释。并应用ENVI4.8的三维显示功能制作了保护站景观斑块三维分布图,为自然保护区的规划、管理和保护提供了科学依据。     

基于SBE法的景洪市棕榈植物景观配置评价

采用美景度评价法(SBE)对景洪市棕榈植物造景进行了与5种景观要素搭配类型(植物、建筑、景观小品、山水地形和道路广场)的景观美景度评价,对不同受测评价群体的风景审美特点进行相关性和差异性分析。结果表明,各类受测群体在景洪市棕榈植物景观审美方面存在普遍一致性。对植物种类丰富性、水平结构丰富性、垂直结构丰富性、色彩结构丰富性4个植物景观要素进行回归分析,得到棕榈植物与5种搭配类型的回归模型,以此探讨棕榈植物景观要素与搭配类型的相关性,总结出棕榈植物景观配置的最佳搭配方式。提出在未来植物景观配置中可适当多进行道路广场的棕榈植物景观营造。     

四川驷马自然保护区景观结构特征分析

景观结构特征是影响景观功能和景观动态的重要因素,对一个地区的景观特征进行分析具有重要意义。分析四川驷马自然保护区的景观特征,结果显示：该保护区农田景观和常绿针叶林景观占优势,景观多样性较低,斑块形状较复杂;斑块所属景观类型与坡向、坡度等地形因子存在一定的联系;斑块形状复杂程度与斑块所属景观类型有关,与斑块面积存在正比关系。     

辽东山区人工红松冠长率影响因子研究

目的 建立包含林木竞争、地形（坡度、坡向、坡位）的不同林层的辽东山区人工红松冠长率模型,研究不同竞争水平及地形对冠长率的影响,比较林层间的冠长率差异,为辽东山区红松人工林经营奠定基础。 方法 以辽宁省清原县大边沟林场红松人工林为研究对象,基于冠长率基础模型,通过再参数化方法引入竞争因子,采用哑变量方法进一步引入地形因子,选取对模型贡献最大的地形因子,最终建立包含竞争、地形变量的不同林层间的人工红松冠长率哑变量模型,模拟了各因子对人工红松冠长率的影响。 结果 与基础模型相比,引入林木竞争、地形因子坡向的不同林层冠长率模型R2a提升了0.113,RMSE降低了0.012,竞争、坡向、林层对冠长率模型的贡献率（MSER）分别为14.14%、2.25%、0.16%。冠长率随林木胸径的增大而减小,随林木竞争水平的增大而增大。随林木竞争水平的增大,冠长率随树高变化规律由负增长逐渐转为正增长。经F检验,不同坡向、林层之间冠长率差异显著,变化规律为阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,在林层间表现为上林层>下林层。 结论 地形与林木竞争因子显著影响人工红松冠长率,坡向是对人工红松冠长率影响最大的地形因子。本研究构建的包含地形与林木竞争的冠长率模型精度较高,为辽东山区红松人工林经营管理及生长量预估提供参考。     

Distribution of Landscape Elements Along Environmental Gradients in Over-Cut Forests

The method of trend surface analysis was used to analyze the distribution of landscape elements along environmental gradients in Jingouling forest farm, northeast China’s Jilin Province. Results showed that topographic characteristics and disturbance pattern have much more impacts on the distribution of landscape elements than do horizontal geographical position in the study area. The elevation, slope aspect, and slope degree were found to be dominant features controlling landscape pattern. At different altitudinal ranges, the effects of slope aspect and slope degree on the distribution of landscape elements vary markedly in orientation and intensity. These differences were analyzed and discussed, and some basic rules of spatial distribution of landscape elements were proposed. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 41(1) (in Chinese)     

贵州喀斯特地区侧柏人工林天然更新效果的因子分析法研究

以2005年设于贵州喀斯特地区普定县的12块侧柏人工林样地的调查资料为基础,利用统计软件SPSS中的因子分析方法,分析了喀斯特地区侧柏人工林分的8个因子对其林分天然更新幼树株数的影响。结果表明:每公顷天然更新的侧柏幼树株数与其林分的郁闭度、林木株数以及林地的坡向具有显著的相关性。可将影响侧柏人工林天然更新效果的8个因素归并为林分结构、土壤条件和地形条件,它们在其更新中作用的大小顺序为林分结构>土壤条件>地形条件。     

基于森林资源二类调查数据的森林景观分类研究

以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场为例 ,提出一种基于森林资源二类调查数据的景观要素分类方法。选取优势树种 (组 )、海拔、坡度、坡向和太阳辐射强度作为分类因子 ,在GIS技术支持下 ,按分类因子分割林场森林景观空间为 975 7个空间基本单元 ,建立起量化的、与植被和环境因子相关的森林景观空间基本单元数据库 ,在此基础上采用聚类分析方法把所有基本单元聚合为不同相似水平上的景观要素类型 ,结合生态特征和经营需要对聚类结果进行分析并最终确定了 7种景观要素类型 ,生成了景观要素类型斑块图。斑块特征和空间格局分析结果表明 :该林区森林景观中以小斑块要素比例最大 ,中、小斑块数占总斑块数的 90 %。针阔混交林具有最大的面积、平均斑块面积、斑块周长、最大生境面积和内部生境指数 ,是该地区受人为干扰相对较小、仍需要进行保护的景观要素类型。在森林经营中 ,应注意保护大型斑块的景观要素类型     

Zoning by Functions of Small-Scale Forest Ecosystems: A Case Study of Hui-Sun Forest Station in Taiwan Province, China

To optimize the spatial structure of an ecosystem, a forest landscape was selected as a research object. Based on the theory of structure and functions of landscape ecology, combined with the analysis of the characteristics of the inner structure in an ecosystem, this paper proposes to establish certain procedures to regulate the spatial structure of this forest landscape and construct a landscape pattern of forest ecosystem functions. Considering the functions of biologic production, environmental services, and cultural support in forest ecosystems, forest landscape zones should consist of areas of forest production, research, experimentation, recreation, and conservation to add value to the forest ecosystem, enhance its functions, and then identify the relevant environmental factors according to the environment featured in the research area. Based on the methods of landscape ecology and ecological planning, this paper develops a zoning project of ecosystem functions suitable for various environments. For this research, the Hui-Sun forest station in Taiwan Province, China was selected to be the experimental area for studying the feasibility of developing a zoning project of forest ecosystem services and the suitability of optimizing the spatial structures of the services. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(9) (in Chinese)     

涉及邻近关系的多尺度林业数据图形综合方法

科学的森林经营管理是在研究结构与功能的基础上,考虑林分、景观和地理区域3个尺度,在林分小尺度上强调森林直接利用价值,在景观和地理区域大尺度上突出森林整体功能(亢新刚,2001)。Franklin(1994)和Egan等(1999)较早呼吁把更宽空间尺度作为森林生态系统管理的特征之一(谢剑斌等,2005)。目前,林分尺度的数据源大多为森林资源调查和外业调研数据,景观尺度数据源多为遥     

过伐林景观要素沿环境梯度分布趋势的研究

运用趋势面分析方法 ,在arcinfo的支持下 ,采用统一网格样点采样法 ,通过对不同森林类型的演替阶段定量化 ,对吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场的森林景观要素沿环境梯度分布的趋势进行研究。结果表明 :在金沟岭林场范围内 ,水平地理位置对景观要素空间分布的影响极为有限 ,景观要素空间格局更多地受地形特征和干扰格局的综合控制 ;研究地区海拔、坡向和坡度是控制景观要素空间分布格局的主要因素 ;在不同海拔带上 ,坡向和坡度对景观要素空间分布的作用在方向和强度上都有明显差别。     

Using landscape metrics and topographic analysis to examine forest management in a mixed forest,Hokkaido, Japan: Guidelines for management interventions and evaluation of cover changes

In this study, we identified the distribution characteristics of a mixed forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees (a typical forest type in Hokkaido, Japan) using landscape metrics and topographic factors, and attempted to apply this knowledge to examine forest management. This approach provides a new perspective (i.e., the landscape structure) on forest management, which traditionally has been determined on the basis of individual forest stands. We first created a cover type map of the study area by means of aerial photo interpretation. The characteristics of each cover type identified from the photographs were determined using landscape metrics for each cover class. We digitized a forest administrative map (1:20,000 scale) using 20-m contours, and imported this into GIS software to produce a terrain model; on this model, we overlaid the cover types. Our examination of landscape metrics showed that most of the natural forest could be managed similarly. However, our examination of topographic characteristics revealed exceptions (e.g., areas that are difficult to regenerate) that will require particular attention when managing the natural forest. Based on the information we obtained, we proposed a guideline for sustainable forest management. From the land cover map, we proposed an “improved” cover type map to illustrate the development of a high growing stock of forest based on forest management. We compared the current cover map with the “improved” cover map and demonstrated that the improved form would have more significant effects on fauna that do not recognize differences in the proportion of the dominant species types than on those that can recognize these differences. Our results show how the information obtained using landscape metrics and terrain models is an essential tool for various stages of forest management planning.     

Relationship between landscape structure and burn severity at the landscape and class levels in Samchuck, South Korea

Fuel treatments for reducing fire risk are necessarily tied to the landscape structure including forest composition and configuration. Thus understanding the relationships between landscape structure and burn severity is important for developing guidelines and management strategies for fire-resilient forests. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between landscape structure as described by spatial pattern metrics and burn severity at the landscape and class levels. In 2000, a mostly severe fire burned 16,210 ha of dense forest located in Samchuck on the east coast of the Korean peninsula. Spatial pattern metrics including patch density, largest patch index, mean shape index, area-weighted mean shape index, Euclidean nearest neighborhood distance, and Shannon's diversity index, as well as topographic characteristics of slope and elevation, were correlated with burn severity based on delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) assessments. Regression tree analysis was also carried out with the same variables to avoid spatial autocorrelation and to reveal the relative importance of variables to burn severity. The results of this study strongly suggest that both composition and configuration of the forest cover patches are closely tied to burn severity. In particular, both the correlation analysis and regression tree analysis indicated that the area of red pine tree forest cover was the most significant factor in explaining the variance of burn severity. Topography and spatial configuration of forest cover patches were also significantly related to burn severity. The heterogeneity of forests also had a significant influence on burn severity. To reduce fire risk and increase the fire resilience of forests, forest managers and agencies need to consider enhancing the heterogeneity of forests when implementing fuel treatment schemes. However, such fuel treatments for landscape structure may only be effective under moderate weather conditions.